谓语动词和主语的一致
807 有些谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，特别是动词为现在时态时。在一般现在时中，若主语为第三人称单数，多数动词都要加-s或-es，如：He comes．Mary cries。如果主语不是第三人称单数，就不需加这样的词尾，如：I come．
They cry．而且，不管是作主要动词还是助动词，在第三人称单数的主语后都得用is，has，does这种形式，否则用are，am，have或do。至于can，may，must这些助动词，在各种人称后形式不变：
He（or She，It，My friend）comes（or sees，goes）．
He（or She，It，My friend）is waiting，has come，does go，（is，has，does作助动词） is kind，has a funny face，doesnothing at all．（is，has，does作主要动词）
I（or we，You，They，My friends）come（or see，go）．
I am waiting，have come，do go．We（or You，They，Myfriends）are waiting，have come，do go．（am，are，have，do作助动词）
I am sorry．They are kind，have funny faces，do nothingat all．（am，are，have，do作主要动词）
任何主语+must（or can，may，ought to，need not，darenot）come（or see，go）．
808 过去时可和住何主语一起用，只有was和were是例外。was和第一第三人称单数主语一起用，其他主语都和were一起用，如：
He was ill．I was ill．They were ill．
809 在将来时中主要是用shall或will，不需加词尾，如：
They（or John and Mary） will come，shall come．
He（or It） will come，shall come．
810 判断主语的人称不难，但判断它的数有时却并不容易。至少有39种有关数上一致的问题，它们可以分为两大类。
第一大类是哪个是主语的问题。在这类中，决定哪个词或词组是主语比决定某个主语是单数还是复数更困难。以下面句子为例：
The students，as well as the teacher，are（or is？）in the class －room．（在决定用are还是is以前，首先得决定students和teacher哪是主语，还是两者都是主语。）
My guide is（or are？） the stars．（是guide还是stars是真正的主语？）
第二大类是主语是单数还是复数的问题。在这类中，决定主语是单数还是复数比决定哪个是主语更困难：
Billiards（单数还是复数？） is（or are？）my favorite game．
The phenomena（单数还是复数？） is（or are？） unbelievable．
The headquarters（单数还是复数？） is（or are？）in London．
1）第一大类：哪个是主语？
811 谓语动词通常跟在主语后面，但有时却放在主语前面，特别是在由who，which，how，when等疑问词或助动词引起的问句中：
Who are they？
Which does she like best？
Has your wife come back from Paris？
Are the guests celebrating her birthday？
在某些倒装句中，谓语动词有时放在主语前面：
If you are not satisfied，nor is Peter．
Never in my life have I forgot her．Nobody else can I love．
Hardly has Liz woken up when the sun rises.
“I feel bored．”“So is evrybody．”
在下面这类倒装句中情况也如此。
There come many children．
Before the house stands a tree.
Before the house stand a tree and a bench（two things）．
In the house there is a cat，（there is）a dog，and（thereare）three birds．（后面的there is，there are多省略，在acat前用is是对的。）
To Dick fall the duties of maintaining the family．
After Jan comes Nora．
Here's all the coins I have.（在口语中here's和there's和where's 后可跟一复数名词）
There's three friends waiting for me．
Where's the kids that stole the apples？
在下面这类句子中，补语或分词提前，主语在is，was，are，were之后：
Gone are all my happy days！
Waiting for the results are thousands of people．Gathered under the roof were all the big shots．
812 两个单数名词由and连接可构成复数主语：
John and Mary（=Two persons）are coming．
（但：John is coming and Mary is coming，too.）
My money and my friend are both gone．
Good coffee and bad are different from each other．
813 两个人称代词由and连接也构成复数主语：
He and I （=We）are friends．
Both you and he（=Both of you）are ill．
814 由every，any等词修饰的几个主语，尽管由and连接，仍然保持是单数：
Every boy and every girl is playing．
Any relative，any friend and any neighbour is ready to helphim．
Each grown－up and each child likes it．
No city，no village，no mountain，（and） no sea is a place ofsafety．
Many a man and many a woman has seen the accident．
815 两个名词前各加同一限定词，表示是两个人或两样东西，谓语动词要用复数：
A general and a statesman（two persons）were killed．
His home and his office are very far from my home．
A black and a white dog are playing in the yard．
一个不可数名词，如有两个形容词修饰，而指两样东西，动词用复数；否则用单数：
English and French grammar are different．
Sweet and sour pork is delicious．
如果主体词重复，表示是两样东西，动词要用单数：
The situation before the war and the situation after are differ－ent．
What he said and what he thought were the same．
如作主语的两个名词用同一限定词，指的是一个人或一样东西，动词要用单数：
A general and statesman（one person）was killed．
His home and office（one place）is very far from my house.
