13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable.
14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form.
15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world.
form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for
an existing word in the language
11. argot（黑话）: It generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
12. content words（实词）: Content words denote clear notions including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
13. terminology(术语): Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.
14. native words（本族语）: Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes.
论述问答题：
1. With the development of the Language, why do more and more differences occur between the Sound and Form?
答：It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural Language is the written record of the oral form. But with the development of the Language, more and more differences occur between them, the reasons are as follows:
①. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the Language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.
②. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.
③. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
④. Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other Languages , it borrowed spelling as well.
2. What are the obvious characteristics of the words of the basic word stock（基本词汇）?
①. All national character.（全民性）
②. Stability（稳定性）
③. Productivity（多产性）
④. Polysemy（多义性）
⑤. Collocability（搭配性）
Of course, not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability. Therefore, ?all national character‘is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.
3. Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features, what are they?
答：①. Neutral in style（文体上中性）. Since native words denote the commonest things in human society, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Therefore, they are not stylistically specific.
②. Frequent in use（使用频繁）. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The proportion of its use in relation to borrowings is perhaps just the opposite of its number.
4. Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.
答：A word is phonetic symbol that stands for something in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ?no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a things or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself‘. For example, woman is represented by the sound Frau in German, femme in French, and funv in Chinese.
5. Explain neologisms（新词语）with examples.
答：Neologisms are newly created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. For example, ―emil‖(electronic mail, the sending of messages via computer systems) is a word newly coined against the background of rapid development in information technology. The word ―mouse‖ might examplify the words taking on new meanings : now a mouse is indispensable for computer users.
6. How are English words generally classified? Elaborate on it.
答：V ocabulary can be classified by different criteria into different types.
①By use frequency（使用频率）, words may fall into the basic word stock（基本词汇）and nonbasic vocabulary（非基本词汇）. Basic vocabulary is small in number but forms the core of the language and enjoys the high frequency of use. Nonbasic vocabulary contains such words as terminology, jargon, which have a relatively limited use；
②By notion（实义）, words can be divided into content words（实义词）and functional words（功能词即虚词）, content words have clear notions such as nouns, verbs. Functional words cover prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc, whose major functions are to help make sentences；
③By origin（起源）, words can be grouped into native words（本族语词）and borrowed words（外来语词）. Native words refer to the words of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number but form the main stream of basic word stock. Borrowed words are words taken over from other languages and make up 80%of the whole English vocabulary. These three criteria are the most widespread and popular. There are other ways too, for example, by morphological structure, formality, emotionality, and so on.
Chapter 2
The Development of the English Vocabulary
一、【考情分析】
16. Modern English（当代英语）began with the establishment of printing（印刷术）in
England.
2. What are the causes of more new words appearing today?
答：the rapid development of modern science and technology.；
