英语写作课讲义
Part One: Sentence Writing
Overview
1.Sentence Definition
Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas in writing or in speech. It is a complete, independent unit of thought and consists of two main parts: a subject and a predicate. It may contain one clause or more than one accordingly. The first letter of a sentence must be capitalized, and the sentence must end with a final punctuation mark in the form of a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation point (!).
Subject: The subject is the part of a sentence that names the person, thing, place, or event that a sentence is about. It can be a noun, pronoun, or a phrase or clause that does the work of a noun. Predicate: The predicate is the part of a sentence that makes a statement about the subject. It consists of a verb and its modifiers or complements. The verb is the most important part of the predicate. It expresses action or a state of being.A complement is a word or words used to complete the meaning of a verb or a subject. Therefore there are subject complement and verb complement.
Students? Problems:Sentence Fragments (see p2-12 in the textbook)
2.Sentences and Clauses
Clause: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb or predicate, forming a sentence or part of a sentence, and often doing the work of a noun, adjective or adverb. Clauses can be divided into two kinds: independent clause and dependent clause.
Independent Clause: An independent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a finite verb. It is used as a part of a sentence but is grammatically independent and could therefore stand alone.
Dependent clause: A dependent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a finite verb but its meaning is not complete and can be used only as part of an independent clause and therefore is often introduced with a subordinator such as that,when, while, if or before.
3.Sentence Classification
3.1.Functional Types
Functional types of sentences: People may make sentences for different purposes and therefore sentences may have different functions: to ask a question, to make a statement, a command, a request or an exclamation:
What is ecology? (question)
Ecology is the science of the relationships between organisms and their environments. (statement) Save the environment! (command)
Would you write a report on ecology and man? (request)
What a polluted lake that is! (exclamation)
3.2.Structural Types
Structural types of sentences:Sentences can be classified according to the number of clauses each contains and their relationships between each other. Basically we get four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and compound complex.
A. A simple sentence is an independent clause.
Examples: I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.
I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
B. A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together in any of three ways:
by a subordinating conjunction, by a sentence connector, or by a semicolon.
Examples: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.(by a coordinating conjunction)
I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.(by a sentence connector)
I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. (by a semicolon)
C. A complex sentence is the combination of one an independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
Example: Although I enjoy playing tennis, I hate golf. / I hate golf although I enjoy playing tennis.
D. A compound and complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
Example: I hate golf, but I enjoy playing tennis even though I am not very good at it.
Simple Sentences and their Extensions
1.Simple Sentence Patterns
The English sentence usually contains two parts: subject and a finite verb or predicate. The predicate verb is the most important part of the sentence and different types of verbs may produce different sentence patterns. But on the whole we can divide the English sentences into the following seven basic patterns:
Pattern One: S + V
Birds fly.
They disappeared.
He is studying.
He has gone.
The guests might have arrived.
Pattern Two: S + V + A
He is here.
They are in the dormitory.
She lives near the hospital.
The boy behaves very politely.
Pattern Three: S + V + C
He is a university student.
He is very brilliant.
His job is to fix the pipe.
The leaves turn yellow.
He has become a surgeon.
Pattern Four: S + V + O
Henry bought a dictionary.
I made a serious mistake.
The students helped each other.
I forgot to mail the letter.
That boy likes swimming.
Pattern Five: S + V + O + A
She left her baby in the nursery.
The baby put the bird in the cage.
He placed me in a very difficult situation.
Pattern Six: S + V + O + C
We elected him chairman.
I found him very intelligent.
I have got .the machine fixed.
The teacher made us working hard.
The manager asked us to finish the work by the weekend.
Pattern Seven: S + V + O + O
I sent my father a telegram.
He told his friends the news.
The boy gave the girl a present.
Students? Problems:Wrong collocations and wrong patterns
2.Methods of Sentence Extension
Each sentence pattern can be extended to include more information. Normally there are three ways to extend the sentence: modification, coordination, and subordination.
2.1Modification
Any element in a basic sentence may be modified by adjectives, adverbs, phrases or clauses which describe or limit the element, or ―headword‖, being modified. E.g.:
(Stray) dogs are becoming a (serious) nuisance (in our neighborhood).
(About two o’clock in the morning) we were awakened by a (loud) quarrel (between a man and a woman) (in the next motel room).
2.2Coordination
Coordination is the linking of equally weighted thoughts or elements. Any simple sentence can be made longer and more complex by coordinating two or more elements (words, phrases, clauses).
E.g.:
Animals think, but they think of and at things; men think primarily about things. Words, pictures, and memory images are symbols that may be combined and varied in a thousand ways.
2.3Subordination
Subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the
relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader. E.g.:
In 1769, when he was thirteen years old, Mozart made his first trip to Italy, accompanied by his father.
Modifications of Sentences
1.Modification of Subject
In a English sentence, the central part of the subject is often a noun or a noun equivalent. So the modification of the subject simply means to turn the central word into a phrase: a noun into a noun phrase, an infinitive into an infinitive phrase, or a gerund into a gerund phrase. Usually there are two ways for this modification: pre-modification and post-modification.
1.1Pre-modification: it often refers to those adjective or adjective phrase used before the central
noun of the subject, which is to specify or limit the scope of meaning of the subject. E.g.:
A storm came on – A terrible storm came on.
A smile appeared on her face. – A what-can-I-do-for-you smile appeared on her face.
1.2Post-modification: they are those words or phrases put after the central noun of the subject. Wang Lin is here. – Wang Lin, her boy friend, is here.
The children are students. – The children standing by the gate are students from a nearby school. The book was published in 1939. – The booked written by Lu Xun was published in 1939.
The man worked overnight yesterday. – The man asleep on the desk worked overnight yesterday. The plane is for Beijing. – The plane ready to take off is for Beijing.
The time is fixed. – The time for us to start is fixed.
2.Modification of Predicate: it refers to the words which are used to specify or limit the
meaning the central verb of the predicate, including objects, adverbials, compliments, etc.
2.1Pre-modification: those single adverbs such as frequency , time, manner adverbs.
2.2Post-modification: various kinds of phrases, e.g. prepositional, adverbial, participle phrases.
Students? Problems: Wrong collocations; misplaced and dangling modifiers (see p22-37)
Coordination of Sentences (See p100-115 in the textbook.)
Coordination
Coordination is the linking of equally weighted elements. Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness, variety, emphasis and unity to our writing. Compare the following two passages: A.(without coordination) Animals think of things. They also think at things. Men think primarily
about things. Words are symbols that may be combined in a thousand ways. They can also be varied in the same number of ways. This can be said of pictures as well. The same holds true for memory images.
B.(with coordination) Animals think, but they think of and at things; men think primarily about
things. Words, pictures and memory images are symbols that may be combined and varied in a thousand ways.
1.Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordination is made by conjunctions and the coordinating conjunctions can be divided into two types: simple and correlative.
A) Simple conjunctions include: and, but, or, nor, yet, so, for
B) Correlative conjunctions: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…,
not…but…, whether…or…
Examples:
I like both his ambition and his energy.
Samuel will either get a raise or resign from his job.
Neither the students nor the professor attended the meeting.
We want to know not only when he gets there but also what he does.
My intention is not to criticize you but to help you.
Whether Rome or Cairo is a better place to visit is up to you.
