英语国家概况名词解释加拿大澳大利亚

History
• Before the Westerners found Australia, only Australian aborigines lived there.In the 16th century, the Europeans began to explore Australia. In 1606,the Spanish navigator—Luis Vaes de Torres found the place, but he didn’t explore it further. In the same year, a Dutchman—William arrived in the continent .Then in 1770,the English navigator Captain James Cook discovered the eastern castle of Australia and named it New South Wales . .Soon,he claimed that the continent belonged to England •
• The federal government is separated into three branches:
• The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the constitution as comprising the Queen(represented by the Governor-General),the Senate, and the House of Representatives; • The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State; • The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council.

高考英语英语国家知识点精讲英语国家知识点精讲一、英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或使用人数众多的国家或地区。

在世界范围内，有许多国家是英语国家，如英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等。

这些国家普遍使用英语进行国内交流、教育和商务活动。

二、英语国家文化1. 英语国家的文化多样性英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，这些文化深受历史、地理和民族等因素的影响。

例如，在英国，人们崇尚绅士风度和下午茶文化；而在美国，人们崇尚自由、个人主义和多元文化。

每个国家都有自己独特的文化特点，这使得英语国家的文化变得丰富多彩。

2. 英语国家的节日和传统英语国家有许多独特的节日和传统。

在英国，人们庆祝万圣节和圣诞节，喝茶是他们的传统习惯。

而在美国，人们狂欢过感恩节和独立日，烧烤和烟花是他们的传统活动。

每个节日和传统都蕴含着深厚的历史和文化内涵，反映了英语国家人民的生活方式和价值观。

三、英语国家的教育体系1. 英语国家的教育制度英语国家拥有世界一流的教育体系。

他们注重教育的质量和公平性，提供全面的学科课程和丰富的学习资源。

对于学生来说，获得良好的教育是他们未来发展的基石。

2. 英语国家的教育特点英语国家的教育特点主要体现在以下几个方面：注重培养学生的创造力和批判性思维能力；鼓励学生积极参与课外活动和社会实践；注重学生的个性发展和综合素质教育。

四、英语国家的旅游胜地1. 英国的旅游景点英国是一个富有历史文化底蕴的国家，有许多著名的旅游景点，如伦敦塔桥、大本钟、巨石阵等。

此外，英国还有许多美丽的乡村和自然风光，如湖区、苏格兰高地等。

2. 美国的旅游景点美国是一个幅员辽阔、自然景观壮丽的国家，吸引着全球的游客。

纽约的自由女神像、大峡谷国家公园、华盛顿特区的国会山等都是美国著名的旅游胜地。

3. 加拿大的旅游景点加拿大是一个美丽而宜居的国家，拥有令人惊叹的自然景观。

洛基山脉、尼亚加拉大瀑布、温哥华岛等都是加拿大著名的旅游景点。

五、英语国家的经济发展1. 英国的经济发展英国是全球经济发达的国家之一，拥有强大的金融和服务业。

European Settlement
First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britain’s first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826)
coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a
period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel.
of Cape York Peninsula(约克角半岛
）.
Discovery and exploration
Exploration: 1.Development:During the 17th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the continent,no further detailed exploration. 2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.

悉尼同性恋狂欢节 2月底开始，为期两周。阳光明媚、观念颠覆、大都市和同性恋。欢迎在 一年一度的同性恋狂欢节期间来到悉尼。无论您是何种性取向，也无论您 是什么年纪，都会喜欢上从二月底开始在市内迸发出的这种欢快迷人的能 量。

澳大利亚的文化是基于英国的基础之上，澳大利亚人的饮食 习惯和英国人类似。从第二次世界大战之后，世界各地的移 民陆续到来成为人口的多数。澳大利亚的饮食受到了来自世 界各地人们的影响。欧洲、中东、印度、亚洲等地的饮食都 是很常见的。麦子、大米、橙子、香蕉和葡萄是澳大利亚广 泛种植的作物，肉食是澳大利亚人饮食的主要部分。奶制品 如牛奶、乳酪也食用很多。肉食烧烤很受欢迎。澳大利亚还 生产大量的葡萄酒，人们喜欢在吃饭的时候饮用葡萄酒或是 啤酒。澳大利亚还有一些当地特有的食品。丛林野食是一种 在土著人饮食基础上产生的食品 ,是用很种野草、野菜、野果 和野生动物肉制成的。