A black and white dog（one dog） is playing．
What he said and thought was for others．
816 有时两个名词虽由and连接，但习惯上被看作是一样东西，这时动词也用单数：
Bread and butter is enough for me．
Whisky and soda is his favourite．
Duck and peas is delicious，but eggs and bacon is better．
That cup and saucer is broken．
The wheel and axle is out of repair．
A needle and thread is all my grandmother needs．
Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy．
817 两个抽象名词一起用时，有时代表两个东西，有时代表一个东西，动词的单复数要根据意思来决定，有时两者都可以（看我们如何考虑）：
The use and object of this are（or is）simple．
The stitching and binding of books are（or is）a hard job．
His courage and endurance are（or is）Great．
Sym pathy and understanding are（or is）required．
Trial and error（通常看作一个概念）is the best way tolearn．
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy．
The ebb and flow of one's fortune is a matter of course．
818 有时一个主语后跟一逗号，以及“and+名词+副词”，后面的动词就常和第一个名词一致。“and+名词+副词”可以看作一个省略的分句：
Mary，and her parents too（or also，likewise，as well），isfond of John．（＝Mary is fond of John，and her parents arefond of John，too．）
Mary，and perhaps（or particularly，even，certainly）herparents，is fond of John．（and+副词+名词）
Mary，but not her parents，is fond of John．
Mary's parents，but not Mary herself，are fond of John．（在跟有not时，可以用but代替and。）
819 单纯数词一般看作单数，如果有两个数词由and或time或其它词连接，动词可以用单数或复数形式：
Thirteen is an unlucky number．
Two and two make（or makes）four．
Eight plus five equals thirteen．（书面体）
Three fives are（or is）fifteen．（口语体）
Three times five are（or is）fifteen．
What are（or is）twice seven？
40 multiplied by 58 equals 2320．（书面体）
Five from nine（or Nine take away five）is（or leaves）four．（口语体）
Six hundred and one minus forty equals five hundred and six－ty－one．（书面体）
Three into twelve goes four．（口语体）
Two hundred fifty divided by fifty equals five．（书面体）如果数词表示复数的人或东西，动词也用复数形式：
Five（=Five Persons）were killed．
One and a half…为复数，而half a…为单数：
One and a half dollars were spent on sugar，and half a dollarwas Spent on flour．
A fine and／or imprisonment is（or are）not enough．
820 如果两个主语由or或nor连接，动词与最靠近的主语一致：Either you or I am right．
Neither Alice nor her parents like Mike．
One or two words are enough．（但是A word or two is e－nough．）
There is one or two examples．
Wang or rather his brothers decide the matter．
但：Life or（=and）death are nothing to me.
Whether John or Mary are willing to help me is still a problem．
821 两个主语若由not only…but also…连接起来，动词和最近的主语一致：
Not only my house，but many other houses have been white－washed．
（但最好说：Not only my house has been whitewashed，butmany other houses，too．）
Not only Mary's parents，but also Mary herself likes Mike．
There is not only Mary，but also Mary's parents．
822 如果主语后跟有介词短语、连词短语或是分词短语，动词仍与主语一致，不受中间插入成分的影响（注意主语后及短语后的逗号）：
Two girls，besides（介词）Mary，are studying Malay．
All my sisters，except Lilian，study flower－arranging．
The street，with so many people going up and down，is dirty．
Lee，together with（介词短语）his three brothers，has cometo our party．
The horses，along with their owner，fall into the river．
This problem，in addition to the other two，make me sad．
You，as well as（连词短语）he，are mistaken．
The students，much more than the teacher，wish for a holi－day．
The teacher，as much as the students，wishes for a holiday．
Wang's friends，no less than Wang himself，wish for his suc－cess．
One apple，divided（分词短语）by six children，is a thingunpleasant．
The manager，accompanied by his assistants，has gone out．
My schoolmates，including John，are kind to me．
All the members，not excepting the chairman，are arrived．
823 上面那种插在主语和谓语动词之间的成分，也可移到句首，意思是差不多的：
Besides Mary，three students are studying Malay．
In addition to the other two，this problem makes me sad．
No less than Wang himself，Wang's friends wish for his suc－cess．
Accompanied by his assistants，the manager has gone out．
824 主语后面有时跟有of或其他介词时，动词仍和主语一致：One of the boys is sick．
The meeting of so many strangers broadens his view．
A cleanup of such a government is absolutely necessary．
The loss of his parents was too much for him．
A truckload of oranges costs about a thousand dollars．
Two spoons of sugar are just enough．
Two bottles of whisky are nothing to him．
Only five bags of rice are in stock.
Six cases of cholera are reported．
Signs of revolt are increasing every day．
This kind（or sort，type，class，species，breed，variety）ofcat is rare．
These kinds（or sorts，…）of flowers are rare．（口语体）
Flowers of this kind（or sort，…） are rare．（书面体）
One of the students，who speaks lrish，is her son．
One of the students who speak lrish is her son．
More children than one are infected．
Nobody but five workers is promoted．
Such people as John are wonderful．
The number of banks in this city is about forty．（但：A num－ber of banks are closed down．动词和这类数词短语后的名词一致）
The average of absentees is four in each meeting．（但：Anaverage of four persons are absent in each meeting．）
The total of murders in this year is over two hundred．（但：A total of two hundred murders are committed this year．）
后面跟复数动词的短语有：a majority of people，a variety ofreasons，a rain of bullets，a storm of stones，a flood of re-sources，a sea of faces，a trickle of tourists，a mountain ofwatermelons等等。
825 系动词一般都和前面的主语一致，而不受后面补语的影响：My only pleasure is the movies.