inflectional affixes, derivational affixes.
12. The plural morpheme ?s‘ is realized by /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/ and by /z/ after /d, b, g, l/
in a compound like ―handcuff‖. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational
morphemes as in ―mouthful‖. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind cab be added.
2. Analyze the morphological structure of the following words in terms of free morpheme and bound morpheme, then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.
Unhappily
Idealistic
答:①Each of two words consists of three morphemes:unhappily(un+happy+ly), idealistic(ideal+ist+ic).
②―happy‖ and ―ideal‖ are free morphemes; un-, -ly, -ist and –ic are bound morphemes.
③free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Bound morphemes must be bound to other morphemes to form words.
3. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out types of the morphemes. recollection, nationalist, unearthly.
答：recollection, nationalist, unearthly
1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes:recollection(re+collect+ion), nationalist(nation+al+ist), unearthly(un+earth+ly).
2) Of the nine morphemes, only ―collect‖―nation‖ and ―earth‖ are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.
3) All the rest are bound morphemes as none of them can stand alone as words.
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
外国文学史期末复习笔记 第一章古代文学 一、古希腊文学 （一）英雄时代（荷马时代） 1.时期（填空） 公元前12世纪至公元前8世纪是古希腊从氏族公社制向奴隶制社会过渡的时期，史称“英雄时代”，又称“荷马时代”，这时文学的主要成就是神话和史诗。 2.神的名称（必考填空、选择） 雷电神：宙斯天后：赫拉海洋神：波塞东（poseidon）农神：得墨忒耳（demeter）太阳神：阿波罗（apollo）战神：阿瑞斯（Ares） 火神：赫淮斯托斯（Hephfis）神使：赫尔墨斯(Hermes) 女战神：雅典娜爱神：阿佛洛狄忒(Aphrodite) 月神：阿尔忒弥斯(Artemis) 家神：赫斯提亚(Hestia) 3.古希腊神话（名词解释） 1）时间：公元前12世纪至公元前8世纪是古希腊从氏族公社制向奴隶制社会过渡的时期，史称“英雄时代” 2）含义：是原始氏族社会的精神产物，是古希腊人集体创造的口头创作，是欧洲最早的文学形式。大体可以分为神的故事和英雄传说两大部分 3）产生原因：是生产力发展的低级阶段的反映；氏族公社社会基本特征的表现；希腊宗教崇拜的起源。 4）艺术特征（简答） ①想象力极强。 ②故事性极强。 ③哲理性极强。 5）影响： ①古希腊文学艺术的宝库和土壤；荷马史诗《神谱》古希腊戏剧。 ②对古罗马的文化艺术产生了巨大影响。 ③古典时期、文艺复兴时期以神话为基础 4.潘多拉的盒子（名词解释）
1）潘多拉，希腊神话中火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土做成的地上的第一个女人，作为对普罗米修斯造人和盗火的惩罚送给人类的第一个女人。众神亦加入使她拥有更诱人的魅力。 2）潘多拉打开魔盒，释放出人世间的所有邪恶——贪婪、虚无、诽谤、嫉妒、痛苦等等，但潘多拉却照众神之父的旨意趁希望没有来得及释放时，又盖上了盒盖，把它永远锁在盒内。 （二）大移民时代 代表作家作品（填空） 抒情诗：抒情诗有多种体裁，主要有双管歌、琴歌和讽刺诗，其中琴歌的成就最大。 《伊索寓言》反映的是奴隶制劳动人民的思想感情 （三）古典时期 二、古罗马文学（古罗马文学为什么是希腊和后世文学的桥梁） 1.古罗马成了古希腊文化的直接继承者。 2.丧失了古希腊文学的生动活泼的精神灵气，显示出了精神和情感世界的贫乏。 3.古罗马崇尚武力，对人的力量的崇拜表现为对政治与军事的追去，由此演化出对集权国家和个体自我牺牲精神的崇拜。古罗马文学比古希腊文学更富有理性意识和责任观念，风格更庄严和崇高。但是，古罗马文学人文观念的主体依然是古希腊式的世俗人本意识，仍属于古希腊式的文化范畴。 4.古希腊文学中的世俗人本意识在古罗马文学中得到了体现，并经由古罗马文学广泛地流传于后世的西方文学。 三、荷马史诗（名词解释） 1.概念：《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》是古代希腊的两大史诗，相传是由一个叫荷马的诗人所做，故称荷马史诗。又被称为“英雄史诗” 2.两部史诗： 1）《伊利昂纪》希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事。 2）《奥德修纪》希腊英雄奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后返乡的故事。 3.人物形象：阿基琉斯：在战场上勇敢善战、奋不顾身而又暴烈鲁莽。 赫克托耳：英雄主义富有悲剧色彩。奥德修斯：
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
自考《外国文学史》复习资料——汉语言文学 选择题 1、希腊神话的特点是：人神同形同性。 2、古希腊著名的英雄：雷电之神宙斯、太阳神阿波罗、智慧女神雅典娜、月亮神阿尔忒弥斯、战神阿瑞斯、美神（爱神）阿佛罗狄忒、火神（工匠神）赫菲斯托斯、神使赫尔墨斯。 3、古代希腊文学分为： 1）荷马时代的希腊文学。公元前11世纪到公元前9世纪，史称“荷马时代”或“英雄时代”；2）希腊城邦时期抒情诗兴起；代表诗人：饮酒歌诗人是：萨福（女诗人），阿那克瑞翁（以醇酒和爱情为主），合唱诗人：品达罗斯。 3）“古典时期”的希腊文学，主要形式是古希腊悲剧；成就主要是雅典文学。亚里士多德《诗学》。 4）“希腊化”时期的希腊文学，主要戏剧形式是“新喜剧”，重要作家是米南德。 4、荷马史诗包括两部：《伊利亚特》《奥德修纪》。 5、古代希腊戏剧是从狄俄倪索斯的祭典发展而来的。狄俄倪索斯是酒神。 6、悲剧起源于“酒神颂歌”。希腊原文意思是“山羊之歌”，喜剧是“狂欢之歌” 7、希腊的悲剧的艺术形式分为：戏剧的成分和合唱队的抒情成分。 三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯（悲剧之父）、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯。 8、古典时期的雅典喜剧称为“旧喜剧”。 最早的喜剧作家是“克拉提诺斯”。 代表作家：阿里斯托芬（喜剧之父），被恩格斯称为“有强烈倾向的诗人”。 代表作《阿哈奈人》《骑士》。 9、古代希腊罗马是欧洲文化的发源地。 10、恩格斯：没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲。 11、古希腊文化被称为：“克里特——迈锡尼文化” 12、希腊悲剧发展的三个不同阶段及代表诗人。 1.埃斯库罗斯。被称为“悲剧之父”。他对希腊悲剧的发展贡献极大。风格是庄严雄浑。代表作《被缚的普罗米修斯》《波斯人》。 2.索福克勒斯。代表作《奥狄浦斯王》《安提戈涅》。 3.欧里庇得斯。名作如《美狄亚》《希波吕托斯》《安德罗玛克》《特洛亚妇女》，突出的特点一是写女性，二是心理描写。 13、古希腊的文化中心是雅典。 14、亚里士多德的文艺理论著作是《诗学》。 15、“新喜剧”的重要作家是米南德，代表作是《恨世者》和《萨摩斯女子》。 16、古罗马的喜剧作家作家有普劳图斯和泰伦提乌斯。 17、普劳图斯的作品：《一坛黄金》、《孪生兄弟》、《吹牛的军人》。 18、泰伦提乌斯的作品：《婆母》、《两兄弟》。 19、古罗马奥古斯都时期最重要的作家是三位诗人：维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德。 20、维吉尔的主要作品是《牧歌》、《农事诗》和史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。 21、教会统治和教会文学是中世纪文学的最主要内容。 22、教会统治思想的主要武器是《圣经》。《圣经》分为《旧约》和《新约》两部分。 23、《新约》所讲的内容是：耶稣的一生的经历和他的言行。 24、中世纪早期英雄史诗包括：日耳曼的《希尔德布兰特之歌》、盎格鲁？撒克逊的《贝奥武甫》、冰岛的“埃达”和“萨迦”。
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).