增译翻译练习
This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.
这一作用从表面上看起来像是电容器的放电现象。
Once out of the earth's gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem — weightlessness.
一经摆脱了地球的引力束缚，宇航员又会遭遇到另一个问题—失重。
By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.
科学家们正通过最大限度地减少微观瑕疵来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。
Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.
与普通干电池相比，原子电池体积小，而且重量特轻。
Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.
晶体管能使原先体积很大的设备大为缩小。
Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
天文学家们有证据表明，还存在一些其他的恒星，这些恒星可能以黑洞为伴星。
The key to the new materials is researchers… increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.
开发新材料的关键在于增强研究人员在分子层次操纵物质的能力。
The largest and most expensive products cannot, because of their size, be testable in the factory.
体积最庞大价格最昂贵的产品正是由于其体积太大，不能在厂里测试。
Cold rolling（冷轧）enables the operators to produce rolls （轧材）of accuracy and uniformity（均匀）,and with a better surface finish（表面光洁度）.
冷轧使得操作工能够生产出精度高匀度好的轧材，并且表面光洁度也会更好。
All these factors play a key role in formulation of the model.
在设计模型的时候，所有这些因素都要发挥关键作用。
PCs are not the most stable, and with video Editing you have to be extra careful.
个人电脑一般不太稳定，搞视频编辑你得倍加小心。
This method makes it easy to identify the various components.
这个方法使人们很容易地识别各种成分。
Simple in principle, the experiment led to a scientific revolution with far-reaching consequences.
这个实验虽然原理简单，却导致了一场影响深远的科学革命。
This machine has two settings（挡）, fast and slow.
这台机器有两个挡—快挡与慢挡。
The endosperm （胚乳）tissue Is composed of cells with three chromosome sets（染色体对子）—two from the maternal and one from the paternal parent.
胚乳组织是有三对染色体细胞组成的，其中两对来自母本，一对来自父本。
The mechanism of polymer degradation by ultraviolet radiations is not agreed upon by experts.
紫外线辐射使聚合物降解的机理究竟是什么，专家们看法不一。
For reasons the alternating current is more widely used than the direct current.
由于种种原因，交流电比直流电用得更加广泛。
Much research is currently being carried out, too, to find composite bearing（复合轴承）materials with low wear （磨损）rates as well as small frictional coefficients(摩擦系数）.
目前也正在进行大量的研究，以求找到一种复合轴承材料，要求这种材料不仅摩擦系数低而且磨损率也低。If the resistance of the circuit is high, the current will decrease rapidly, but a high induced e.m.f (电动势）will result.
如果电路的电阻很高，所通过的电流就会急剧地减少，但会产生很强的感应电动势。
There was expected to be a radial electrostatic field（径向静电场）near the earth's surface.
当时人们以为地球附近会有一个径向静电场。
The shell parts of reactor （反应堆）pressure vessels have been fabricated with formed （成型的）plates welded together.
反应堆压力容器的壳体部分历来是用成型钢板焊接而成。
The advantages of the recently developed composite materials are energy saving, performance efficient, corrosion resistant, long service time, and without environmental pollution.
最新开发的复合材料具有节能、高效、抗腐蚀、耐用和无环境污染等五大亮点。
The vapor pressure changes with the temperature, the pressure, and the kind of liquid.
蒸气压力随温度、压力、以及液体类型这三种因素的不同而变化。
Crimp （使…弯曲）hinge（铰链）ends after pin(销子）installation to retain pin.
As the nature of the soil often varies considerably on the same construction site, the capacity of the soil to support loads also varies.
即便是同一块建筑工地，地基不同部分的土质也有很大的差异，因此它们的承载能力也相应地有很大的差异。
The locknut （防松螺母）shall resist the load without thread stripping （螺纹滑扣；滑丝）or rupture（断裂）. 防松螺母要经得住扭而不至于损坏螺纹或者裂开。
Ice and water consist of the same substance in different forms.
冰和水属同一种物质，只是形态不同而已。
It was estimated that the power of an average horse is equal to 500 feet-pounds per second.
据当时估计，一匹普通马的功率等于500英尺磅力/秒。
Panel patch（接线板）is one gauge（厚度）heavier than thickness of original skin.
接线板比原版的厚度厚一倍。
Studies have shown that information can be communicated to people many times faster in a graphic form than in a written form.
多项研究表明，信息传递到人时，图形媒介比文字媒介快许多倍。
The chemist is making an analysis of the poison.
化验师正在对毒药进行分析。
It appears that the construction of the dam has had a considerable effect on the ecology of the region.
看来建造这座大坝已经对本地的生态产生了相当大的影响。
The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens.
不管发生什么状况，这台接收机运行将不会有问题。
Radiant, electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.
辐射能、电能和化学能这三种能都可以转化为能量。
The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长和音速这三者之间关系密切。
Noise figure(噪音系数）is minimized by a parametric amplifier（参量放大器）.
采用参量放大器可将噪音系数降到最低。
In the absence of sufficient knowledge confusion（稀里糊涂）exists in classifying a specimen （标本）as a butterfly or a moth（蛾）.
如果欠缺一定的知识，就分不清一个标本到底是蝴蝶还是蛾。
Lead can be hammered into very thin sheets without being broken.
铅可以锤成很薄的薄片而不至于破裂。
There are a number of devices (器件）that give an electric current when light falls on them, without any chemical changes taking place.
很多器件在受到光的照射时会产生电流，但不会有任何化学变化发生。
A photon（光子）of solar energy excites a chlorophyll molecule（叶绿素分子）within a plant cell…s chloroplast （叶绿体）, causing it to give off an electron. Small doses of toxins（毒素）induce a host （受体）to manufacture anti-toxins（抗毒素）.
小剂量的毒素引起毒素受体产生抗毒素。
Much of the sunlight is absorbed by the oceans.
大部分阳光被海洋吸收太阳能的光子激发植物细胞内的叶绿素分子，使它释放出电子。
If you reduce the volume which a gas occupies to one third, then the pressure increases three times.