The movies are my only pleasure．
Those stars are my only guide．
My only guide is those stars．
His food is fruit and milk．
Fruit and milk are his food．
Dogs are a pleasant trouble．
We are a football team．
主语后的同位语和补语一样都不影响动词的形式：
The movies，my only pleasure，are also my ruin．
Those stars，my only guide，are twinkling all the night．
His food，fruit and milk is delicious and nutritious．
They become master（or mistress）of the situation（or the Eng－lish language）．
Many fall victim．
They seem to be our enemy．
They are always the victor．
The world appears too many for me．
The nation is but individuals．
Who is knocking？It seems to be John and Mary．
She is all eyes（or all tears，all smiles）．
The room is all books and newspapers．
The street is all loiterers and beggars．
但：The following is my address（are their addresses）．
826 在某些习惯用法中补语用复数形式，动词仍与主语一致：
He is（or becomes，makes）great friends with John．
He is pals（or shipmates，partners） with you．
He is enemies with everyone．
I am quits with him．
827 不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，尽管里面有复数名词，动词仍用单数形式：
For them to tell lies is very easy．
For us businessmen to know many people is necessary．Telling lies does not pay．
Visiting all European countries is my ambition．
What we want is good roads．
That they like power and wealth is true．
“It pours cats and dogs”means it rains heavily．
“Many happy returns”is a form of greeting on someboby's birthday．
828 在it引起的强调某句子成分的句子中，动词用单数更好一些：
It is they who（代表it，而不代表 they）is（比 are好）wrong．
It is you that（代表 it，而不代表 you）often makes（比 make好） such mistakes．
但实际上用复数的人也不少。
2）第二大类：主语是单数还是复数？
829 数词，不管是泛指还是特指，只要是指人或物，通常都跟有复数动词：
Seven were killed．
Two are missing．
Few know it．
A few have been thrown away．
Several were wounded．
Hundreds have become homeless．
Both have come．
Thousands upon thousands were starved．
Some were killed，others were wounded．
A large variety of umbrellas are on sale．
A few are satisfied，but a great many are disappointed and very angry．
The majority（or generality）of human beings are selfish．
Fifty dozen of stockings have just arrived．
Ten pair（s）of gloves are on display．
Four yoke of oxen are coming．
Twenty head of cattle are grazing．
A number of articles are damaged．（但：The number of thir－teen is unlucky．）
One and a half（more than one） apples are entirely rotten．（但：One apple is rotten．）
No students are interested in this subject．（但：No student is interested in it．）
Many hours and days have been spent．（但：Many an hour and day has been wasted．）
More persons than one are suspected．（但：More than one per－son is suspected．
There is［or are］more than one person．）
830 量词一般看作单数：
So much has already been done．
A large amount of money has been spent on agriculture．
A large quantity of food was left rotten．
Little has been done．
A little is enough．
A high degree of development is in sight．
A great deal was lost．
Too much vegetables（即使用复数） spoils my appetite．
Not much clothes is on sale in this small town．
Too much old books has been crammed into my head．
831 有些单词或短语，若跟有不可数名词，则成为量词，因此是单数，如跟有可数名词，则成为数词，这时就成了复数：
There is enough（量词）water．
There are enough（数）rooms．
More water is required．
More trucks are required．
Some coffee has been ordered．
Some apples have been stolen．
NO milk was sold in this store．
No oranges were sweet in this season．
None of the money is wisely spent．
None of the houses are good to see．
Most of the milk was spilled out．
Most of the bananas were rotten．
A lot of money has been spent．
A lot of people have been invited．
Abundance of meat is consumed every day．
Abundance of watermelons are on sale．
Plenty of water is used in this city．
Plenty of pigs are killed every day．
Half of the liquor is alcohol．
Half of the inhabitants are workers．
Part of the money is spent on the movies．
Part of the books are damaged．
The rest of the cost was paid by him．
The rest of the children were still young．
Three fourths of the earth's surface is covered by water．Three fourths of the residents are Chinese．
The bulk of his property has been sold．