3月28－31日：复活节 从28日耶稣受难日开始，为期4天。 4月25日：澳纽兵团日 为纪念一站中被英国借派的澳大利亚新西 兰联合军在土耳其卡利波里半岛的决死登 陆而设。 6月9日：女王诞生日，伊丽莎白女王生日 假日设在6月的第二个周一以便连休，只有 西澳大利亚是9月29日。 12月26日：开盒节 打开圣诞所赠礼盒的日子，在南澳大利亚， 称为“宣告节”。全国共同的节日为9天， 另外各州也自行设立节日：点缀堪培拉每 年九月中，堪培拉都会举办春季花展。湖 畔的公园和花园都会种满色彩缤纷的花卉， 包括数以千计的郁金香，你又岂能错过。
SOME FLOWERS 木兰 雏菊 紫罗兰 罂粟 兰 花 小苍兰 薰衣草 郁金香 小石竹 薄荷 常春藤
Some animals
美丽的大堡礁风光 大堡礁（英文： Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia法文： Grande barriè de re corail）是世界上最 大、最长的珊瑚礁群， 是世界七大自然景观 之一，也是澳大利亚 人最引以为自豪的天 然景观。又称为“透 明清澈的海中野生王 国”。

the nation from a primarily rural economy into one predominantly industrial and urban8.
•Canada is the 10th largest exporter of oil and the 3rd largest exporter of natural gas in the world17. •Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the United States, including; oil, gas, uranium, and also electric power8.
• Canada has 10 provinces; British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland & Labrador, and 3 territories; Yukon, Northwest territories, Nunavut6. The capital city is Ottawa, in Ontario11.
An Introduction to Canadian Culture
Marc Upton
CANADA’s HISTORYபைடு நூலகம்
Native Americans lived in Canada for thousands of years. In the early 1600s, colonists from Britain and France began to settle in eastern Canada, along the St. Lawrence River. Canada proved to be an excellent spot for trapping and trading of furs. In the 1800s, settlers began to push west. Most of the native Americans were displaced by the Europeans.

Koalas have hard black noses, with sharp claws and a thick furry coat and can grow to a weight of about 10kg. Most of their time is spent asleep in the trees, which is the best place to see a koala.
The Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁) is not just one reef but actually a series of over 2,000 reefs stretching (延 伸)for more than 2,300 kilometres. It is the world’s largest coral (珊瑚) reef.
● （Introduction）：
constitutional monarchy;
澳大利亚国家元首是英国女王，总督（Governor General） 代表女王执掌国家行政权。 Representative System of Democracy 行政、立法和司法三权分立。 行政事务由内阁（Cabinet）负责，内阁由总理（Prime Minister）主持。
● （Political Parties）：
澳大利亚工党（Australian Labor Party）：澳大利亚 第一大党。 自由党（Liberal Party）：曾多次执政。 国家党（National Party）：澳大利亚第三大党。 民主党（the Australian Demomine car
• The 1850 gold rushes attracted a flood of selffunded immigrants. It also opened up the land as not only a source of agricultural but also of mineral wealth: gold, silver, iron ore, nickel and alumina became major export industries by the end of the 20th century. Today minerals form the largest part of the export trade.

Chapter 1 A Panoramic View of Canada加拿大国土面积约998万平方公里,是仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国。