2.Sentence Connectors
Sentence connectors:adverbs or adverbial phrases frequently used to connect two long independent clauses to form compound sentences. We usually place a semicolon after the first independent clause and a comma after the sentence connector. In English there are many adverbs and phrases that can be used as sentence connectors to indicate the logical relationship between the two independent clauses. For example:
Junior colleges offer preparation for the professions, business and industry; moreover, students may prepare for transfer to a university or college. (addition)
Many junior colleges do not provide dormitories; however, they provide housing referral service. (contrast)
Students must take the final exam; otherwise, they may be given the final grade of Incomplete. (choice)
You can receive individual guidance from your counselor; therefore, you should take advantage of this service. (result)
Sentence connectors can be divided into several types according to the logic relationship they indicate:
1.additional idea: furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, also, etc.
2.contrast idea: however, nevertheless, still, in contrast, etc.
3.choice of two possibilities: otherwise
4.result: consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, as a result, etc.
Students? Problems:Running-on sentences; wrong coordination; wrong use of pronouns
Practice 1: Choose the correct coordinator from the following and combine the two independent clauses in each pair in logical order. Rewrite the sentence and punctuate it correctly.
And, or, nor, but, for, so, yet
1.Are you applying for graduate school? / Will you look for a job?
2.Geology is concerned with the structure of the earth. / Astronomy is concerned with the
physical universe beyond the earth.
3.The cost of installation is very high. / Solar domestic heating systems are economical to
operate.
4.Energy needs are not going to decrease. / Energy sources are not going to increase.
5.Our supplies will decrease. / Consumers must conserve energy sensibly.
Practice 2: Combine each of the following groups of sentences by using coordination.
Example: 1) New Hampshire does not have a general sales tax.
2) New Hampshire does not have an income tax.
3) New Hampshire is the only state that doesn‘t have at least one of the two taxes. Answer: New Hampshire is the only state with neither a general sales nor an income tax. Group 1. 1) More and more universities are creating loan plans to aid middle-income families.
2) Middle-income families are not rich enough to pay rising college costs.
3) Middle-income families are not poor enough to qualify for assistance.
Group 2. 1) No matter how you measure it, education is the largest ―industry‖ in the nation.
2) You can measure it in terms of dollars spent.
3) You can measure it in terms of people involved.
Group 3. 1) Fewer blacks are leaving the rural south these days.
2) They are staying not because farming has become more popular.
3) They are staying because industry is moving in.
Group 4. 1) The doctor recommended John an exercise.
2) The exercise would not harm him.
3) The exercise would not tire him.
4) The exercise would strengthen his muscles.
5) The exercise would increase his lung power.
6) The exercise would stimulate his heart.
7) The exercise would improve his circulation.
Group 5. 1) He has strength.
2) His strength is superior.
3) He has ability.
4) His ability is dramatic.
5) His ability is powerful.
6) He has looks.
7) His looks are good.
8) His looks are boyish.
Group 6. 1) The following has happened since its invention.
2) The laser has been applied to fields.
3) The fields are diverse.
4) The fields are many.
5) One field is engineering.
6) One field is medicine.
7) One field is communications.
8) One field is defense.
Group 7. 1) Studying is part of the Puritan ethic.
2) Learning is part of the Puritan ethic.
3) Working is part of the Puritan ethic.
4) They are all part of the Puritan ethic.
Group 8. 1) Scuba diving (潜水) is costly.
2) Scuba diving is dangerous.
3) Scuba diving, however, is thrilling.
Practice 3:
Add a sentence connector with the same meaning as the word in parentheses and punctuate it correctly.
1.Advertising plays a significant part in American business ________ it has a tremendous
impact on the nation‘s economy. (addition)
2.Without commercials, the public‘s favorite programs would not be shown ________ viewers
must accept them as necessary. (result)
3.Many ads and commercials do give important information about products ________ some of
them are merely humorous or foolish. (contrast)
4.Many consumers rely on advertisements ________ businesses maintain large sums of money
for this expense. (result)
5.Careful consumers rely on good advertising ________ they would not buy products wisely.
(choice)
6.I dislike television commercials ________ I do not like direct mail advertising. (addition)
7.Some advertisers try to push mediocre products on the public ________ the consumer should
beware. (result)
Subordination of Sentences (See p116-128 in the textbook.)
Subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader. Through subordination, you can focus on the central idea of your sentence by placing it in the main clause and placing the less important idea in a subordinate clause or phrase. Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness. Subordination can be achieved through clauses or phrases (adverbial, attributive or appositive). Compare the following: A.Mozart was thirteen years old in 1769. He made his first trip to Italy. His father went with him.
(choppy sentences)
A‘. In 1769, when he was thirteen years old, Mozart made his first trip to Italy, accompanied by his father.
B.Shaolin Temple is a tourist resort. It is situated in the foothills of Mount Song. It is one of the
most beautiful spots in China. (choppy sentences)
B‘. Shaolin Temple, a tourist resort in the foothills of Mount Song, is one of the most beautiful spots in china. / Shaolin Temple, one of the most beautiful spots in China, is a tourist resort in the foothills of Mount Song.
C.I worked hard and I turned out a first-rate manuscript, and I missed my deadline and my
publisher was angry. (excessive use of coordination)
C‘. Although I worked hard and turned out a first-rate manuscript, my publisher was angry because I missed my deadline.
D.The recordings which I bought last week were scarce items that are essential to people who
are making collections of folk music which comes from Spain. (excessive use of subordination)
D‘. Last week I bought some scarce recordings that are essential to collections of Spanish folk music.
Subordinators: conjunctions used to connect an independent clause and a dependent clause, such as when, while, if, because, where, who, that, etc.
Types of Subordinators:
Relative Clause Subordinators:
1.Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose + noun, that, which
2.Relative Adverbs: when, where, why
Conditional Clause Subordinators: if, even if, unless, when
Noun Clause Subordinators: that; who, whoever, what, whatever, where, wherever, when, how much (many, often, etc.); whether (or not), if
Adverbial Clause Subordinators
1.time: when, while, as soon as, after, since, as, etc.
2.place: where, wherever, everywhere, etc.
3.distance/frequency: as + adverb + as
4.manner: as
5.reason: because, as, since, etc.
6.result: so + adj. + that, so + adv. + that, such a(n) + noun phrase + that, etc.
7.purpose: so that, in order that (in order to +v.), etc.
8.contrast / concession: although, even though, though, whereas, etc.
Student?s Problems: wrong use of subordinators or wrong subordination
Practice 4:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,bine each pair of sentences into a single sentence by subordinating the underlined idea.
1.The dean sent me a letter. It said that I should attend summer school.
2.You want me to help you with your homework, but you must help me clean the
apartment first.
3.Mr. Symonds was a high school teacher for many years, and now he is teaching at the
university.
4.Chicago is built along Lake Michigan. It is known as ―the windy city‖.
5.The magazine published a special anniversary edition, and it was mailed to all
subscribers.
B.Provide a subordinating conjunction that will show a logical relationship between the two
clauses.
1._____ I enjoy Beethoven, I like Bach even better.
2.______ he listened closely, he finally understood.
3.He couldn‘t sleep _____ it was already 3:00 A.M. when he got to bed.
4.He couldn‘t sleep _____ it was only 8:00 P.M. when he went to bed.
5._____ she was doing the dishes, he was doing the laundry.
6.He did the dishes _____ she could relax.
7.The picnic will be ruined _____ it rains tomorrow.
8._____ she graduated from high school, she went to college.
9.She felt _____ she was walking on air.