The bulk of the inhabitants are Indians．
A mass of snow lies before my door．
A mass of people are gathering on the square．
A large percentage of profit has come to nothing．
A large percentage of crimes are due to alcohol．
A large proportion of his income is spent on liquor．
A large proportion of the residents are Arabs．
832 有些指示词可以作单数也可以作复数：
All the city is clean and very beautiful．但：All the cities are clean and beautiful．
Anything good is good to him．但：Any streets in this city are familiar to him．
Someone（or Somebody） has come．但：Some friends have come．
Such a person is never happy．但：Such persons are always dissatisfied．
A certain boy has broken it．但：Certain boys have done it．
Another girl loves him．但：Other girls love him．
Each wears a cap．但：They each wear caps．
Either（or Neither）（作形容词）party is right．
Either（or Neither）（作代词）of the two parties has its good leader．
Either（or Neither）（作代词） have their good leaders．（口语体）
Neither Jan，nor Helen，（nor） Belinda，nor Dorotby have come home．（口语体）
833 What，who，which可作单数也可作复数：
Who are（or is） waiting outside？
Which are（or is） yours？
What引起的从句多作单数：
What he is doing is trivial．
834 What made me sad was his unhappy marriage．
如果补语是一个复数名词，what引起的从句也可作复数看待：
What children like are stories．
What seem to be boats are rocks．
这主要得根据情况决定，试比较下面句子：
What（= A thing that） seems to be a rat is something else．
What（= Things that） seem to be rats are some other ani－mals．
His family（作为整体）is large．
834 集体名词可以表示一个集体，可以看作是单数，如果表示其成员，就可以作复数看待，特别是在英国：
His family（= The members of his family） are all well．
一个集体名词若有every，each，a，this，that修饰，常常作单数看待：
Every family in this area is equipped with guns．
This club is devoted to the study of photography．
A committee is appointed to inquire into the matter．
The committee are at dinner．
The cavalry was repulsed．
The cavalry wear scarlet trousers．
This team is well organized．
Our（而不是 These）team are good players．
The company was organized by Mr．Johnson and they are mostly Americans．
The mob becomes more and more violent．
The mob were throwing up their caps and cheering．
This hotel is by the seaside．
All the hotel are startled at the alarm．
This class is a small one．
Our class are quarrelling among themselves．
The old couple（or pair）is happy．
The young couple（or pair） are quarrelling with each other．
但：This twin（one of the twins）is like the other．
These twins are like each other．
The litter of pups was born yesterday．（动物的集体）
The litter of pups were playing with each other．
Every herd of elephants in this area seems to be happy and free．
The flock of birds were flying about．
机关、团体、地方，例如 Bank of Japan，Labour Party，Hong Kong Sport Club，Ministry of Finance，the press，the city，the village，the neighbourhood等既可作单数也可作复数。在美国英语中，单数的集体名词通常看作单数。在英国英语中，人或动物的单数集体名词却既可看作单数，也可看作复数，但无生命东西的集合体的单数名词，如 cluster（of grapes），collec －tion（of books），bunch（of keys），pair（of shoes，scissors，glasses）只看作是单数。
835 有些集体名词通常作复数看待，但相应表示其成员的词，却可有单数形式：
The nobility have become poor．
This nobleman has become poor．
The peasantry（or tenantry，yeomanry）were underfed．
The peasant（or tenant）was underfed．
The gentry are rich．
This gentleman is rich．
The police are well－trained．
That policeman is well－trained．
Mankind are destroying their own civilization．
Man is destroying his own civilization．
Humanity is destroying its own civilization．
The human beings are destroying their own civilization．
The laity are not able to understand this term．
A layman is not able to understand this term．
The clergy are opposed to it．
A clergywman is among us．
The cavalry have fought bravely．
This cavalryman has done something great．
The infantry were defeated．
Every infantryman was healthy and strong．
The militia are to defend their town．
No militiaman knows about the infiltration of the enemy．
The youth are the future of a nation．
A youth is waiting at the bus stop for his girlfriend．
The British（or English，Irish，Scotch，Spanish，Dutch，French）are....
A Briton（or Englishman，Irishman，Scotsman，Spaniard，Dutchman，Frenchman）is....