她位于北美洲的北半部，东临大西洋，西接太平洋，南面与美国接壤，北临北冰洋。

加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家，人口3500万，相当于中国贵州省人口总数。

加拿大分为十个省和三个地区，首都渥太华，官方语言为英语和法语。

加拿大地域辽阔，地形多样，不同区域的气温和降水差异很大，夏季最高气温在35℃以上，冬季最低气温在零下35℃以下。

北方地区气候寒冷，冬季积雪期多达4-10个月。

但大多地区并不是人们印象中的特别寒冷。

加拿大气候分为北极地区、北部地区、太平洋地区等七个地区。

17世纪法国人在加拿大建立移民点以前，北美大陆最早的土著居民是印第安人和因纽特人。

1534年，法国探险家用J.卡蒂埃发现了圣劳伦斯河这条通往加拿大的主要水路，为后来法国的殖民活动奠定了基础。

另一个法国人S.尚普兰于1603年在今新斯科舍省建立了北美第一个殖民地。

1612年尚普兰被任命为新法兰西殖民地第一任总督，他因在北美开发殖民地有重大贡献而被后人称为“新法兰西之父”。

随后，17到18世纪，英法在北美发生一系列的武装冲突，1756年到1763年的英法七年战争，以法军战败而告终。

1763年，英法签订《巴黎和约》，加拿大从此沦为百年英属殖民地时期。

1867年，英国议会形成并通过了《英属北美法案》，决定由安大略省、魁北克省、新不伦瑞克和新斯科舍四省合并成联邦国家，国名为“加拿大自治领”，首都渥太华。

一、二战期间，加拿大经济迅速发展，1949年，纽芬兰最终成为加拿大第10个省。

I. A Geographical SurveyWith an area of 9,984,670 square kilometers, Canada is a huge country, second in size only to Russia and slightly larger than China. Yet approximately, it has only 35 million people, which is less than half the population of the United Kingdom. Situated in northern half of the North America, Canada extends from the Great Lakes1in the south to the majestic Rocky Mountains2in the west, and the bleak Arctic Islands in the far north.Map of Canada1. Provinces and TerritoriesJust as the United States is a federation of states, Canada is a federation of provinces. It is now made up of ten provinces — Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia —and three territories —Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon Territory. Each area has its own provincial flag.1五大湖是位于加拿大与美国交界处的5个大型淡水湖泊，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。

coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a
period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel.
Early History
1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern
European Settlement
Causes: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a towncentered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas also brought about various social problems.
European Settlement
First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britain’s first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826)

澳大利亚国家概况英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译”的资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!three ：The growth of minority cultures. Established by migration.第四阶段:多元文化社会出现; Phase four：The emergence of a multicultural society.第五阶段(1990 年以后):多元文化社会的建立。

Phase five (Post-1990)：The establishment of a multicultural society.多元文化社会的建立是由于: multicultural society established by:(1)立法; legislation;(2)代表权; representation;(3)承认土著文化的价值和所有后来移民文化的贡献; recognition of value of original culture and contributions and all subsequent migrating cultures;(4)容忍和接受澳大利亚的文化差异及这种差异与澳大利亚社会的关系;tolerance and acceptance of Australia's cultural diversity and its relationship to Australia's social context.1．土著文化Aboriginal culture他们的历书是分季节的和循环的; 土著人信奉梦幻时代。

这里的大部分的传统文化到20世纪中期都已失去了。

Their calendar was seasonal and cyclical: The Aboriginal people believed in the Dreamtime. the traditional culture had been lost by the mid-twentieth century.2.现代澳大利亚文化Modern Australian culture现代澳大利亚文化是许多传统和多种影响的重叠与混合物:英国的、美国的、欧洲的和亚洲的。

A Briefing of CanadaCanada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their wedding practice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part ofCanada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner andlarge-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and the United States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is tooimportant to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.References1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年5，.。

In history, the Canadian dollar has usually been at least a bit weaker than the United States dollar, but recently the trend has changed8.
➢ Canadian bills are brightly colored and easy to distinguish- which also happens to be a point of cultural Canadian pride20.
➢ The newest Canadian bills, released in
11 2011, are made of polymer instead of
paper21.
2021/10/10
Just a
few Symbols of Canada
National Flag of Canada
The Maple Tree
Citizens are provided preventative care, medical treatments from primary care physicians, access to hospitals, dental surgery and some additional medical services29.
The Maple Leaf
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Great Seal The Coat of Arms
National Horse of Canada
The Beaver
Hockey: Canada’s national winter sport

农业是国民经济的主要支柱。其中石油行业一直是加拿大经济增长的主要动力，推动加拿大贸易转亏为
盈，并有大量的投资。

加拿大联邦和各省政府经营多种国际保险业务成为经济一大亮点，包括出口信用保险和投资保险。
保险业资产位居加拿大金融业第二位。目前加拿大非寿险公司有近400家。
农业食品业是加拿大经济的重要组成部分，占其国内生产总值的8%。产物主要有：小麦、燕麦、大豆、 油菜籽、大麦、红肉类（牛、猪和羊）、水果、蔬菜、酒类、烟草、饮料等，约60%出口美国。
the Canadian state enterprise, Canadian post, Canadian railway Supreme Court judge, Canadian
federal government agencies, etc..
司法机关 The Judiciary
加拿大最高法院由1名大法官和8名陪审法官组成， 主要仲裁联邦和各省上诉的重大政治、法律、有关宪 法问题以及重大民事和刑事案件。最高法院的裁决为 终审裁决。最高法院法官均由总理提名，总督任命， 75岁退休。
来自印度、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的南亚
移民人口达到130万，超过华裔成为加
拿大最大的少数族裔。华裔人口中25%
的人是在加拿大本土出生的，其余大部
分来自中国大陆、香港和台湾。
移民 Immigration