如果把气体所占的体积压缩到三分之一，那么气压就会增加到三倍。
One material can be distinguished from another by their physical properties.
可以凭物理特性区分两种不同的材料。
From then on, as electricity was consumed, the meter would either reverse itself or stop entirely.
从那时起，每当用电的时候，电表不是反转便是完全停转。
Most of the patients with neuron circulatory asthenia（神经循环无力）are unwilling to accept psychotherapy（精神疗法）as such.
大多数神经循环无力患者都不愿意接受这样的精神疗法
Whenever a current flows through a resistance, a potential difference （电势差）exists at the two ends of the resistance.
只要电流通过电阻，电阻两端便产生电势差。
Non-linear computer-based video editing is now feasible for most home computer users.
大部分家用电脑用户现在都可以在电脑上做非线性视频编辑了。
The inner and outer rings are graded and stored according to size.
内外圈根据大小分类存放。
Vacuum breakers （真空断路器）fall if leaks permit air to enter the interrupting chamber（灭弧室）.
空气透过裂缝进入了灭弧室，真空断路器就会失灵。
It takes time before ozone-depleting chemicals can be totally eliminated.
彻底清除消耗臭氧层的化学物质需要时间。
Lubricants of low viscosity（粘度）also exhibit a low temperature dependence of viscosity.
低粘度润滑剂的粘度对温度的依赖也低。
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which the change of state from solid to liquid occurs.
物质的熔点就是它从固态转变为液态时的温度。
This chapter provides a brief view（概述）of the theory of modification（诱发变异）.
本章概述了诱发变异理论。
If the surface is smooth, reflection is regular; if the surface is rough, the reflection is diffuse.
如果表面光滑，则反射规则；如果表面粗糙，则反射发散。
There is every indication that algae, along with bacteria and certain fungi, are extremely ancient organisms.
一切迹象表明，藻类、细菌和某些真菌都是极其古老的有机体。
As a moderate（减速剂）there is a choice between normal water, heavy water and graphite（石墨）.
减速剂可在普通水、重水和石墨中选择。
The fact that the concrete is slow in setting（凝固）is no sign that it is of poor quality.
混凝土凝固得慢并非一定就是质量差。
Such an engine is called an internal combustion engine.
这样的发动机称为内燃机。
The symptoms of hepatitis are similar no matter which virus is involved.
肝炎无论是哪种病毒引起的，症状都大同小异。
This critical deficiency（缺失）was itself due to three factors which interacted with each other over the entire period.
这一关键的缺失是由至始至终互相影响的三个因素造成的。
The properties change in going from carbon to graphite.
碳转变成石墨时物理性质发生变化。
The design choices hinge upon considerations of gain（增益）, noise figure（噪声系数）, and so forth.
设计时的选择取决于增益、噪声系数等等参数的大小。
Temperatures may reach 700。C and surface oxidation becomes critical.
温度可能达到700摄氏度时，表面氧化便成为关键。
If the atomic nucleus of a heavy element is split, a large amount of energy is released.
重元素原子核分裂会释放出大量的能量。
The discovery of enzymes is very important because it gave impetus（动力）to a series of experiments.
酶的发展很重要，因为它推动了一系列的试验的进行。
Apart from the fact that it may become hot, no apparent change occurs in a metal when it is carrying a current.
金属导电时除了发热没有明显的变化。
This equipment forms an integral part of many advanced systems.
这种设备为很多先进系统所必不可少。
There was a rise in temperature, and as a result, the component failed.
温度升高造成零件出故障。
If there is little cooling water available, a diesel engine makes an excellent prime mover（原动机）for generation below 10,000 kV A.
如果缺乏冷却水，柴油机便成为极好的原动机，带动发电功率在1万千伏安以下的发电机发电。
There was a block in the pipe and the water could not flow away.
水管被堵，水流不出去。
增加到n倍，或者增加了n-1倍，有如下四种说法：
Increase by n times
Increase n times
Increase by a factor of n
Increase to n times
Now the total installed capacity has increased by three times as compared with that of 2000.
现在总装机容量比2000年增加了两倍。
The input stage amplifies the input signal by a factor of 50.
输入级将输入信号放大到50倍。
With the result of automation productivity has increased 6 times in that factory.
由于实现了自动化，那个厂的生产率提高了5倍。
When the electricity increases to 3 times, so does the coulomb force(库仑力).
当电力增加到三倍时，库仑力也增加到三倍。
With the result of automation, productivity has increased by 5 times in that factory.
由于实现了自动化，那个厂的生产率增加了四倍
The sales of industrial electronic products have increased to six times.
工业电子产品的销售增加了五倍。
The output of the machine tools, has multiplied four times.
机床的产量增加了三倍。
The current has increased by a factor of three.
电流增加了两倍。
表示A是B的n倍，或A比B大n-1倍，有如下四种说法：
A is n times larger than B
A is n times as large as B
A is larger than
B by n times
A is n times B
Today, many planes can fly several times faster than sound.
如今许多飞机能以数倍于音速的速度飞行。
The proton has a weight about 1837 times as heavy as the electron.
质子的重量约为电子的1837倍。
Sound travels nearly three times faster in copper than in lead.
声音在铜中的传播速度几乎是在铅中的三倍。
The melting point of this metal is greater than that of copper by approximately 2.5 times. 这重金属的熔点大约比铜高一倍半。
This type of furnace （高炉）uses 4 times more electricity than that type does.
这种高炉的耗电量比那种多三倍
This rod is 4 times longer than that one.
这根杆子比那跟长三倍
The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
氧原子的重量几乎是氢原子的16倍。
The atomic weight of helium is four times heavier than that of hydrogen.
氦的原子量比氢的原子量重三倍。
In rolling bearing the starting friction is about twice the running friction.