10._____ you pay attention, you will never learn anything.
C.Revise the improper subordination in the following sentences.
1.I was reaching down to pick up my hat just as I saw the two rattle snakes.
2.We came within the sight of the village when our car suddenly caught fire.
3.The prize was given yesterday that was for the best essay by a freshman.
4.I ran out of ink, thus being unable to finish my theme.
5.College is a place which we prepare ourselves for adult responsibility.
D. Rewrite the following compound sentences into complex sentences by subordinating one of the
clauses.
Example: Nowadays, many American women work in full-time jobs, for they must help to support their families. (since) ---- Reason: Nowadays, many American women work in fulltime fobs since they must help to support their families.
1.Some women have become coal miners and construction workers, for there is less
discrimination against them now. (because)
2.Many women in Third World countries want to work, for they are educated. (who)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,mercials are necessary for business, but they can be a nuisance to the public. (although)
4.Some people believe everything they see and hear on commercials, yet many of the
advertisements give misinformation. (even though)
5.Many people will not buy a product, for they do not like the commercial. (if)
6.Camping in the mountains or on beaches is not very expensive, yet you must first buy a lot of
essential equipment. (although)
7.Foreign travel is expensive, but it is worth a lot in new experiences and memories. (even
though)
8.Travelers must know the tipping standards of foreign countries or they might be embarrassed.
(unless)
9. A three-minute phone call to New York City between 8 AM and 5 PM costs $1.68, but the
same call between 5 PM and 8 AM costs $1.10. (whereas)
E. sentence combining
1. A person wants to be a computer programmer. A person must be able to work logically.
2.The author of this poem died penniless and heartbroken. The world never recognized his
talent.
3.Denver still has dirty air problems. Denver‘s pollution is not considered serious.
4.The actress has played in several successful films. I can‘t remember her name right now.
5.One reason may be that they can find familiar food. People like to live together with their own
people for a reason.
6.One problem with the type of housing is choosing the people. You are going to share living
space with these people.
7.His father died on January 31, 1983. He can still remember clearly what he was doing on that
day.
8.Jiuzaigou is a very beautiful place. I have been very eager to visit that place.
9.We went to the forest park last Sunday. We had a wonderful picnic in that park.
10.In early 1981, doctors in the United States performed the procedure on a woman. She wanted
to have a child.
11.The woman‘s doctors didn‘t know if they would be successful. They would not rel ease the
woman‘s name to the press.
12.Alaska was once connected to Russia by a land bridge. Alaska is now separated from Russia
by only a few miles of water.
13.The Eskimos have lived in Alaska for millions of years. They have adapted well to their harsh
(荒芜的) environment.
14.A problem is being discussed in the Alaskan government. The problem concerns the rights of
Alaska‘s natives.
15.The purchase (购买) of Alaska was negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward. The
purchase became a good investment.
16.The Eskimos have had to live in cold and darkness most of the year. They have developed a
lively sense of humor and hospitable (好客的) attitude.
1.(A person who wants to be a computer programmer must be able to work logically.)
2.(The author of this poem, whose talent the word never recognized, died penniless and
heartbroken.)
3.(Denver, whose pollution is not considered serious, still has dirty air problems.)
4.(The actress whose name I can‘t remember now has played in several successful films.)
5.(One reason for which people like to live together with their own people may be that they can
find familiar food.)
6.(One problem with the type of housing is choosing the people with whom you are going to
share living space.)
7.(He can still remember clearly what he was doing on January 31, 1983 when his father died.)
8.(Jiuzaigou is a very beautiful place that I have been very eager to visit.)
9.(Last Sunday we went to the forest park where we had a wonderful picnic.)
10.(In early 1981, doctors in the United States performed the procedure on a woman wanting to
have a child.)
11.(Not knowing if they would be successful, the doctors would not release the woman‘s name to
the press.)
12.(Alaska, once connected with Russia by a land bridge, is now separated from Russia by only a
few miles of water.)
13.(Having lived in Alaska for millions of years, the Eskimos have adapted well to their harsh
environment.)
14.(The problem being discussed in the Alaskan government concerns the rights of Alaska‘s
natives.)
15.(The purchase of Alaska, negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward, became a good
investment.)
16.(Having had to live in cold and darkness most of the year, the Eskimos have developed a
lively sense of humor and a hospitable attitude.)
Part Two: Paragraph Writing
A paragraph is a basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea.
Model:
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.First of all, gold has a lustrous (发出光泽的) beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished (不变色的) today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts‘suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility.
Paragraph Structure
A paragraph has three major structural parts: a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.
The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It not only names the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed in the space of a single paragraph. The specific area is called the controlling idea.
Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and quotations.
The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember.
Paragraph Features
A good paragraph usually possesses the following two features: unity and coherence.
Unity means that you discuss only one main idea in a paragraph. The main idea is stated in the topic sentence, and then each and every supporting sentence develops that idea, that is, to explain that idea by giving more details about that idea so that the reader could understand it more easily.
Coherence means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because (1) your supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order, and (2) your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transitional words or signals.
Unity and Topic Sentence
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It is usually but not always the first sentence in the paragraph. It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss. For this reason, the topic sentence is a helpful guide to both the writer and the reader. The writer can see what information to include and what to exclude. The reader can see what the paragraph is going to be about and is therefore better prepared to understand it.
There are three important points to remember about a topic sentence. First, a topic sentence is a complete sentence; that is, it contains a subject, a verb and usually a complement. Second, a
topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea. It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph. Third, a topic sentence gives only the main idea; therefore, it is the most general statement in the paragraph. It does not give any specific details. Examples:
Driving on freeways. / The importance of gold. / How to register for college classes.
Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness.
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.
Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students.
Good TS: The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious.
Too specific: The slang expression …so long?is probably a corruption (讹传) of the Arabic …salaam?.
Compare the following topic sentences:
Example 1: Original: The Santana is a fine car.
Revised: Super engine performance and beautiful design make the Santana a fine automobile. Example 2: Original: Today many young people have developed a culture of their own.
Revised: Long hair, colorful clothing, and new musical forms are part of the new culture of many of today‘s young people.
Example 3: Original: Good cameras are manufactured in many countries.
Revised: Good cameras are manufactured in China, Japan, and the United States.
Practice 1: Try to write a topic sentence for each of the following topics.
1.My Family
2.Automobile Accidents
3.The English Language
4.My American Teacher
5.My Home Village
Unity and Simple Outline of a Paragraph
An outline is like an architect‘s plan for a house. An architect plans a house before it is built to make sure that all the parts will fit. Like an architect, you should plan a paragraph before you write it to make sure that all of your ideas will fit.
Learning to outline will improve your writing for three reasons. First of all, it will help you organize your ideas. Specifically, an outline will ensure that you won‘t include any irrelevant ideas, that you won‘t leave out any important points, and that your supporting sentences will be in logical order. Second, learning to outline will help you write more quickly. It may take some practice at first, but once you become used to outlining your ideas before your start to write, you will be surprised at how fast you will actually be able to write. Preparing an outline is 75 percent of the work. The actual writing becomes easier because you don‘t have to worry about what you are going to say; you already have a well-organized plan to follow. Finally, your grammar will improve because you will be able to concentrate on it, not on your thoughts or organization. Improved organization, speed and grammar make learning to outline will worth the effort.