836 有些集体名词，形式上是单数，前面却可以加数词，后面跟复数动词：
A hundred clergy are meeting．
Twenty police（＝Twenty policemen）are coming．
Twenty thousand infantry are setting out．
Many gentry are opposed to the measure．
Those folk（s）（or people）are hard－headed．
His sixteen offspring are all working with him．
All his kindred are living in London．
Three million population of this city are well－fed．
Four thousand cattle are to be exported．
837 有些名词经常有-s或-es词尾，它们都跟复数动词：
The eaves are pretty．
Riches are not always dependable．
The odds are against us．（比较：What is the odds？——口语体）
Thanks are expressed．
Clothes are（Clothing is）not much needed here．
These goods are to be delivered．
另一些这类名词是：archives，assets，belongings，earnings，grounds，rapids，nuptials，oats，premises，procceeds，quarters，remains，savings，scales，woods，winnings
838 有些疾病的名称带有-s词尾，但都作单数看待：
The measles（or mumps，rickets，smallpox，shingles）is a disease very common in this village．
839 有些名词通常带-s或-es词尾，它们后面既可跟单数动词，也可跟复数动词：
抽象名词：
Every means（＝ method） has been used．All means（=methods） have been used．
An alms（or Much alms）was given to the poor．
These alms were given to the poor．
Great（or Much，Little）pains have（or has）been taken．
The tidings is（or are）bad．（比较：The news is—不能用are—bad．）
His wages are 3000 dollars a month．The wages of sin is death （old usage）．A living wage is received only by a few work－ers．
An amends is necessary．These amends are satisfactory．
This species is rare．These species are valuable．
A series of battles was（or were）being fought．
Many series of battles have been fought．
地方名称：
The headquarters of the trade is in London．The headquarters of these various trades are in London．
A barracks is standing on the hill．Some barracks are the largest in this country．
A（general）stores is located at the corner．Several new（gen－eral）stores are being set up．
A glass－works is being built．These two glass－works are the best in this area．
A golf-links（= golf－course）is in the eastern part of the city．
Some golf－links are very far from here．
A crossroads is usually dangerous，but some crossroads are safe．
A gallows is being set up．Some gallows are left idle．
A shambles has replaced the prosperous city．Many shambles present themselves to our eyes．
Kensington Gardens is a nice place．There are not many botanical gardens in this country．
A lodgings is easy to find．Many lodgings are for rent．
“Is there a public baths here？”“There are many public baths．”
A kennels is where dogs are bred．Some kennels sell precious dogs．
His whereabouts is（or are） unknown．
物件名称：
The bellows（or scissors，pincers，tongs，forceps，shoes，pants，shorts，glasses，etc．）are lying in the corners．
A pair of bellows（or scissors，pincers，tongs，etc．） is lying idle．
840 有些动物的名字并不带-s或-es词尾，但可以用作复数或单数名词：
Salmon（or Trout）（作为食品）is delicious．
These salmon（or trout） are caught in that river．
Fish（作为食品） is their only food．Three fishes are visible in the water．A lot of fish are caught．
Poultry（作为食品）is delicious．The poultry（作为活的动物）are drinking water．
The sheep is（or are）sleeping．
A deer is playing．Some deer are running．
841 有些名词似乎不可数，却可有单复两种形式，有不同意义：
His career has reached its climax．Their careers have been suc－cessful．（一个人有一番事业。许多人有许多番事业。）
His beard is impressive．Their beards are long．
The mane of this horse is thin．The manes of those horses are thick．
His offspring is healthy．Their offsprings are all soldiers．
The population of this city is thin．The populations of these two cities are similar．
The language of the U．S．A．is English．The languages of Britain and the U．S．A．are almost the same．
The alphabet of English is twenty－six letters．
主语与谓语动词的一致 江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611 英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化，这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致，简称主谓一致。 在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外，其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es，其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言，主谓一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则，即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。 1．语法一致，即主语为单数，就使用单数形式的动词，主语为复数，就使用复数形式的动词。 1．1．单数及复数名词的辨别。 某些名词单数词尾，却用作复数，如：people (人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。 People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl. The poultry have been fed. 某些名词复数词尾，却常用作单数，如：news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。
Mathematics / Maths（数学学科）is the science of pure quantity. (Her mathematics / maths（数学能力）are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是单数词尾，如：fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。 In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat. A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born. Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是复数词尾，如：means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。 All means have been tried. Every means has been tried. 1．2．避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。 容易产生干扰的同位语：each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。 Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time. Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths. We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)
谓语动词单复数用法: 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4 谓语需用单数 1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
?主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。 ?主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则，即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定：主语为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语为单数或者是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 （1）当主语是and，both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意：由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each，every，no修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 （2）主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如：