滚动轴承的启动摩擦比它的运转摩擦大一倍。
减少了n-1/n或者减少到1/n有如下四种说法：
decrease by 3 times
decrease by a factor of 3
decrease 3 times
3 times less than
Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened by three times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。
The length of the process was reduced to four times.
加工时间缩短了四分之三。
The speed of the machine was decreased by a factor of five.
该机器的运转速度降低了五分之四
The wire is two times thinner than that.
这根导线比那跟细二分之一。
The leads of the new condenser are shortened by six times.
新型电容器的引线缩短了六分之五。
The operation cost decreased by five times.
操作成本减少到了五分之一。
The loss of electricity was reduced by a factor of four.
电的损耗减少了四分之三。
The pipe is four times lighter than that one.
这根管子比那跟轻四分之三。
表示增减意义的动词+by +n%的结构时，百分数照译：
An increase in the oxygen content of coal by 1 percent reduces the calorific value by about 1.7 percent.
煤的含氧量每增加百分之一，其热值便下降约百分之一点七。
New engines can increase the pay load by 50 percent.
新型发动机可以增加有效负载50%。
The new antenna system uses a retarded wave（延迟波）principle that cuts antenna height to 40 percent.
新的天线采用了延迟波原理，使天线高度降到40%.
By using the new process the reject rate was reduced to 3 percent.
通过采用新的工艺方法，废品率降到3%。
The can-sealing machine works fifty percent faster than that one.
这台封罐机的工作速度比那一台快一半。
At the same time, the infant mortality was 40 percent lower than that of the 1960.
同时婴儿的死亡率比1960年降低了40%。
The new-type pump wasted 10 percent less energy supplied.
这台新型的水泵对能量的浪费减少了百分之十。
An increase in lubricant temperature results in 20 percent lower viscosity（粘度）.
润滑剂温度升高导致其粘度降低10%。
There is a 20% increase of motors as compared with last year.
发动机的数量比去年增加了20%。
There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity this year.
今年我们的装机容量增加了30%。
New engines can increase the pay load by almost one order of magnitude.
新发动机的有效负荷几乎增加了一个数量级（十倍）。
Ten to one, the experiment is unlikely to produce good results.
这项试验十有八九不可能取得好结果。
These figures show that the improvement of molecular refraction is within a factor of ten.
这些数字表明分子折射度的提高不足一个数量级
Positive frequencies are produced by anticlockwise rotation and negative frequencies by clockwise rotation.
逆时针旋转产生的频率为正，顺时针旋转产生的频率为负。（省译了and）
The two wires may be sealed into a glass tube and the air can be pumped out.
可以把两根两根导线封入一根玻璃管内，同时可以将里面的空气抽空。
We could use two resistors in series, or we could increase the value of the present single resistor.
我们可以使用两个串联的电阻，也可以增加现有单个电阻的阻值。
Displacement is a vector（矢量）and time is a scalar（标量）.
位移是一种矢量，而时间是一种标量。
Industrialization enables countries to raise their standards of living, but it is also necessary to improve methods of agriculture as well.
工业化能使各个国家提高生活水平，但要提高生活水平还必须改进耕种方法。
译成复合句
Look at crystals of table-salt under a magnifying glass and you will see that each crystal is a cube with six-faces. 假如将食盐晶体放在放大镜下面观察，你会发现每个晶体都是有六个面的立方体。
Close an electric circuit and electricity begins flowing.
如果闭合电路，电流就开始流动。
There exist neither perfect insulators nor perfect conductors, for all substances offer opposition to the flow of electric current.
没有绝对的绝缘体也没有绝对的导体，因为一切物体对电流都有阻力。
The material first used was copper for it is easily obtained in its pure state.
最先使用的材料是铜，因为铜容易提炼。
The temperature would have continued to go up but that feedback took place.
要不时发生反馈的话，温度会继续上升。
The average kinetic energy （动能）of the molecules is increased and the temperature is raised.
如果分子的平均动能增加，则温度随之上升。
The output power can never equal the input power, for there are always losses.
输出功率永远不能等于输入功率，因为损耗在所难免。
The two wires may be sealed into a glass tube and the air can be pumped out.
可以把两根两根导线封入一根玻璃管内，同时可以将里面的空气抽空。
We could use two resistors in series, or we could increase the value of the present single resistor.
我们可以使用两个串联的电阻，也可以增加现有单个电阻的阻值。
The two wires may be sealed into a glass tube and the air can be pumped out.
可以把两根两根导线封入一根玻璃管内，同时可以将里面的空气抽空。
We could use two resistors in series, or we could increase the value of the present single resistor.
我们可以使用两个串联的电阻，也可以增加现有单个电阻的阻值。
译成复合句
Look at crystals of table-salt under a magnifying glass and you will see that each crystal is a cube with six-faces. 假如将食盐晶体放在放大镜下面观察，你会发现每个晶体都是有六个面的立方体。
Close an electric circuit and electricity begins flowing.
如果闭合电路，电流就开始流动。
There exist neither perfect insulators nor perfect conductors, for all substances offer opposition to the flow of electric current.
没有绝对的绝缘体也没有绝对的导体，因为一切物体对电流都有阻力。
The material first used was copper for it is easily obtained in its pure state.
最先使用的材料是铜，因为铜容易提炼。
The temperature would have continued to go up but that feedback took place.
要不时发生反馈的话，温度会继续上升。
The average kinetic energy （动能）of the molecules is increased and the temperature is raised.
如果分子的平均动能增加，则温度随之上升。
The output power can never equal the input power, for there are always losses.
输出功率永远不能等于输入功率，因为损耗在所难免。
The number of protons is equal to that of electrons and the whole atom is electrically neutral.
因为质子数与电子数相等，因此整个原子呈电中性。
What we call "air" is a mixture of several different gases.
我们称之为“空气”的东西是数种气体的混合物。
How close it will be to zero depends upon the torque constant（转矩常数）of the servomotor（伺服电动机）. 它接近于零到什么程度取决于伺服电动机的转矩常数。
That heat flows from a hotter to a cooler body is a process of energy transfer tending to equalize temperature.