A simple outline for a short paragraph might look like this:
Topic Sentence (topic sentence underlined)
A.First Supporting Point
B.Second Supporting Point
C.Third Supporting Point (these are equal in importance and written in parallel form) Concluding Sentence (concluding sentence underlined)
An example of a simple outline for a short paragraph:
Learning to outline will improve your writing for three reasons
A.It will help you organize your ideas.
B.It will help you write more quickly.
C.It will help you improve your grammar.
For these three reasons—improved organization, speed, and grammar—learning to outline is well worth the effort.
Practice 2:Choose one of the topic sentences you have written and develop it into a short paragraph. But before you write, try to outline it first.
Example Paragraph 1:
English has nearly become the international language of the world. As we know, English is one of the five working languages in the United Nations, and people speak that language almost at any important international conference. Secondly, more than 60 percent of the publications are written in English, and there are still many which are translated into that language. Thirdly, although the population of the people who speak English is not the biggest in the world, we can find people speaking this language anywhere on the earth. The British, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and many Canadians speak English as their native language; many countries such as India, Singapore, Philippines and some African countries use English as their official language; and there are still many countries where this language is being learned as the second language, for example, in China there are millions of people who are taking pains in acquiring English. So we may believe that, as time goes on,the English language will become more and more international.
Example Paragraph 2:
Automobile accidents occur for a variety of reasons.First,poor weather conditions are often responsible. When the roads are snowy, icy or wet, it is more difficult to control a car. Accidents can also happen when certain parts of the automobile malfunction. Faulty brakes and defective tires, for example, have been blamed for many mishaps. But the most common cause of accidents is driver error. A careless, sleepy, or drunk driver is not fully alert and runs a high risk of having an accident.
Example Paragraph 3:
For the last summer holidays I went back to my home village where I had spent my whole childhood. On the first night I could not get into sleep, so I went out of my house and stood on the square of the village to enjoy the cool breeze of the summer night. Though it was already past twelve, the summer night of the countryside was still live and noisy, and all kinds of sounds came into my ears: I could hear someone still winnowing grain in his house; I could hear a baby crying and its mother cursing from a window not far away; I could hear a door creaking shut somewhere in the village; I could hear fish jumping in the pond near the square; I could hear
insects chirping in the thick grass; I could hear frogs croaking in the fields; I could hear dogs barking in the distant villages; I could hear trucks running past on the highway farther away, giving one or two occasional sirens. Ah! These sounds, these familiar sounds, were all back to me that I felt as if I had been back again in my childhood.
Coherence from Transitional Signals
Coherence is another element of a good paragraph. ―Coherence‖ means ―holding together‖. In order to have coherence in writing, the movement from one sentence to the next (and in longer essays, from one paragraph to the next) must be logical and smooth. There must be no sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one. There are two main ways to achieve: to use transitional signals to show how one idea is related to the next, and to arrange sentences in logical order.
Transitional Signals are words such as first, second, next, finally, therefore, and however, or phrases such as inclusion, on the other hand, and as a result. Transitional signals function like traffic signs which tell the reader when to go forward, turn, slow down, and stop. In other words, you will use similarly, moreover, furthermore, in addition when you are giving a similar idea; on the other hand, however, in contrast when giving an opposite idea; for example, for instance, one example of …, another example of …when giving an example; as a result when giving a result; or in conclusion when giving a conclusion.
Practice 1: Compare the following two paragraphs which give the same information but one is easier to understand than the other. Find out the transitional signals used in the easier one.
Paragraph 1
A difference among the world‘s seas and oceans is that the salinity (salt content) varies in different climate zones. The Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one fourth as saline (salty) as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are reasons for this. First of all, in warm climates water evaporates rapidly. Therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute (to make less thick) the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.
Paragraph 2
Another difference among the world‘s seas and oceans is that the salinity (salt content) varies in different climate zones. For example, the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one fourth as saline (salty) as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. In warm climates water evaporates rapidly. The concentration of salt is greater. The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute (to make less thick) the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.
Note: each transitional signal has a special meaning. Each one shows how the following sentence relates to the preceding one. Of course you should not use a transitional signal in front of every sentence in a paragraph. Using too many transitional signals can be just as confusing as using too few. However, good writing requires that you use enough transitional signals to make the relationships among your ideas clear.
Types of Transitional Signals
Transitional signals can be divided into four basic groups according to function:
Sentence connectors:e.g. however, therefore, furthermore, for example, on the other hand, in addition, still, otherwise, etc. They can be used at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence, but attention must be paid to the correct punctuation.
Coordinators: e.g. and, but, yet, or, nor, for
Subordinators: e.g. because, after, since, as, although, if, when, etc.
Prepositions and determiners: e.g. because of, due to, in spite of, etc. (prepositions); another, additional…, final…, etc. (determiners)
Practice 2: Choose the transitional signal that best shows the relationship between the sentences in each group.
1.The same article said that the causes of inflation were easy to find ______ the cure
for inflation was not so easy to prescribe. (however, for example, therefore)
2.Era also suggested that rising wages were one of the primary causes of inflation
______ the government should take action to control wages. (however, therefore, for
example)
3.In physics, the weight of an object is the gravitational force with which the earth
attracts it ______ if a man weighs 150 pounds, this means that the earth pulls him
down with a force of 150 pounds. (moreover, therefore, for example)
4.The farther away from Earth a person is, the less the gravitational force of the earth
______ a man weighs less when he is 50,000 miles from Earth than when he is only
5,000 miles away. (in conclusion, therefore, however)
5. A ―tsunami‖ is a tidal wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. The waves
are very long and low in open water, but when they get close to land, they encounter
friction because of the shallow water ______ the waves increase in height and can
cause considerable damage when they finally reach land. (on the other hand, as a
result, in conclusion)
Practice 3: Choose one of the topic sentences below and write a paragraph that develops it. Use transitional signals either given or of your own to connect the supporting sentences smoothly.
1.Foreign travel is very educational. (the first reason, another reason, in addition,
consequently)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,st week, I witnessed a terrible accident. (first, after that, next, finally)
3.Being an identical twin can be a lot of fun. (for example, furthermore, as a
result, in conclusion)
4.Some people enjoy solitude. (as an example, moreover, on the other hand,
therefore)
Coherence from Logical Order
In addition to using transition signals, a second way to achieve coherence is to arrange your sentences in some kind of logical order. Since there are different kinds of logical relationships, there are different ways to organize the ideas and sentences in a paragraph. Your choice of one
kind of logical order over another will, of course, depend on your topic and on your purpose. You may even combine two or more different logical orders in the same paragraph. The important point to remember is to arrange your ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a reader accustomed to the English way of writing. The two most common kinds of logical order in English rhetoric are chronological order and order of importance.
Chronological Order is one of the easiest methods of organization to master. Chronos is a Greek word meaning time. Chronological order, therefore, is a way of organizing the ideas in a paragraph in the order of their occurrence in time.
Chronological order is used for something as simple as a recipe and for something as complex as a history book. It is also used in business, science and engineering to explain processes and procedures.
There are two keys to writing a good chronological paragraph:
1.Discuss the events (in a history) or the steps (in a process) in the order in which
they occur.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,e chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps.
Analyze the following model paragraph for its organization by time. Circle any words or expressions that indicate time order. The paragraph reviews very briefly the history of computers.