with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except，besides，including，in addition to， 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道，也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 （3）非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意：当what引导主语从句或由and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money．我们这里需要的是资金。
谓语动词和非谓语动词及各种句型的判断 一．意义 谓语动词和非谓语动词在高中英语教和学中具有重要意义，主要表现在写作，语法填空和阅读长难句判断中。 例如：典型例子：1.There are many people stand at the gate. Standing 的误用 2.After luckily _______(succeed) in the national college entrance examination, I realized my dream again. 3.He has two children, both of ________ are doctors. 4. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____46___(stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept ____47___(ride). 5. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___42____ some of them looked very anxious and ___43__(disappoint) 6. Maybe you leave a habit __67__ is driving your family crazy. 英语句子的标志：首字母大写，和结尾用句号。T here is a purse on the ground. P rofessor Mayer, recognized by many as a leading expert in the study of changes to people's EQs, recently announced the results of a study on school students. M iss Mary teaches us English. （teaches 动词作谓语） M r.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. a，在一个句子中，若只有一个动词，则此动词一定为谓语，若有两个及两个以上动词，就会出现两种情况：1. 两动词都是谓语动词形式，此时两个谓语动词之间必有连词，或并列连词，或从属连词；2. 两动词中必有非谓语，此时两动词之间没有连词。 例如： The novel written by him is very popular. The novel which was written by him is very popular. There is a purse that is lying on the ground. There is a purse lying on the ground. Our coming made him happy. 因此，判断一个句子中谓语与非谓语，带连词与不带连词的方法是：先找句子中的动词，根据连词判断所找到的动词是谓语还是非谓语；或者根据所找的动词的谓语非谓语动词形式判断需要或不需要用连词. 总之，一般句子只要有两个及以上谓语动词形式，必然有连词。反之亦然，只要有连词连接两个动词，必然有谓语动词。 理解这一点对于理解下列句子很有帮助： He has two children, both of __whom__ are doctors. =He has two children, and both of __them__ are doctors. =He has two children, both of __them_ doctors. Our coming made him happy. (简单句。句中两个动词，come和make，谓语动词为make，没有连词连接make和come，所以come用非谓语动词形式) =We had come and that made him happy.（make和come都用了谓语动词形式，有连词and，并列句）
名词与主谓一致 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
专题七名词与主谓一致一、考情分析 近年来对名词的考查主要集中在名词词义辨析及并列主语的主谓一致上，其次是名词所有格、抽象名词和物质名词的具体化以及不定数量的词或词组与名词的搭配关系上。 考查考生在理解题干内容的基础上对词汇或语法知识的掌握情况，加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查。 二、名词的数 英语中大多数可数名词都可以通过加-s或–es的方法变为复数名词。不可数名词（抽象或物质）没有复数形式，专有名词一般只有单数形式，只有少数专有名词才有复数形式。 （一）规则变化 （二）一些特殊情况 1. 合成名词变为复数时，通常把主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，将最后一部分变为复数。如： Sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers,housewives等
2. family, team, class, group, government, crowd, audience等作主语时，如果作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如果看成成员，谓语动词用复数。 某些集体名词，如people, polic, youth, cattle等及clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses 作主语时，谓语用复数。若这类名词与a pair of 等词连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。 3. 单、复数同形的名词如means（方法）作主语时，应根据意义决定谓语动词的单复数。 4. 有些名词呈现了复数形式，如news,manners, politics, physics 等但并不表示复数概念。 5. 有些名词总是在使用时用其复数形式，如thanks, regards, congratulations, goods, works, tears, instructions, directions, respects 等。 6. 有些短语要求用名词复数形式. 如 make friends with shake hands with take pains to do sth. make both ends meet … （三）名词与表示数量的词或短语的搭配
主谓一致 主谓一致指句子中的主语和谓语在人称和数等方面应保持一致。英语中主谓一致的具体应用比较复杂，高考试卷中主谓一致的基本情况可以以下述三条原则为主线进行系统地把握。 （一）主谓一致的原则一：语法一致原则 语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致，即通常情况下，谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定，主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式，主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。 例如：He is reading an English book. 他在看一本英语书。 1.可以通过下面的主谓一致一般搭配总表把握语法一致原则： 一般现在时中实义动词作谓语 第一人称单数 I am was do have shall should动词原形 第一人称复数 We are were do have shall should动词原形 第二人称单或复数 you are were do have will would动词原形 第三人称单数 He, she, it, 单数名词 is was does has will would动词原形+-s词尾 第三人称复数 they及复数名词 are were do have will would动词原形 2.掌握主谓一致考点中的语法一致原则，要注意两个特殊问题： (1)主语前、后加修饰语时的主谓一致问题。主语的修饰语对主语和谓语之间的关系一般不起影响，尤其在主语后接as well as, with, along with, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to, added to, like, rather than, more than, no less than等插入语时，谓语仍须与主语本身保持一致。 例如：Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两位同学一起被邀请参加了晚会 A woman with Mary is coming to the hospital. 一个妇女跟同玛丽正向医院走来。 Nobody, except his most intimate friends, knows of it. 除了他最要好的朋友外，没人知道这件事。 (2)以“and”或“both... and... ”连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题。当主语是由“and”或“both... and...”连接的并列结构时，如果该并列主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或事物，谓语动词用复数形式；如果该并列主语指的是“同一个”人或事物(常以and后的名词前没有冠词为标志)，谓语动词需用单数形式。 例如：What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 The worker and writer has come. 这位工人作家来了。 A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针)。 Truth and honesty is the best policy. 真诚是最好的策略。 注意：对于由and连接的并列主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词通常仍要用单数形式。例如：Each boy and each girl was congratulated. 每个男孩和女孩都受到了祝贺。 Every hour and every minute is important. 每时每刻都是重要的。 Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting. 许多男孩和女孩都看了这幅油画。 No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物。 No teacher and no student is admitted. 师生一律不得入内。 （二）主谓一致的原则二：意义一致原则
谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别 首先你要明白在一个英语的单句中只有一个谓语，那么你就要学会怎样划分英语句子中的结构。 先说下什么是单句，单句就是只有一个完整句子结构（句号才是整个句子结束的标志）的句子，没有连词和引导词（像and，what，where，这些的词都没有）。具体的单句结构（五个）就不用我说吧。 eg： ①I love my mother.就是一个单句。 ②English is my best subject which i like.这就是一个复合句（which引导的限制性定语从句），在主语中，english是主语，is是系动词，my best subject 是表语。在从句中（引导词后边的是从句），which作宾语指代subject（subject 是从句的先行词），I作主语，like在这里是行为动词（vt.）作谓语。 给你一个划分简单句结构的例子： eg：I like playing basketball. 这个句子中，I是主语，like是谓语，playing basketball是动名词做宾语，在宾语中playing是非谓语动词，因为我刚刚说过了，一个单句中只有一个谓语，所以like做了谓语，playing就一定是非谓语动词了。
现在和你说下最简单的分辨谓语和非谓语的方法：划分句子的结构。 每个句子首先找到主语，然后是谓语，谓语一般都会和主语靠近（有特殊的情况），那么除去谓语之外的其他动词，都是非谓语动词了。 谓语动词：有以下几种分类 ①行为动词：行为动词又可分为及物（vt.）与不及物（vi.） 那么vi.和vt.的区别可以通过造句的方式来确定。 及物动词：可直接接宾语。(如果不接宾语，那么句意会不完整） 不及物动词：不可以直接接宾语，需借用介词。 eg： I go to school by bus.（go不及物动词，但是和home连接时为go home）He drinks water.（drink是及物动词，中文翻译为他喝水，如果没有宾语water，就成了他喝，那他喝什么呢？句意就不完整了。） ②系动词：be动词（is，am，are，were，was）表主语状态，感官动词（hear，look，listen，tast，sound，appear，seem等），持续性动词（keep，stay，lie，remind等），变化动词（become，go，get，turn等）... ③情态动词：could，should，can，must，may等。
名词与主谓一致 1. Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday _____ yet. a. are not decided b. have not been decided c. is not being decided d. has not been decided 2. Mary is the only one of the girls who _____ by the headmaster at the meeting. a. uis praised b. are praised c. was praised d. were praised 3. Mary is one of the girls who _____ by the headmaster at the meeting. a. uis praised b. are praised c. was praised d. were praised 4. All life on our planet _____, in one way or another, upon the sun. a. depend b. depending c. depends d. depended 5. Whisky and soda _____ always my favorite drink. a. is b. was c. are d. were 6. Kate as well as her sisters _____ interest in studing Chinese. a. are b. take c. takes d. is 7. More than one graduate _____ sent to the hardest place since 1979. a. is b. are c. has been d. have been 8. The secretary of the Party branch and director of the factory often _____ with the workers. a. works b. work c. is working d. are working 9. His family _____ always quarrelling among _____. a. is; itself b. are; themselves c. is; themselves d. are; itself 10. Some folk _____ never _____ with the present situation. a. is; satisfying b. are; satisfied c. are; satisfying d. is; satisfied 11. Each of the students in our class _____ great interest in English and they each _____ a copy of A New English-Chinese Dictionary. a. shows; have b. have; has c. is; have d. takes; has 12. ---- _____ ypur clothes? ---- No, mine _____ hanging over there. a. Is it; is b. Are these; are c. Is it; are d. Are these; is 13. Either you or the headmaster _____ which student will go to attend that meeting. a. is not decided b. are to decided c. are deciding d. is to decided 14. All but one _____ here just now. a. is b. was c. has been d. were 15. Light and heat _____ often sent out together with heavy smoke. a. is b. was c. are d. being 16. No chair and no desk _____ permitted to be taken away from the reading room. a. are b. were c. is d. be 17. Strangely enough, a pair of new trousers _____ among the rubbish. a. were found b. was found c. found d. had found 18. Large quantities of fruit _____ all over the world from China today. a. is shipped b. are shipped c. has shopped d. have shipped 19. It _____ William and Carol who helped me the other day. a. has been b. are c. was d. were 20. Growing around the lake _____ wold flowers of different colors. a. is b. are c. has d. have
集合名词的主谓一致 篇一：集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 1. 通常用作复数的集合名词 police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数： The police were after him. 警察正在追捕他。 People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。 Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。 注goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义： Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。 All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。 2. 只用作单数的不可数集合名词 clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式： Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。 The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。 All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。 3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词 family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义：Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。 Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。 The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。 The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。 It was late, but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。 The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。 注有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以： The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。 The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
主语和谓语的一致 1. 主语和谓语的一致关系： 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致： Her dreams_have_come true. Her dream_has_come true. She often arrives_at_school late. They often arrive_at_school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are gett ing scarcer. 1 a m gett ing bored. 2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则： 2 -1.语法上一致的原则： The boy_plays_football well. The boys_play_football well. It_is_bitterly cold. I_am_ very cold. 2 -2.概念上一致的原则： My family_are_all_early risers.（指家中的全体成员,有复数含义）His family_has_moved_into the new house.（指整个家, 用作单数）Five_minutes_is_enough.（一个时间段,看作单数） The_crew_are_waiting for instructions from the captain.（指全体船员， 复数） 2 -3.邻近词一致的原则： Neither he no r_they_are_wholly right.