热从高温物体流向低温物体是能量流动使得温度趋于平衡一个过程。
Whether the unit will operate efficiently remains to be seen.
这台设备是否运行有效有待观察。
Where this new tool of investigation will ultimately take us is beyond my powers of prediction.
这一新的研究工具最终将我们带至何方，我无法作出预测。
That heat flows from a hotter to a cooler body is a process of energy transfer tending to equalize temperature.
热从高温物体流向低温物体是能量流动使得温度趋于平衡一个过程。
Whether the unit will operate efficiently remains to be seen.
这台设备是否运行有效有待观察。
Where this new tool of investigation will ultimately take us is beyond my powers of prediction.
这一新的研究工具最终将我们带至何方，我无法作出预测。
It is obvious that these techniques will be of greater value in cryogenic（低温的）switching circuits.
显然，这些技术对于低温开关电路有较大的价值。
倒译法
It is also important that coolant be equally distributed on both sides of the wheel.
让冷却液均匀地分布在砂轮两侧，这一点也很重要。
It does not matter whether we use ball bearings or plain bearing.
是采用滚珠轴承还是采用普通轴承，这都无关紧要。
It matters much to efficiency where the machine is set up.
机器安装在什么地方与效率关系极大。
It is likely that all the powder will dissolve at once.（顺）
有可能全部的粉末一下子溶解掉。
It is no longer a necessary consequence that an object thrown into the air must fall back to earth.（倒）
扔到空中的物体必定掉到地面不再是必然的结果。
It is quite natural therefore that all modern machines should preferably employ continuous rotary motion instead of periodic reciprocating motion.（倒）
因此所有的现代机器都尽量采用连续旋转运动来代替周期往复运动，这是很自然的。
It is still to be discussed where the new substation（变电站）will be built.（倒）
新变电站建在哪里仍有待讨论。
Studies by Steward and associates have shown that coconut milk （椰奶）and other liquid endosperms （胚乳）contain a number of different chemical substances.
斯特伍德和同事们进行的研究表明，椰奶和其它液体胚乳含有许多不同的化学物质。
Failure can be prevented by ensuring that all wiring is properly insulated.
防止事故的办法是确保所有的导线都绝缘好。
It is often necessary to know how much current is flowing in a circuit and at what voltage.
常常有必要知道流过电路的电流有多大，电压有多高。
We use insulators to prevent electrical charges from going where they are not needed.
我们使用绝缘体来防止电荷跑到不需要它们的地方。
Faraday and Henry were trying to discover whether electricity could be produced from magnetism as a magnetic field was produced by an electric current.
法拉第和亨利试图弄清楚电流是否可以由磁产生，就象磁场可以由电流产生一样。
One might ask why the scientist feels so certain of the existence of these particles.
人们可能要问，为什么科学家对这些粒子的存在感到如此地肯定。
Waveguide pipes predominated in the transmission technology, even in where power levels were relatively low.
波导管在电力传输技术中曾占主导地位，即便在电力水平较低的传输中也是如此。
The heating produced does not depend on which way current is flowing.
所产生的热量的高低与电流的流向无关。
Turning electric energy into the energy of motion is only part of what the electromagnet does for us.
将电能转化为动能只不过是我们利用电磁铁的一个方面。
Germs can't be seen except when they are observed through a microscope.
细菌肉眼看不见，除非放在显微镜下观察。
How often observations are made, and how widely they are spaced, depend on the scale of the atmospheric events about which information is desired.
隔多久进行一次观测，各观察点相距多远，取决于所要取得资料的大气现象的发生范围。
Dying patients, especially who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark, can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and leave.
临终的病人，尤其是那些最容易被误导，最容易被蒙在鼓里的病人，因此不能对自己的临终事宜作出决定：要不要住院？要不要动手术？在哪里与谁度过自己最后的时光？怎样将自己生前的事务做个了断，然后离开人世？
Sting Ray represents the first generation of programmable torpedoes and attention has been turned to the problems of how to harness the vast computer powers now available with their associated software programs, and how to package the maximum computer power in the smallest possible space.
“鳐鱼”是第一代程控鱼雷的代表，标志着人们已经将注意力转向如何利用现有的计算机能力及其相关程序，如何在最小的空间容纳最大的计算机能力等问题上。
On the moon an astronaut will weigh only one sixth of what he weighed on earth.
宇航员在月球上的体重只有在地球上的体重的六分之一。
We feed the program and the data into an input device, from where they are taken through the control unit, into the store.
我们将程序和数据送入输入装置，从输入装置经过控制器，进入存储器。
When air is cooled to a point at which the air's capacity to hold more water vapor is zero, saturation is reached.
当空气冷却到不能含更多水蒸气的时候就达到了饱和。
When the temperature of a body remains constant, it is receiving heat at the same rate as that at which it is radiating.
当物体温度保持不变的时候，它受热和散热的速率相同。
Apart from what is outlined above，the following is worth our attention.
除了上面的概括以外，以下内容值得注意。
This is not reasonable explanation of why these things happen.
这不能合理地解释为什么会发生这些事情。
This (the inside of the ring) is where the atoms have been "shocked" by collisions with rapidly moving particles flung out from the object in the center.
这里（内环）正是原子由于和从中心物体抛出来的高速粒子相碰撞而受到“震动”的地方。
Perhaps the most common classification of material is whether the material is metallic or non-metallic.
也许对材料最普通的分类是看它是金属还是非金属。
Part of the immune reaction against AIDS or any virus is that the lymph nodes enlarge.
淋巴结肿大是免疫系统对艾滋病或任何一种病毒的一种反应。
The consequence of heating a given copper rod is that it undergoes oxidation and forms an oxide.
加热一根铜管，其结果是铜管氧化并形成一种氧化物。
The cutting speed of the tool is what matters.
刀具的切削速度是关键。
The assembly-line of the factory is where all the components are put together.