Model Paragraph:
The Evolution of Computers
In the relatively short span of twenty-five years, there has been an incredible evolution in the size and capabilities of computers. Today, computers smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the same capabilities as the room-sized machines of twenty-five years ago. The first computers were developed around 1945. They were so large that they required special air-conditioned rooms. About twenty years later, in the 1960s, desk-sized computers were developed. This represented a gigantic advance. Before the end of that same decade, however, a third generation of computers, which used simple integrated circuits and which were even smaller and faster, had appeared. In 1971, the first microprocessor, less than one square centimeter in size, was developed. Today, electronic engineers predict that even smaller and more sophisticated computers will be on the market before the end of this decade.
Chronological Order: transition signals
Transition signals are especially important in a chronological paragraph. The writer has to be very clear about the sequence of events. Some of the most common chronological transition signals are below:
Sentence connectors: first (second, third, fourth, etc.); next, last, finally; first of all, after that, since then, …
Subordinators: before, after, while, until, as soon as, …
Others: the first (+ noun), the second (+ noun), before (+ noun), in the year, since the (+ noun), …
Practice 4: Chronological Topic Sentence
We may find that the topic sentence of a chronological paragraph in some way indicates the
time order. Phrases such as the development of, the growth of, or the evolution of give the reader a hint that this is a chronological paragraph. In a ―how-to‖ or process paragraph, the process to be described is named in the topic sentence, which is also a hint to the reader to expect a chronological paragraph. Try to pick out the topic sentences which suggest that a chronological paragraph will follow, and to circle the word or words that indicate the chronological order.
1.The worst day in my life was the day I left my family and friends to come to the U.S.*
2.In my opinion, television programs can be divided into three types: excellent, mediocre,
and poor.
3.The life cycle of the Pacific salmon is one of the nature‘s most fascinating phenomena.*
4.Gold is prized for two important characteristics.
5.In the event of an earthquake, you should follow certain procedures in order to minimize
the danger.*
6.The tensions that led to the race riots of 1964 had been building for years.*
7.The election of a U.S. President is a very long and complex process.*
8.Smoking damages not only your lungs, but also your heart.
9.There are three reasons I believe that women should be drafted (入伍) along with men.
10.The rise of terrorist groups in the past few years is an indication of the spread of
anarchistic (无政府的) tendencies in the world.*
Another very common way to organize the ideas in a paragraph is to discuss them in the Order of Importance. There are two ways to do this: you can discuss the most important point first and then work down to the least important point, or you can begin with the least important first and end your paragraph with the most important. The way you choose will depend on your topic and on your purpose; both ways can be effective. Order of importance can be used for any kinds of topics in your writing, but there are also two keys for writing an effective paragraph by using the order of importance:
1.Discuss your points in the order of importance, discussing the most important either
first or last.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,e transition signals to guide your reader from one point to the next and to indicate
your most important points.
Model Paragraph:
The Causes of Inflations
Inflation is an economic condition in which prices for consumer goods increase, and the value of money or purchasing power decreases. There are three important causes of inflation. The first and most important cause may be excessive government spending. For example, in order to finance a war or carry out social programs, the government may spend more money than it has received through taxes and other revenue, thus creating a deficit. In order to offset this deficit, the Treasury Department can simply expand the money supply by issuing more paper money to meet the debts of government. This increase in the money supply will cause the value of the dollar to automatically decrease. The second cause of inflation occurs when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods. If people have more money, they will run out to buy popular goods like televisions and computers, for example, and a shortage will result. Industry will then
produce more, at higher prices, to satisfy demand. Furthermore, if people think that the prices of popular goods are going up, they will buy and even borrow money at high interest rates to pay for them. Finally, if labor unions demand that workers‘ wages be increased to cover the high cost of living, industry will meet this demand and add other costs of production on to the consumer. In summary, all of these causes can create inflationary problems that can affect the welfare of a nation. However, of these three causes, excessive government spending may be the most important.
Transition Signals for Order of Importance:
Sentence Connectors: first, second, third, etc.; next, last, finally; above all; more important, most important, etc.
Others: the first (+ noun), the second (+ noun), the most important (+ noun), etc.
Practice 5: Topic Sentence for Order of Importance
The topic sentence may also often indicate if the paragraph is going to develop in the order of importance. Sometimes the topic sentence actually names the subtopics. E.g.:
In the United States, the vacuum cleaner, World War II, and the birth control pill were the three main factors that contributed to the liberation of women in the twentieth century.
In the United States, the two most important holidays are first, Christmas, and second, Thanksgiving.
Pick out from the following the topic sentences that suggest order of importance organization:
1.My twenty-first birthday was a day I will never forget.
2.In terms of salary, power, and status, women are behind men in most occupations.*
3.Some meteorologists (气象学) believe that another ice age is approaching.*
4.Living in a dormitory offers three advantages to a newly arrived student.*
5.Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture their own food.
Some additional topics for writing paragraphs of order of importance:
1.the problems of a new student at college
2.the qualities of a good teacher (student, wife, husband, friend)
3.the most important holidays in our country
4.important inventions in the 20th century
5.important influences on your life
Practice 6: Recognizing Topic Sentences and Rearranging Sentences
Paragraph 1 (c, b, e, a, and d)
a. Next, add antifreeze to your windshield washer fluid; otherwise, the fluid will freeze and possibly break the container.
b. First, put on snow tires if you plan to drive on snowy, icy roads very often.
c. Driving in winter, especially on snowy, icy roads, can be less troublesome if you take a few simple precautions.
d. Finally, it is also a good idea to carry tire chains, a can of spray to unfreeze door locks and a
windshield scraper in your car when driving in winter weather.
e. Second, check the amount of antifreeze in your radiator and add more if necessary.
Paragraph 2 (b, c, e, a, and d)
a. Furthermore, researchers are continuing to work on the development of an efficient, electrically powered automobile.
b. Researchers in the automobile industry are experimenting with different types of engines and fuels as alternatives to the conventional gasoline engines.
c. One new type of engine, which burns diesel oil instead of gasoline, has been available for several years.
d. Finally, several automobile manufacturers are experimenting with methanol（甲醇），which is a mixture of gasoline and methyl (甲基) alcohol, as an automobile fuel.
e. A second type is the gas turbine engine, which can use fuels made from gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, other petroleum distillates, or methanol.
Paragraph 3 (e, b, a, c, and d)
a. Later on, people began to write on pieces of leather, which were rolled into scrolls.
b. In the earliest times, people carved or painted messages on rocks.
c. In the Middle Ages, heavy paper called parchment (羊皮纸) was used for writing; books were laboriously copied by han
d.
d. With the invention of the printing press in the middle of the fifteenth century, the modern printing industry was born.
e. Some form of written communication has been used throughout the centuries.
Paragraph 4 (b, d, a, and c)
a. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby‘s birth, the baby might have been named Thunder Storm.
b. American Indian names are very descriptive, for Indians were usually named for a physical attribute, for an occurrence in nature, or for an animal.
c. Grey Eagle, Red Dog, Big Bear, and Spotted Wolf are examples of Indians named after animals.
d. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given such names as Big Foot or Crooked Leg.
Paragraph 5 (d, a, b, c, and e)
a. For one thing, individual I.Q. scores vary considerably.
b. Many experts also question whether I.Q. scores are related to intelligence.
c. Furthermore, most psychologists agree that intelligence tests are biased in favor of middle-class children.
d. The validity of standardized intelligence tests is being seriously questioned by educators and psychologists.
e. In fact, motivation seems to be just as important as intelligence in determining a person‘s ability to learn.