Neither Tomnor the_ Brow ns enjo y_ their journey to Beiji ng owi ng to the bad weather. Either your key or my key _i s_miss ing. Not only but_also_their_teacher_has_participated in the party. He or l_am_in the wrong. -what 'worth visiting there? -well, there 'the park, the castle and the museum. 3. 主谓一致的具体原则： 3 -1.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式： 单数主语+单数谓语；复数主语+复数谓语 The_teacher_e ncourages_the stude nts to speak freely. My_wages_are low, but me taxes_are_high. Their_house_has _nine room. It_always_pays_to_ give your paper one final check. 在主语+系词+表语结构”中，系动词要与主语的数保持一致，不受其表语的影响. Their greatest con cern_is_the_childre n. The most appreciated gift was the clothes_that_you sent us. What we n eed most is_books._ Paul _is_friends_with bill. 在单数名词(主语)+(together)with+ 名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用，而非主语的一部分. 短语： Along with, as well as, in additi on to, accompa nied by, rather tha n, as much as, no less tha n, in clud ing, besides, except, but, like. The_factory_with all its equipme nt has bee n bur nt. You as well as I are wrong.
【精品】非谓语动词总结以及易错点 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Tom made a small cage _____ the little injured bird till it could fly. A．keep B．kept C．keeping D．to keep 【答案】D 【解析】 考查动词不定式。句意：Tom为了养这只受伤的小鸟做了一个漂亮的笼子，直到它会飞。此题根据句意和句型结构推知此处keep应该表示目的；在英语中，表示目的的动词应该使用动词不定式即to do sth。故选D。 2． He is thought ___foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. A．to act B． to have acted C． acting D．having acted 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：句型“有人认为..已....”可用It is thought/ believed/ ...that sb have/has done...结构。从句中的动作发生在主句动作之前。该结构可转化为sb is thought/believed +不定式的完成式。如： It is reported that Cheng Yifei died several days ago. The news reports that Cheng Yifei died several days ago. Cheng Yifei is reported to have died several days ago. 因此B选项正确。 句意为“ 有人认为他已做了一件傻事。现在应怪他自己丢掉这份工作。” 考点：考查动词非谓语形式。 3．(天津) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ more patients to be treated. A．being allowed B．allowing C．having allowed D．allowed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：近期这个医院购进了新的医疗设备，允许更多的病人被治疗。前句购进医疗设备和后面允许更多的病人被治疗之间是必然的结果关系，用doing即现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。A. being allowed表示被动且正在进行；C. having allowed 强调先于谓语动词发生；D. allowed表示被动且完成，故选B。 【点睛】 判断非谓语动词的形式的第一步是分析句子成分，看是用谓语动词还是非谓语动词，确定了是非谓语动词，还要判断非谓语动词的成分，和这个动词和逻辑主语的关系。
当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be，常省略从句的主语和be 动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it；(2)谓语动词必须含有be；(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例：Please come here as soon as（it is）possible. While （I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时，听到有人叫我的名字。 由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例：She won’t come to party unless（she is）invited.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例：He is very good at painting, though（he is）very young. T hough（he was）exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪，他仍很晚才睡。由because引导的原因状语从句 例：He was praised because （he was）brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例：Fill in the blanks with articles where（it is）necessary. 从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例：The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例：The boy looked as if（he was）afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as（he was）told to. 比较状语从句省略相同的部分： 例：She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than（it is）in Guangzhou.
动词的形式-----谓语动词和非谓语动词 突破点（一）--如何确定非谓语动词还是谓语动词 若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词就作谓语 (1)一个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语，一般，空格所在的句子中无其他动词，那么这个空就应该填谓语动词。谓语动词要考虑时态语态主谓一致等。例如2016全国Then, handle the most important tasks so you will feel a real sense of achievement .Leave the less important things until tomorrow ---63 (be) often acceptable. 分析：该句中主语为动名词leaving -----,故所给动词作谓语，谓语动词为第三人称单数形式，且根据语境知时态为一般现在时故填is 例二2016四川高考The giant panda ---61 (love) by people through the world. 分析：句中没有谓语故空格处应该做谓语。大熊猫为世界各地人们所喜爱是个客观事实，应用一般现在时，且panda 与love 间是被动关系，用被动语态故填is loved (2)若句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词（并列连词或从句连词）时，则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。非谓语动词需要确定是vIng形式，Ved 形式还是不定式。 例1 2016全国Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal-----43 (create) special designs. 分析:本句已有谓语动词combine 且空处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词，此处为不定式作目的状语故填to create 例二2016 全国My ambassadorial duties will include ----67(introduce) British visitors to the 120 plus panda at Chengdu and others at a research center in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. 分析：句中已有谓语动词include 且无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。Include 及物动词其后加名词或动名词作宾语再结合提示Introduce和空后的名词visitors ,此处应用动名词作宾语故填introducing.