工厂的装配线是所有部件总装的地方。
The first thing we need to find out is whether water contains air.
我们需要弄清楚的第一件事是水是否含有空气。
The cutting speed of the tool is what matters.
刀具的切削速度是关键。
The assembly-line of the factory is where all the components are put together.
工厂的装配线是所有部件总装的地方。
The first thing we need to find out is whether water contains air.
我们需要弄清楚的第一件事是水是否含有空气。
The cutting speed of the tool is what matters.
刀具的切削速度是关键。
The assembly-line of the factory is where all the components are put together.
工厂的装配线是所有部件总装的地方。
The first thing we need to find out is whether water contains air.
我们需要弄清楚的第一件事是水是否含有空气。
Copernicus challenged what had until then been the most natural of ideas: that our Earth was the center of the universe.
哥白尼向当时最天经地义的观念—地球是宇宙的中心—提出了挑战。
The principle that gas can function while expanding has been applied to the steam engine.
气体膨胀时可以做功这一原理已应用在蒸汽机上。
At the end of last century, an important discovery was made that everything was partly built of electrons.
上世纪末有一项重要发现，即一切东西都有一部分由电子构成。
In 1905 Einstein worked out a theory that matter and energy were not completely different things.
1905年爱因斯坦提出的一个理论说，物质与能量并非完全不同的东西。
译成汉语的定语：
The possibility that a circuit breaker may fail to perform its function when instructed to do so, is higher than for protection and trip circuit.
断路器在执行断路指令的时候失灵的可能性高于在执行保护跳闸指令时失灵的可能性。
We all know the fact that all elements are made up of atoms.
我们都知道所有元素皆由原子构成这一事实。
The theory that heat is motion explains simply how supplying heat to a gas causes its pressure to increase.
热就是运动的理论清楚地解释了供热给气体怎样会引起气压上升。
The proposal that more equipment should be imported from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.
进口更多设备的建议将在会上讨论。
The theory that heat is motion explains simply how supplying heat to a gas causes its pressure to increase.
热就是运动的理论清楚地解释了供热给气体怎样会引起气压上升。
The proposal that more equipment should be imported from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.
进口更多设备的建议将在会上讨论。
Quite apparent is the fact that most laser beams are exceedingly directed or highly collimated.
非常明显的是，大多数激光光束有极好的方向性，或者说具有高度的准直性。
At that time, only a few scientists accepted the idea that there had been a large island in what is now the deepest
part of this sea.
当时只有少数科学家认同这个看法，即在这片海现在最深的地方曾经有一座大岛。
An outstanding advantage is the fact that the axial clearance is not limited.
其突出的一个优点就是轴向间隙不受限。
We were working on the supposition that they could improve the complex machine.
我们当时努力工作，满以为他们能够改进这台复杂的机器。
In spite of the fact that there is no chemical union between oxygen and hydrogen, the composition of air is extraordinarily constant.
尽管空气中的氢氧之间没有化学上的结合，但空气的构成比例却异常稳定。
In consequence of the fact that molecules have perfect elasticity, they undergo no loss of energy after a collision.
由于分子具有完全的弹性，所以碰撞之后没有能量损失。
Some necessary measures were adopted in view of the fact that the event had happened unexpectedly.
由于事情的发生始料未及，因此只能采取一些必要措施。
Despite the tact that you are not the only person to blame, you are principally responsible for it.
尽管不能光怪你一个人，但你要负主要责任。
There is absolutely no question that acupuncture is promoted as a treatment for pain.
毫无疑问，针灸可以作为止痛疗法来推广。
There is evidence that repeated exposure to shallower depths might also cause neurological damage.
有证据表明，频繁地在浅水中潜水也有可能造成神经损伤。
There is a possibility that the thickness of filler plates（垫片）for front and rear mount（架）is different.（顺）有可能前架与后架垫片的厚度不同。
Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed in electrolysis.（倒）
他们在电解方面取得成功显然不大可能。
There is no do ubt that the elastic material does not necessarily obey Hooke?s law.
毫无疑问，弹性材料不一定符合胡可定律。
There are also suggestions that black holes could be used to create bombs in the future, by amplifying radio waves sent up to them.
也有人建议将来用黑洞制造炸弹，办法是将发射到黑洞的无线电波增强。
People who live in the areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence should build houses that are resistant to ground movement.
住在地震多发地区的人应该建造抗震的房子。
Plants that bear their seeds in this manner are known as angiosperms（被子植物）, or "flowing plants”.
以这种方式结籽的植物叫做被子植物或“显花植物”。
In angiosperms where the endosperm is commonly in the triploid (3n) condition the development of the endosperm generally precedes the development of the zygote（合子）.
在胚乳通常是三倍体（3n）的被子植物中，通常被子的发育先于合子的发育。
In those days when science remained undeveloped, the crew's knowledge of thunder and lightning was next to nothing.
在科学不发达的年代里，水手们对于雷电的知识几近于零。
It is particularly useful for aspheric optics production where ordinary polishing kinematics(普通机械抛光）is totally unsuitable for aspherics (非球面光学产品）。
它特别适合加工普通机械抛光工艺完全无法加工的非球面光学产品。
Cloning doesn…t necessarily make cells grow old, and can even act as a fountain of youth（青春之泉，谁喝了谁年轻）, say researchers who have been investigating a group of cloned calves.
一直在研究一群克隆牛的研究者们说，克隆并不一定使细胞衰老，而是相反，能够向细胞不断地注入青春活力。
A system that mimics photosynthesis （光合作用）efficiently maybe 50 years away.
一种有效模拟光合作用系统的出现也许还需五十年。
The cornea is a part of the eye that helps focus light to create an image on the retina.
角膜是眼睛的一部分，它能帮助在视网膜聚光并产生物像。
A computer is a device that takes In a series of electrical impulses representing information, combines them, sorts them, analyses and compares the information with that stored in the computer.