Methods for Paragraph Development
A. Illustration
Concrete Supporting Details
1.Examples and Illustrative Incidents
They are the easiest kind of supporting details to use: A) you don‘t have to search in the library; you can get them from your knowledge and personal experience; B) they are usually interesting and make your writing enjoyable to read; C) striking examples or a good story will help your reader to remember your point.
Cautions: A) use sparingly because they are the weakest kind of support in formal academic writing; B) be sure that they are really prove your point.
Model 1: Examples
Language and Perception
Although we all possess the same physical organs for perceiving the world – eyes for seeing, ears for hearing, noses for smelling, skins for feeling, and mouths for tasting – our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language we speak. In other words, we cannot perceive things that we have not named. Each language is like a pair of sunglasses through which we ―see‖the world. A classic example of the relationship between language and perception is the word snow. In the English language, there is only that one word to describe all of the possible kinds of snow. In Eskimo languages, however, there are as many as thirty-two different words for snow. For instance, the Eskimos have different words for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as ice, slushy (烂泥似的) snow, wind-driven snow, and what we might call ―cornmeal‖snow. In contrast, cultures that rarely experience cold weather and snow may have only one word to express several concepts that are differentiated in English. For example, the ancient Aztec languages of Mexico used only one word to mean snow, cold and ice.
Writing Technique Questions:
1.What is the main idea of this paragraph? Where is it stated?
2.How many supporting examples are given?
3.What transition signals introduce the examples?
Model 2: Illustrative incidents
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication, or ―body language‖, is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings – often amusing but sometimes serious – can arise between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take, for example, the differences in meaning of a gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is OK. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France, it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.
The following true incident illustrates how conflicting nonverbal signals can cause serious misunderstandings. While lecturing to his poetry class at Ain Shams University in Cairo, a British professor became so relaxed that he leaned back in his chair and revealed the bottom of his foot to the astonished class. Making such a gesture in Moslem society is the worst kind of insult. The next
英语高分作文表达必备 1.一些人……而另外一些人Some people…while others… 2.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned/personally 3.就……达到绝对的一致reach an absolute agreement on… 4.可靠的消息源a reliable source of information 5.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources 6.社会进步的体现a symbol of social progress 7.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons 8.双方的论点the argument on both sides 9.对……观点因人而异views on...vary from person to person 10.在一定程度上to some extent/degree/in some way 11.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitude towards this issue 12.支持前/后种观点的人people/those in favor of the former/latter opinion 13.有/提供如下理由/证据have/provide the following reasons/evidence 14.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in... 15.对……必不可少be indispensable to… 16.有争议性的问题a controversial issue 17.正如言语所说as the proverb goes 18.满足需求satisfy/meet the needs of 19.快捷convenient and efficient 20.生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life 21.环保（的）environmental protection/environmentally friendly 22.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/debate 23.随着经济的快速发展with the rapid development of economy 24.人们生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/steady growth of people’s living standards 25.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 26.身心两方面both physically and mentally 27.完全不同的观点a totally different argument 28.把时间和精力放在……上focus time and energy on…
浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放专科) 《英语写作基础》期末复习 本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩以百分制计。形成性考核占30%，课程终结考试占70%。 1. 形成性考核：满分100分，占课程总成绩的30%。形成性考核是对学生学习过程和阶段性学习效果的综合评价，包括学生参与各项教学活动和自主学习活动的情况以及阶段性的学习进展情况。本课程的形成性考核内容和方式严格按照“形成性考核册及学习档案”的具体要求执行。 2. 课程终结考试形式为笔试，闭卷。由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统一考试，考试时间为90分钟。试卷分为三部分，卷面分值为100分：第一、二部分为应用文写作，占30分，主要考查学生用英语写“应用文”的能力；第三部分为短文写作，占70分，主要考查学生用英语写作叙述、说明性的短文的能力。 试卷结构 英语写作基础考试样题 一、Write a notice according to the following facts: （10分） 寒假期间，工会将举办一个春节旅游团，去北京旅游3天。游览的地方包括天安门广场、长城、故宫和颐和园，有兴趣者请速到工会报名。报名地点：行政大楼112房间；报名电话：66778800。 二、 Write a note based on the given facts: （20分）： 时间：1月10日星期五
对象：张老师 内容：由于临时出差去外地，所以无法及时交本周的作业册。非常抱歉。保证将在回来时交作业。 留言者：3班学生李玉 三、 Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words: （70分） Title: Travel Helps Me Gain More Knowledge Aids: (1) Your point of view towards traveling. (2) Examples to support your view. (3) Conclusion 英语写作基础形考册部分练习题参考答案 Part II Learning Activity 1 Key to Task 1(p 7) Choose the best connecting word or phrase from the box below to complete the following sentences. 1. No sooner had Jane left college than offers of work came in. 2. The moment Jack left college, he set off round the world. 3. Hardly had Mary left college when she realized she was expecting their first child. 4. The Director looked very pale at the meeting, as though he had just received some very bad news. 5. I have been promised a job as a trainee manager in my uncle’s hotel, provided (on the condition that) I pass all my final-year school examinations.
本文档来源于实惠网外贸论坛(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,)你也可以加入外贸交流QQ群：你95545465交流外贸心得 免费外贸b2b平台-实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/c89627541.html,）注册轻松获得美金，机不可失。 外贸英语写作试题 Ⅰ.Translate the following: 1.From English into Chinese: CIP IMF Customs Invoice Counter Sample Voyage Charter Gross for Net Repayment Guarantee Optional port Futures Trading 2.Form Chinese into English: 1、银行汇票 2、互购 3、外汇储备 4、知识产权 5、备用信用证 Ⅱ.Choose the best answer:
1.We should be pleased to send you a sample our own expense. A.at B.in C.against D.of 2.Good harvest this year has made it possible for us to supply walnuts last year’s prices. A.at B.in C.against D.on 3.Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines, and the cost of this would be prohibitive you could place an order for more than 5,000. A.until B.with C.unless D.when 4.After studying our prices and our liberal terms, you will understand why we are working capacity to meet the demand. A.on B.to C.for D.of 5.Thank you for your remittance of US $ 2,150.00 the 70% freight due under Invoice No.22B/9 6. A.of paying B.pay for C.for payment for D.in payment of 6.It will be appreciated you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer you receive our L/C. A.when,wnen B.if,as soon as C.when,shich D.will,soon 7. “virtual shops” may lack see-and-feel sampling, the phenomenal growth of catalogue shopping, TV-and-phone marketing and phone-banking in recent years is proof that see-and-feel is not the only way to sell. A.While B.If that C.When D.Which 8. the goods were examined by a public surveyor upon arrival at your port,we cannot but accept your claims as tendered. A.If B.Despite C.Though D.Since 9.The discount of 5% agreed on was granted only no balance was outstanding from previous account. A.on condition B.on condition that C.that D.depends on 10.We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets, we have had some experience.