加拿大是世界上移民率最高的国家之一，主要是受该国的经济政策和家庭移
民政策影响。2012年，有257887人移民至加拿大。加拿大政府预计在未来几年，
【工业】 2014年加制造业总产值1732.67亿加元，占国内生产总值的8.8％，从业人员 171万，占全国就业人口的9.6％。建筑业总产值1173.81亿加元，占国内生产总值的7.2 ％，从业人员137.1万，占全国就业人口的7.7％。

自考英语国家概况名词解释Alfred the Great1. Alfred was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreementwith them in 879.2. Alfred is known as “ the father of the British navy”.3. Alfred is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40.4. He translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People.5. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools.6. He formulated a legal system.7. This makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.American Ruhr1. The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr.2. It is after the Ruhr River in Germany.3. As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in high-grade coking coal.4. So it is well-known for its steel industry.5. The Ohio River is almost the same as German Ruhr.6. U.S. people set up lots of steel factories along the river sides. Agribusiness1. The new farming has been called “agribusiness”.2. Because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business.3. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops andanimals.4. They turn farm products into food staff so as to get income.Britsh Consititution1. There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom.2. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law,commom law and conventions.3. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statutes.Black Death1. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague.2. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning.3. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)1. The British Broadcasting Corporation stands for BBC.2. The BBC World Service broadcasts international news world wide.3. It using English and 42 other languages.4. BBC has both radio and TV services.5. BBC radio is financed by the government.6. BBC TV is financed by TV set owners.7. So there is not any advertisement on BBC.Beatles1. In the early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group and called themselvesthe Beatles.2. They represented a new pop culture who wrote their own words and music.3. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds.Baby Boom1. It refers to the higher birth rate.2. It took place during 1946-1964.3. People born in this period are called “ baby-boomers”.Black Thursday1. The first blow to the stock market came on October 14,1929 , so it is called the blackThursday.2. Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the market, which drove down the share prices. British North America Act1. 《英属北美法案》2. Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in 1867.3. A federal union and was made a dominion in 1867.Commonwealth (of Nation)1. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.2. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.3. The Commonwealth has no special powers.4. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. Common Law1. The common law is the unwritten law common to the whole people.2. It is “case-made”.3. It was based on precedent judgments.4. It was derived from acknowledged custom.City of London1. The city of London is the oldest part of London.2. The City of London is the business centre of London.3. Large financial organizations are located.Constitutional monarchy1. The head of State is a king or a queen.2. The United Kingdom is a Constitutional monarchy.3. All in all, she is everything in name, but in fact she is nothing. Civil List1. This term comes from Britain.2. It means the allowance of money made by parliament.3. The money is for expenses of the queen and her family.Church of England1. The most important established church in Britain.2. It is uniquely related to the Grown in the Sovereign must be a member of that Church andmust promise to uphold it.3. All senior church leaders are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.4. The Church is also linked with theState through the House of Lord. 5. Church men get their pay from state.Comprehensive school1. They are the most popular state-run-middle school in U.K..2. They advocate equality in education.3. They take in 90% of the whole students.4. They take pupils of all abilities.5. They are free-paying independent school.Chinese Exclusion Act1. In May,1882,Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act.2. In 1902 Chinese immigration was stopped for an indefinite period.3. It was not canceled until 1943.Christmas Pay1. The birth of Jeaus Christ.2. The Christmas tree is very popular during this time.3. Most people exchange presents and send Christmas cards.4. Many families go to church on Christmas Eve or Christmas morning. Constitution Act of 19821. Cutting the last legal tie between Canada and Britain.2. The act and the constitution amending power were transferred from the British government toCanada.3. So that the Canadian Constitution is now entirely in the hands of the Canadians. Domesday Book1. In order to have a reliable record of all his lands. William sent his clerks to complie a propertyrecord.2. It was known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the Englishnot unlike the Book ofDoom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.3. This book was completed in 1086.4. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. DNP(gross national product)1. The goods producted in a country within a year and the totallabor power value in moneywhich is used to measure the complex target of the country’s economic situation,Eisteddfodua1. Festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through the year.2. During the festivals comprtitions are held in welsh poetry, music singing and art.3. By this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh culture alive. England Channel1. A Channel which separates Btitain from the rest of Europe in the south.2. The channel between England and France is quite narrow.3. A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join the two countries together. Earl Warren1. He d eclared “ In the field of public education the principle of separate but equal has noplace.”.2. He is the Chief Justice of America.3. Today, he is also the Chief Justice.4. His famous case is Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka.Elizabeth I1. One of the greatest monarchs in Britain history.2. She reigned England. Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single.3. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literatureand other arts , in exploration and in battle.Federal system1. The Constitution set up a federal system of government.2. It has two layers of rule.3. One is central or federal government.4. The others are also state and local governments.5. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers.Flying doctor1. wherever and whenever people fall ill, they can use radio to call doctors and the doctors cancome by plane.2. So people call them flying doctors.Grand Council1. William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council.2. It was made up of his new tenants-in-chief,on which they were requird to serve whensummoned.3. The Grand Council met three times a year.Geoffrey Chaucer1. He was an English poet.2. His best known work is The Canterbury Tales.3. It describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb.4. He is “ the father of English poetry”.Gunpowder Plot of 16051. It was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies.2. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and hisministers up in the Houses of Parliament.3. Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.4. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and theimposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.5. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5. Glorious Revolution1. The English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William ofOrange.2. William landed at Torbay on November 15, 1688 and marched upon London.3. In England this takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of theKing.Great Famine1. The Great Famine began marks the end of one era and the beginningof another in the socialhistory of Ireland.2. There were crop failures.3. Even the potato crop failed everywhere.4. This made Itish people move to other countries like U.S. U.K. Canada. Great Lakes1. The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes.2. They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie,Lake Ontario. 3. They are all located between Canada and the UnitedStates except Lake Michigan. George Kennan1. George Kennan was a high-ranking official in the American embassyto Moscow. 2. On February 22, 1946 he sent a long telegram to the State Department. 3. He analyzing Soviet intention and putting forward suggestions.4. He wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be expansive tendencies.5. Later the containment policy became the official policy toward the Soviet Union until 1989. George Washington1. He is remembered as a great general.2. He is one of the founders of the Republic.3. He is the first President of the United States of America.4. He is the Father of his Country.GDP(gross domestic product)1. The goods produced in a country within a year and the labour value in money excluding theincome from abroad during the time.Heptarchy1. During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was di vided into many kingdoms, among which therewere seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essdx, Sussex and so on.2. They were given the name of Heptarchy and the Chinese name is 战国七雄。