计算机是一种装置，该装置接受一系列含有信息的电脉冲，然后对这些脉冲合并、整理、分析并将它们与储存在机内的信息进行比较。
E-Chemmerce（电子化工商务）is the online service where Chemical Week Associates（化工周刊之友）and e-Chemmerce Editor-in-Chief Mike Roberts delivers the exclusive news and in-depth analysis.
电子化工商务是一个网上服务平台，化工周刊之友兼电子化工商务主编麦克. 罗伯特在这个平台上面发表独家新闻和深度分析。
Each of our faculty focuses on understanding the basic chemical, physical, and biological phenomena that underlie the engineering research problem under consideration.
我们每一位教工都要着重弄清楚基本的化学、物理和生物现象，因为这些现象是当前研究工程问题的基础。Massage directly improves the function of the sebaceous (皮脂的) and sweat glands which keep the skin lubricated, clean, cooled.
推拿可以直接提高皮脂腺和汗腺的功能，以（功能的提高）促使汗腺更好地发挥保持皮肤润滑、清洁和清爽的作用。
The lungs are subject to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.
肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但（这几种病）都可手术治疗。
Crop and Soil Sciences is a diverse profession that encompasses all aspects of crop production and soil management.
作物与土壤学是一门特色学科，（它）包括农作物生产和土壤管理的方方面面。
Linux is an operating system that was created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland.
Linux是一种操作系统，由芬兰赫尔辛基大学的年轻学生Linus Torvalds作为业余爱好编制出来的。
They rapturously commended the faultless organization of the aerial site and the skill of Eiffel's engineers who, amongst other achievements, had perfected a special design of crane that moved vertically along the lift rails.
他们盛赞空中作业场地的组织工作无懈可击和埃菲尔铁塔工程师们的技艺高超。这些工程师们取得了很多成就，其中之一就是完善了一种特种起重机，使它能够沿升降机轨道垂直移动。
As reported recently in Science, researchers at the University of Notre Dame are working on a method of building circuits that need only a tiny initial electrical charge to transfer information.
根据《科学》杂志最近报道，圣母大学的研究人员正在开发一种新的电路制造工艺，让电路只需要微量的初始电流便可传输信息。
As reported recently in Science, researchers at the University of Notre Dame are working on a method of building circuits that need only a tiny initial electrical charge to transfer information.
根据《科学》杂志最近报道，圣母大学的研究人员正在开发一种新的电路制造工艺，让电路只需要微量的初始电流便可传输信息。
As reported recently in Science, researchers at the University of Notre Dame are working on a method of building circuits that need only a tiny initial electrical charge to transfer information.
根据《科学》杂志最近报道，圣母大学的研究人员正在开发一种新的电路制造工艺，让电路只需要微量的
初始电流便可传输信息。
There are certain problems that are common to all commercial-release operating systems.
有些问题是商业版操作系统普遍存在的问题。
Since the liquid is cohesive(内聚性的）, there is a surface which does not touch the container wall.
由于液体的内聚性，液体有一面不与容器壁接触。
There are some who claim ECT （电痉挛法）is both effective and safe, detractors who claim it is neither, and a public is simply unsure.
有人说电痉挛法既有效又安全，又有人说电痉挛法既无效又危险，搞得公众无所适从。
Laser is the most powerful drilling machine, because there is nothing on earth which cannot be drilled by it.
激光器是世界上最大威力的钻孔机，因为地球上没有什么它钻不穿的。
There are many substances through which currents will not flow.
许多物质不导电。
However, there are many instances where additional tests are needed.
然而许多情形下需要加试。
Steady flight means unaccelerated flight, or flight in which the velocity does not change.
定速飞行指恒速飞行或者匀速飞行。
Diamond is the hardest natural substance that is known.
钻石是已知最坚硬的天然物质。
There is a third method by which heat travels, namely, radiation.
热传导还有第三个方法叫辐射。
New information, regarding new subscribers, subscribers who move temporarily, subscribers who leave the system, and other changes, is added to the subscriber data almost every day.
新的信息，比如新用户、临时用户、退户和其它变化等，几乎每天都添加到用户数据库里。
In a domino-like effect, the charge of the first cell in the circuit charges all the cells that follow.
像多米诺效应一样，电路中第一个电池的电荷能给它的后继电池充电。
A good understanding has been obtained of evaporation processes which are carried out at ordinary pressure.
人们对常压下的蒸发过程已有了清楚的了解。
In the early days of the clipper ships(飞剪船）, sailors who went on long voyages would often get a dangerous disease called scurvy (坏血病）.
在飞剪船时代，远洋水手常常会得一种危险的疾病—坏血病。
The hardness of the steel depends on the percentage of carbon it contains.
钢的硬度取决于其含碳量。
The Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL), which is funded by the Department of Transport, estimated this figure after monitoring the routes that a selection of drivers decided to follow between given places.
交通部拨款资助的运输与道路研究实验室作出了这一估计。其依据是对一组挑选出来的司机在特定的地点之间所选择的行车线路所作的监测。
The Fleher Bridge in Germany, which was opened to traffic at the end of 1979, is a classic example of a cable-stayed bridge.
德国在1979年底建成通车的弗莱尔大桥是悬索拉桥的典范。
Apparently, the Lai virus, which spreads easily, also contaminated Gallo…s own cultures（细菌）.
显然，容易蔓延的莱病毒也污染了盖洛自己培养的细菌。
A common complaint of travel agents is that Europeans, who account for over 40 percent of the tourist traffic, expect to see all of India in a fortnight in the same way that they may try to see Italy or France in a week.
旅游公司有一本共同的难念的经，那就是占游客人数60%的欧洲人想半个月游遍全印度，就像他们想用一
周的时间游遍整个意大利或法国一样。
The result, which have just been reported to Britain's Medical Research Council, show that some of the divers who were apparently healthy had areas of brain damage similar to those found in stroke victims.
这个结果刚刚向英国医学研究协会报告过，上面说，有些潜水员表面上很健康，但脑部某些区域有跟中风患者类似的损伤。
The disease AIDS is not the same thing as the AIDS virus, HIV, which can lead to the disease.