写作基础训练 Ⅰ) 五大句型 根据谓语动词的不同性质，语言学家总结出英语的五大基本句型。无论多么错综复杂的句子，都是在五大句型的基础上扩展而成的。总体上，句子必须包含至少一个主谓结构。有了这种认识，就可以避免写出残缺句。 使用动词时应考虑以下几个方面： ●及物还是不及物？ ●短暂性还是持续性？ ●描述动作还是状态？ ●一次性动作还是习惯性动作？ ●助动词还是习动词。 1.主+谓(+状) SV(A) The sun rises in the east. Everything is going on well. We set off in the early morning. 2.主+系+表SVC He is an expert in computers. They remain silent. Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 3.主+谓+宾SVO I like sports. Mary has finished her work. My father will meet one of my uncles at the airport. 4.主+谓+双宾SV oO Pass me the salt, please. (= pass the salt to me, please.) Would you buy him a gift? (= would you buy a gift for him?) The teacher asked me a question. (= the teacher asked a question of me.) 5.主+谓+宾+宾补SVOC The young couple watched their baby play on the grassland. Carl Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. I found it hard to keep up with them. Exercise1. SV A 1.他期盼的那封信最终来了。 2.生活费用上涨了百分之二十。 3.那座寺庙坐落在山顶上。 4.谢谢你，我自己应付得了。 5.作为艺术家，他的成功开始了。 6.时不我待。 7.鸟可以随时飞翔。 8.听了他的话，在场的人都笑了。 9.他们停下来休息， 10.车子突然抛锚了。 Exercise2. SVC 11.天气变得越来越暖和了。 12.他的梦想会成真吗？ 13.船到桥头自然直。 14.这个主意听起来很有道理。 15.做一名知名作家让人感觉不错。 16.我感到有些紧张。 17.女士们希望永葆青春。 18.孩子们很容易地入睡了。 19.腐败的食物对健康不利。 20.你妹妹看上去病了。 Exercise3. SVO 21.你打算到哪儿去度假？ 22.我对这件事全然不知。 23.失败后他从不泄气。 24.你最后一次见到它是什么时候？ 25.你应当为他人树立榜样。 26.晚会上我们玩得很开心。 27.教室需要打扫。 28.结果令我失望。 29.有钱人应帮助穷人。 30.妇女可以把任何事做得与男人一样好。Exercise4. SV oO 31.他送给我一本书作为生日礼物。 32.我可以把我的朋友介绍给你的父母吗？ 33.老师耐心地向我们解释了原因。 34.你给我买了什么东西没有？ 35.她为全家人做一日三餐。 36.小时候爸爸经常给我讲故事。 37.借给我五元钱，好吗？ 38.我侄子每两个月给我写封信 39.经理已经为客人订了房间。 40.我可以请你帮忙吗？ Exercise5. SVOC 41.同学们选他当班长。
1. My view on…(就...问题，我的观点) Model 1 模板一 Para 1第一段 Different people have different views on... It is held/ believed/ thought/ recognized/ acknowledged that...But it is also held that ... 就 ...而言，不同的人有不同的观点（见仁见智）。大家都认为...但也有人认为... Those who hold the first opinion feel…In contrast/however/on the contrary, those who hold the second view believe/suggest/argue/believe/think that… 持第一个观点的人认为...相反地，持第二个观点的人认为 Para 2 第二段 As to me, I agree with the former/latter opinion. Admittedly… /后者 In my opinion, I am for From my standpoint / viewpoint, I am in favor of From my point of view, I am supportive of As far as I am concerned What’s more，… Moreover，… Furthermore，… ，… Para 3 结尾段 In a word, … In sum In brief In short It’s necessary to take a correct attitude to…. Only …, can we … In conclusion 对...持正确的态度是有必要的。只有...，我们才能... To sum up As is mentioned above, Taking all the above into consideration, Model 2 模板二 Para 1第一段 随着...到来/诞生，在我们生活/社会中...变得越来越... When asked about ..., different people will offer different opinions.
外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文 Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure. Yours faithfully 2. 提出询价 Dear Sirs, Jun.1, 2001 We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the U.S.A. Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you soon.. Truly 3. 迅速提供报价 Gentlemen, June 4, 2001 Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you. 4. 如何讨价还价 Gentlemen, June 8, 2001 We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a discount of 10% for a quantity of
英语基本句型写作练习一 分析下列句子成分并写出句型。 1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. I wrote a letter last night. 5. I want to talk with you this afternoon. 6. He has read this book many times. 7. My brothers are all college students. 8. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 9. Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 10. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 11. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 12. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 13. Would you please pass me the dictionary? 14. We call her Alice. 15. His parents named him John. 16. All of us considered him honest. 17．They pushed the door open.
18. There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight. 19. There was only a well in the village. 20. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.指出下列句子加粗部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. The meeting will last two hours. 12. They have carried out the plan successfully. 13. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 14. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 15．They have set the thief free.
一．科学家收集野生动植物的种子来应对气候变化——生态环境保护篇 1.More than 100 scientists have traveled to faraway places to collect wild crop seeds in an effort to help battle climate change. 100多名科学家前往偏远地区收集野生作物种子，以帮助应对气候变化。 2.The seeds could be important in feeding a growing human population at a time when rising temperatures are affecting crop production in some areas. 在气温升高影响某些地区农作物产量的时候，这些种子可能对养活不断增长的人口很重要。 3.The project is believed to be the largest organized international effort yet to collect and protect crops' wild relatives. 该项目被认为是迄今为止规模最大的有组织的国际力量，来收集和保护农作物的野生亲缘植物。 4.Some relatives of widely grown crops have developed so plants can survive severe conditions such as low rainfall, flooding, extreme temperatures and poor soils. 一些被广泛种植的农作物的亲缘植物已经发展到可在恶劣条件下生存，如缺雨、洪水、温度极端和土壤贫瘠等。 5.Scientists say the wild crops offer a largely unused source of diversity for protecting crops against climate change. 科学家们称，野生作物为保护农作物免受气候变化的影响提供了一个很大程度上未被开发的多样性资源。 6.Experts say losing this diversity could endanger food security around the world. 专家指出，失去这种多样性可能会危及世界各地的粮食安全。 7.The report notes that the number of animal and plant species are quickly disappearing as the world deals with how to feed a rising population. 报告指出，随着世界应对如何养活不断增长的人口，动植物物种的数量正在迅速消失。 二．机器人法官—中国互联网法院的兴起——科技发展篇 1.China says millions of legal cases are now being decided by "internet courts" that do not require citizens to appear in court. 中国表示，从现在起将有数百万起法律案件由“互联网法院”做出判决，这些案件无需公民出庭。 2.The "smart court" includes non-human judges powered by artificial intelligence, or AI. “智慧法院”包括由人工智能（简称AI）驱动的非人类法官。 3.People seeking legal action can register their case on the internet. They can then take part in a digital court hearing. 寻求法律诉讼的民众可以在互联网上立案。之后他们可以参加数字庭审。 4.Digital court cases in China have seen a sharp increase in recent years, as the number of mobile payments and internet-based businesses has grown. 最近几年，随着手机支付和基于互联网业务的增长，中国的数字法院案件急剧攀升。 5.Courts nationwide are also experimenting with several digital tools, said Zhou Qiang, chief justice and president of the Supreme People's Court. 中国最高人民法院首席大法官兼院长周强表示，全国法院也在对多种数字工具进行实验。 三．爱护牙齿关爱心脏——健康卫生篇 1. A new study found that brushing your teeth several times a day resulted in fewer cases of heart
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试卷 课程代码：00597 全部题目用英文作答。 I.重写句子(15 points,1.5points each) Revise the following sentences according to the requirement. Example: The history of English words in the history of our civilization in many ways.(periodic sentence) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 1.I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.(compound sentence) 2.If you sit by the window facing the sun on a sunny winter day, you may feel nice and warm.(loose sentence) 3.Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.(complex sentence) 4.His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.(complex sentence) 5.I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.(periodic sentence) 6.Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.(simple sentence) 7.Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.(compound sentence) 8.I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.(compound-complex sentence) 9.Jack applied for a job. He went for an interview. He was hired.(parallel structure) 10.Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.(periodic sentence) II.改写病句(15 points,3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences. 11.The rain might last for a while, clouds covered the entire sky. 12.In the evening we would swim in the lake and dancing afterward. 13.That woman just bought her dog a milk shake in a red skirt. 14.To pass the course, your term paper must be handed in on time. 15.Harry wouldn’t make a good negotiator he doesn’t have the patience. III.标出主题句(15 points,5 points each) 16.Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the choice in the blank. A.I eat a lot of homemade ice cream. B.Homemade ice cream is my favorite.