A Briefing of CanadaCanada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their weddingpractice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part of Canada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful internationalrelationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner and large-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and theUnited States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is too important to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.References1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年5，.。

英语国家概况课文翻译注意：以下内容为机器翻译，可能存在语法错误或不准确的翻译。

简介英语是一门全球通用的语言，被广泛使用于众多国家和地区。

许多国家以英语为官方语言，或将其作为第二语言。

本文将介绍几个主要的英语国家，包括英国、美国、澳大利亚和加拿大。

英国英国是英语的发源地，也是英语使用最广泛的国家之一。

英国不仅拥有悠久的历史和文化传统，还是世界上一些顶尖的大学和研究机构的所在地。

英国还以其丰富多样的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。

美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一。

美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有众多不同背景和语言的人口。

美国文化在世界范围内有着广泛的影响力，其音乐、电影和流行文化深受全球青年的喜爱。

澳大利亚澳大利亚是南半球最大的国家之一。

英语是澳大利亚的官方语言，也是主要语言之一。

澳大利亚以其多样的自然景观和独特的动植物物种而闻名于世。

此外，澳大利亚的体育文化也非常发达，特别是澳式橄榄球和板球。

加拿大加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，也是英语使用广泛的国家之一。

英语是加拿大的官方语言之一，同时法语也是加拿大的官方语言。

加拿大拥有令人惊叹的自然风光，包括壮丽的山脉、湖泊和冰川。

此外，加拿大还以其优质的教育和高科技产业而闻名。

小结英语国家的概况课文翻译主要介绍了英国、美国、澳大利亚和加拿大这几个在英语语言和文化上有着重要地位的国家。

这些国家的多元文化和丰富的历史传统使得英语成为全球通用的语言之一。

熟悉这些国家的文化和背景有助于更好地理解和应用英语。

无论是学习、工作还是旅行，英语国家的概况都是一个重要的学习内容。