艾滋病与艾滋病毒不是一回事，艾滋病毒是前者的病源。
Nanotechnology has been described as a key manufacturing technology of the 21st century, which will be able to manufacture almost any chemically stable structure at low cost.
纳米技术被形容为二十一世纪的重要制造技术，它能够低成本地制造化学成分稳定的任何结构。
Flower remedies（花疗法）were developed in the early 1900s by Dr. Edward Bach, an English homeopathic（顺势疗法）physician, who believed that negative emotional or psychological states underlie physical illnesses.
花疗法是英国顺势疗法医生爱德华.拜西在二十世纪初研究出来的, 他认为情感状态或者心理状态消极是导致身体疾病的潜伏因素.
2007年6月 第8卷 第2期 长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版) J un.2007 Vol.8 No.2 从文体特征谈科技英语的翻译3 禹智华 (中南大学外国语学院,湖南长沙 410075) 摘 要:每一类体栽的文章都有其独特的语言表现形式和结构规律。本文从文体学角度分析了科技英语在其词汇、句法、语篇等方面的特点及对其翻译方法的探讨。 关键词:文体特征;词汇;句法;语篇;翻译 在21世纪这个高度信息化的时代,科技英语越来越受到人们的重视。但对于大多数人而言,翻译科技英语时只是满足于表面的处理,并未研究真正的科学的语言,只是依据为一般读者编写的百科全书或图书中出现的通俗专业介绍。他们认为,只要懂得语法规则和一些科技词汇,就能够理解并翻译科技英语文章了。于是这样一个公式似乎顺理成章:科技英语=一般英语语法+科技词汇。其实不然科技英语它着重于对客观事物的描述,或者对逻辑概念的推理,因而在词汇、句法、语篇等方面有着与通用英语不同的自身特点,形成了独特的文体风格。从它特点看来,我们不仅要注意语法词汇等语言学的部分,同时更要根据英汉两种语言表达上的差异,进行原语与目标语之间的调整,使翻译作品更加符合译入语读者的思维习惯。 一、词汇特点 科技词汇主要由一般词汇、专业词汇和半专业词汇三部分构成,他们具有如下明显特点: 第一,科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语,具有庄重、正式的语体特征,如pharmaceutical(药品)、circumvent(阻止)、mechanical(机械的)、technology(技术)等词汇。这类词一般词形较长,难于记忆,其有效的手段就是通过英语的构词法来掌握,尤其是派生法。主要特点是通过添加前、后缀构成新词,不少科技词汇均由此产生,如mono(单一)———monoxide (一氧化物)、di(二,双)———diatomic(双原子的)、anti(抗,防)———antiage(防老化的)、super(超)———(天体物理学)、under(低于,次于)———underreaction(反应不充分)。 第二,不少动词短语往往由一些“稳重”的规范动词替代,体现了科技英语精炼、严肃、权威的文体特征,如turn on--complete、use up--consume和exhaust、put up with--tolerate。 第三,同一词语词义的多专业化,即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用,而且含义也各不相同。例如“order”一词,在日常英语指“命令、订购”等,在军事上指“队形”,在计算机领域指“指令”,在法律上指“法院上的决议”,在数学方面指“阶,次序”,建筑学则指“柱型”。对于这一类词语,只有通过上下文和具体的语言环境才能确定其真正的含义。 第四,广泛使用缩略词。据统计,这类词语大约有2～3万,其构成方式分有三种:(1)将词的部分截缩而构成新词,如parachute———chute(降落伞)、semiconductor———semicon (半导体)、technology———tech(技术);(2)将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词,如Unidentified Flying Object ———U FO(不明飞行物)、Liquefied Natural Gas———L N G(液化天燃气);(3)从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词,如rectifier transformer———rectiforlner(整流变压器)、telegram exchange telex(电传)。过程。因此,从各方面提高科技翻译工作者的能力及加强对科技翻译的研究,找出其特色也显得尤为重要。 二、句法特点 11被动句的广泛使用 因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象,介绍科技成果,说明生产过程等,所以无须指出行为的主体,使用被动句不仅比主动句更少主观色彩,而且可以使读者的注意力集中在叙述的客体上,与日常英语相比,科技英语更倾向于使用被动句。英语被动语态句的处理,不外乎两种方法:一种是仍保留为被动句,另一种是转换成汉语的主动句。下面以一些句子进行举例说明。 例如:The outside of the converter is made of steel plates. 转钢炉的外壳由钢板制成。 Electrons closer to the nucleus are held more tightly than those in the outer orbits. 靠近原子核的电子比外层轨道上的电子结合的紧。 21大量使用名词化结构和非谓语动词形式 这种结构和形式能够把原来的施动结构蕴藏在深层结构里,从而把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更严密,表达更精确,这符合科技英语追求语言表达简练、凝重、客观与浓缩的要求。例如下面这句话,科技英语借助非谓语动词形式和名词化结构,只用一个谓语动词就表达了汉语须用几个行为动词才能表达清楚的概念。Applied science,on the other hand is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life and to increasing man’s control over his environment,thus leading to the development of new techniques processes and machines.应用科学则直接涉及应用问题,它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活,应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制,从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。 31长句较多 2713收稿日期:2006-12-16 作者简介:禹智华(1981-),女,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生。
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
第六章科技英语翻译 English for Science and Technology (EST) 第一部分 Part One Procedures of today: ?An overview of EST ?Characteristics of technical terms （科技英语词汇特点）?Characteristics of the EST syntax （科技英语句法特点） ?Principles of translating EST ?Assignments ?―It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.‖ ―A wonderful job.‖ ―Are you going to take it?‖ ―I don’t think so.‖ ―Why not?‖ ―I don’t want to.‖ ?―听说有个很好的工作要你去干。‖ ?―挺好的工作。‖ ?―打算干吗？‖ ?―不。‖ ?―为什么不干？‖ ?―不想干。‖ ?She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank open countenance and an innocent, different manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. ?那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。 ?MONTREAL –Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6—4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如： ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译：根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如： ·gene 基因；quark 夸克；Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐；nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹（频率单位）；lumen 流明（光通量单位） 3．形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例如： I-bar 工字钢，工字条；O-ring 环形圈；twist-drill 麻花钻；X-ray X光；α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重，这类词如译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如： ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode （异步传输模式） 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如： WTO (世界贸易组织)；UNESCO （联合国教科文组织）；WHO (世界卫生组织)；IOC（国际奥委会） 注[1]：指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。
邢骏杰信息工程1班20091309010 We use touch screens everywhere: tourist kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and inexpensive. Touch screens employ one of three physics principles for detecting the point of touch. Pressing a “resistive” design with a finger or other stylus raises a voltage. In “capacitive” models, a finger draws a minute current (this method is often used for cursor pads on notebook computers). In other designs, a finger or stylus interrupts a standing pattern of acoustic waves or infrared lights that blanket the surface. Resistive screens are the oldest, most widely used and least expensive, and they work with any stylus (finger, pen). Capacitive screens must be touched by a finger or an electrically grounded stylus to conduct current. Wave screens are the newest and most expensive. Surface acoustic wave screens must be touched by a finger or a soft stylus such as a pencil eraser to absorb energy; infrared screens work with any stylus. The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for A TMs and indoor kiosks. Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using. But tricks can help you tell, according to Frank Shen of Elo TouchSystems in Fremont, Calif., the largest U.S. maker. Push the screen lightly with your fingernail (not your skin). If it responds, it could be resistive or infrared. In this case, place two separated fingers aga inst the screen at the same time. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is infrared (software registers the first touch); if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is resistive (the points are averaged). If the unit does not respond to your fingernail, again place two separated fingers against it. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is acoustic wave; if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is capacitive.