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外贸英语写作试卷 (课程代码00097) 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分。共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出. 1.Proposals submitted by were considered. A.her and me B.her and I C.she and I D.she and me 2.Mr.Steward is the one we have selected as supervisor. A.whoever B.which C.whom D.who 3.The training section of this company consists ten staff. A.of B.in C.for D.with 4.The news I heard from my family quite good. A.being B.was C.were D.are 5.Did you go on many ski trips this year? No, . A.not much B.quite less C.very little D.very few 6.Around the world, there may be a million earthquakes in a single year. A.as many as B.so many as C.as much as D.so much as 7. the car seems to be his main hobby. A.Wash B.Washing C.Washed D.To wash 8.Andrew does the work than Paul. A.more slowly B.more slow C.slower D.much slow 9. you take your medicine. you will feel. A.The sooner...better B.Sooner...the better C.Sooner...better D.The sooner...the better 10.George knew he could improve the way of marketing. A.how that B.which C.how D.how to 11.All the report should be complete, concise, and . A.accurate B.accuracy C.writing accurately D.written accurate 12.You can get the loan you offer good security. A.unless B.if C.but D.and 13.Mr.Baron is anxious the big project. A.of winning B.winning C.win D.to win 14.I know he spends as much time reading books as . A.exercises B.doing exercises C.do exercises D.does exercises 15.You were supposed to stay in your seats, keep your eyes on your work, to
第一部分英语写作基础(答案) 第一章句子写作 1.1 句子的种类 I. 1) Is there any water in the bottle? 2) Can she sing and dance very well? 3) Has he a brother in England? Or: Does he have a brother in England? 4) Does it often rain here in summer? 5) Did you always play together at that time? 6) Who is he? 7) How many times have you been to Beijing? 8) Where do they live? 9) What does your father like very much? 10) Why did he go to school yesterday? II. 1)“Shall we go by bus or by train?”“Better go by train.” 2)“Are we going to have the meeting today or tomorrow?”“Tomorrow.” 3)“You are not ready, are you？”“No, I am not.” 4)We can’t take these books out, can we?”“No, we can’t” 5)Take care not to catch cold. 6)Speak a little slower. I can’t follow you. 7)Let’s not waste our time arguing about it. 8)How pretty you are in that skirt! 9)What a beautiful city Hangzhou is! 10)How I miss my parents! III. 1)She has not had her lunch. 2)I was too excited to say a ward. 3)None of the problems is difficult. 4)You can find this kind of mobile phone somewhere. 5)He opened the door and we all went in. 6)Put on your coat, or you will catch cold. 7)It was late, so we went home. 8)He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely. 9)Turn off the light before you leave the room. 10)I hope that you will enjoy your stay here. 1.2句子的基本句型 I． 1）SVC 2) SV 3)SVC 4) SVOC 5. SVOA 6) SVO 7) SVOC 8) SVOiOd 9) SVOC 10) SV A II. 1)My ink has run out. (SV)
第一讲词(words) 一）名词的特殊用法 1、集体名词★ (1)作为整体使用时，集体名词视为单数，谓语动词相应用单数： team, army, audience, class, club, committee, company, crowd, couple, family, group, staff, government, union (2)强调个体成员时，集体名词视为复数，谓语动词相应用复数。 2、不可数名词：物质名词（paper, water, bread, milk），抽象名词（happiness, quality, information）， 专有名词（人名，地名，时间名，报刊名）。 (1)一般无单/复数形式，前面不用加a/an，谓语动词用单数。 如knowledge知识，information信息，furniture家具，equipment设备，advice建议。 (2)不过特定情况下也可作可数名词使用，但意义发生改变： ①当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示“某一种”或“某一方面”的概念时，其前可加a/an。A refrigerator is a luxury here. ②物质名词用于表示“各种不同品种”时，转化成可数名词。This is a store selling many different teas. ③某些物质名词或抽象名词用作复数时，词义往往起变化。 Paper(纸)------a paper (报纸，文件，论文) power(权利，电力)-----a power (大国，强国) Experience(经验)----experiences（各种经历）beauty(美丽)-------a beauty（美女） 3、复数形式★ (1)合成名词的复数形式 ①以不可数名词结尾时，无复数形式，如homework, moonlight。 ②以可数名词结尾时，遵循结尾的可数名词的变化规则。 ③“可数名词＋介词(短语)”时，在中心名词后加-ｓ， 如mothers-in-law岳母，editors in chief总编辑，board of directors董事会。 ④“动词/动词-ed形式＋副词”时，在词尾加-s，如grown-ups成人，trade-ins折扣物，show-offs炫耀。 ⑤“动词-ing形式＋副词”时，在动词-ing形式后加-s，如comings-in收入。 ⑥含man或woman的合成名词变复数时，前后两个名词均需变为复数， 如woman teacher—women teachers女教师，man cook---men cooks 男厨师。 (2)缩略词的复数形式 ①多数缩略词后直接加-s，特别是由大写字母组成的， 如CPA--CPAs (certified public accountant 注册会计师)；IOU--IOUs (I owe you 欠条) ②由小写字母组成并在每个字母后带“.”，在其后加-s或-’s，如c.o.f.s或c.o.d.’s (cash on delivery)交货付款 只在最后一个字母后带“.”，在“.”前加-s，如gals. (gallon加仑) ③表示度量衡单位的，往往不加-s，如in. (inch英寸)，ml. (mile英里)，oz. (ounce盎司) ④有的单/复数都可作为复数形式，如Ib.或Ibs. (pound磅)，yd或yds (码) (3)数字、符号、单个字母的复数形式 ①数字、符号、单个字母变为复数形式时，在其后加-s或-’s。1950---1950’s或1950s ②其他词类名词化后充当名词使用时，其复数形式加-s或-es。Pros and cons优缺点；yeses and noes。 二）动词的特殊用法 1、特殊系动词★ (1)系动词+形容词/介词短语，形成S＋V＋C（主语＋动词＋主补或表语）句式，用来描述主语特征或状况 (2)系动词除be以外，简单归为几类： ①表示“感官、好像”的动词，如：feel感觉，smell闻，appear看起来，seem似乎 ②表示“变化、成为”的动词，如：become成为，turn转变成为，come变成，grow变成 ③表示“保持某一状态”的动词，如：keep保持，remain保持，stay坚持，stand维持不变，continue继续 (3)有些动词也可用作行为动词（如grow），必须用副词来修饰它们 注意：“系动词＋形容词”“行为动词＋副词”(行为动词=实义动词) 2、动词与主语的一致★ (1)主语是单数时时动词必须是单数形式；主语是复数时动词必须是复数形式。