电气工程词汇 voltage 电压 current 电流 resistance 电阻 reactance 电抗 impedance 阻抗conductance 电导 inductance 电感 inductor 电感器capacitance 电容 capacitive 电容性的，电容的shunt capacitor 并联电容器 shunt 并联 series 串联 series circuit 串联电路 parallel circuit 并联电路conductor 导线 voltmeter 电压表 ammeter 电流表 arc 电弧 charge n 电荷v充电，带电，起电discharge v 放电 bridge 电桥 valve 电子管deenergize 断路 dielectric 不导电的/绝缘的generator 发电机 motor 电动机 audion 三极管diode 二极管potentiometer 电位器 step-up transformer 升压变压器power system 电力系统,电网transmission line 输电线 breaker 断路器 relay 继电器demodulator 解调器 radiator 散热器ventilation 通风，换气，通风装置alternating relay 交流继电器integrated circuit amplifier 集成电路放大器transistor amplifier 晶体管放大器terminal 端子 amplifier/magnifier 放大器 cable n 电缆v架设电缆fuse 保险丝熔断器interface 接口 amplitude 振幅幅度波幅digital signal 数字信号coupling 耦合 intermittent 周期的dislocation 错位 malfunction 故障 medium 介质 screen 屏蔽 dampen 阻尼 socket 插孔 ground plane 接地层 three-phasen 三相potential difference 电位差 active element 有源元件ideal independent source 理想独立电源watt hour meter 感应线圈frequency changer 变频器control switch 控制开关selector switch 选择开关current transformer 电流互感器power transformer 电力变压器phase voltage 相电压constant voltage source 恒定电压源alternating current 交流电流inverting 反相 out of phase 异相 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 ampere 安培coulomb 库仑 joule 焦耳 resistor 电阻器charger 充电器semiconductor 半导体absolute value 绝对值operating supply voltage 电源工作电压
一、时间（1-80） 1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot. 当把导线快速地（通过）来回弯曲折断时，部分功就转换成热，所以导线变热． 2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide. 当月亮的位置改变时，引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了． 3. The water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached. 当露点温度达到时，水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分． 4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state. 当用户要求一组资源时，必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态． 5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number. 当合同程序段的用户数目增加时，查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加． 6. The air pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near. 随着台风的临近，气压开始下降． 7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. 当它们在就绪队列中等待时，输入／输出装置则空闲着． 8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion. 当这些波向外扩散时，它们也在按波长分开，这一过程叫频散． 9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit. 当我们一接通线路，电流马上就开始出现．
科技英语翻译技巧 科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。 1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments. 大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。 这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态 2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material. 制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例，搅拌的方法，乃至所用的水，对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。 此句有两处是被动语态。
英语翻译训练方法：科技英语的特点与翻译(1) 任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。"It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don’t think so." "Why not?’ "I don’t want to." “听说有个很好的工作要你去干。” “挺好的工作。” “打算干吗？” “不。” “为什么不干？” “不想干。” 这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don’t think so。干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes we re large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically in to the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。 Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first peri od out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecuti ve game without a loss. 在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。 这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。 The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The f ullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the point er to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter. 从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。 科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习 1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induc tion motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习 2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped co nditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to posse ss weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管 在许多场合替代电子管。我们知道 所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。第1节翻译练习 3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belongin g to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成 叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’ s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) pro bably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。 直译 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。 意译 The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end prod uct. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。 意译 要使印刷品的质量达到要求 部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。 意译 第4节翻译练习 2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is cause d by dust in the air near the horizon. 植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。 合译 太阳的大小看起来有变化 这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。 分译 医生对血样作了分析 看是不是贫血症。 分译 These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than on e. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being mad e and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等 大的直径有1000公里 小的不到1公里。 分译 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件 后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。 分译 第4节翻译练习 3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。 增译 人们发现 自然界里许多元素 都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。 增译 The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltag e and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamen tal laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特 后者是电压的单位 前者是电流的单位。 增译 同性电荷相斥 异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。 省译 第4节翻译练习 4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric c harge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的