考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)
例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.
例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.
例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.
例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.
例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.
例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例1Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.
例2This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
注意：调整语序，加强语气。
以There be引出的倒装句
a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b. There exist many problems among the present day students.
c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.
以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句
a. Here come the rest of the party.
b. Now comes your turn.
c. Then followed the discovery of a new compoun
d.
d. Next came Edward with his wif
e.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a. At the school gate stood a guard.
b. Under the tree are sitting some students.
c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.
主语为代词时，不用倒装
Behind the counter he stood.
Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a. Up went the arrow into the air.
b. Down fell a dozen apples.
c. Off went the horse.
not短语置于句首
a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.
b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.
c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best frien
d.
d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructiv
e.
no短语置于句首
a. By no means should he be left alone.
b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.
c. In no case are you to leave your post.
d. On no account should we follow blindly.
e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.
f. No longer are they staying with us.
g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.
only置于句首
a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.
b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.
c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.
b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.
c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the
material.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a
relatively simple device.
c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understan
d.
d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.
e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.
四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.
e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,
or with no consideration at all.
e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等。
e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.
e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Y unnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.
e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.
e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.
e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
综合例题：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（2007年真题）
五、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构
1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause
注意：先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。
a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and children
give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit a great work of art——the long love.
b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly and
greedily.
c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as
a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of
millions.
2. It is + adjective + infinitive to
注意：先翻不定式部分，再翻形容词部分。
a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified
teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession.
b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.
c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.
3. It is + past participle + that-clause
注意：先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。
a. It is reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his janissary.
b. It is said that
c. It is believed that
d. It is rumored that
e. It is estimated that
f. It is known that
g. It is argued that
六、考研英语长难句之强调句型
例1.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either …or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。
例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)
例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)
例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working, but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)
八、考研英语长难句之省略句型
例1. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
九、考研英语长难句之否定结构
A: 部分否定partial negation
常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”
Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”
All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.
Every man cannot do it = not every man can do it
I don’t remember all these formulas.
This kind of tree is not found everywhere.
The rich are not always happy.
Every couple is not a pair.
B: 转移否定
a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)
b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.
I don’t agr ee with all of you. (some of you)
I don’t like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)
c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)
I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)
The students did not sit there listening to the teacher.
d. 在not…and 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。
The house is not big and comfortable.
The house is not big, but comfortable.
The house is not big or comfortable.
He doesn’t speak Russian and French.
D on’t drink and drive.
We can’t put on airs and make people like us.
正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。
a. I don’t know anything about her.（一无所知）
I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道）
b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确）
All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)
c. I don’t know any of them.（全不认识）
I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）
C: 双重否定，意义肯定
双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。
No one can command others who can’t comm and himself.
There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness.
There are no roses without thorns.
Y ou can’t make something out of nothing.
W hat’s done can’t be undone.
Nothing is nothing at all.
Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.
※可用于表示双重否定的词有
no…no t, no (not)…without, no...but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除…外，…别无）no one but (除了…外，没有别人) none too（一点也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除...，别无选择), There is no doubt that…, There is no denying that…, There is no question that..., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeased
※We cannot but read books to enrich ourselves.
We cannot help admiring his courage.
I can’t help but feel sorry for her.
D: 几乎否定
几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：
little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom,
This problem has been little studied.
He little realized the danger he was in.
She is barely right.
I seldom got any sleep last night.
Scarcely anything remains to be said.
E: 形式否定，意义肯定
英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。
a. cannot …to o，越…..越…, 无论怎样…..也不过分
(I t’s impossible to overdo it. The more..., the more…)
在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为over + v, enough, sufficient 等
You cannot be too cautious.
You can hardly praise him too much.
A man can never have too many friends.
Ne wton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated.
He can’t see you quickly enough.
(He desires to see you as soon as possible.)
※cannot wait to do (eager to do)
I cannot wait to read your new book.
I cannot wait to see her.
b. no（nobody）… but 都，没有….不，只有….才
There is no man but has his faults.
There is no rule but has exception.
Nobody reads the book but will be moved.
There exists no man but has an enemy.
这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that, which, who does/ will/ have not.
※注意句子结构
No one believes that he will succeed.
No one believes but he will succeed.
There is no one who knows him.
There is no one but knows him.
There is no man that errs.
There is no man but errs.
You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.
But 为否定含义
c. never (not)…. but (that) 每当…总是…, 没有哪次不是……
I never see you but think of my mother.
It never rains but it pours.
Never a day passed but brought us good news.
He will not be angry but that he is offended.
d. nothing but, none but 仅仅，只，只有…才
nothing but 后接非指人的名词，none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有…才”
We can see nothing but water.
We found none but an old man in the room.
None but me knew what happened.
None but a fool would do such a thing.
You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.
e. noting else than(仅仅，完全)
His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness.
f. no (none)other than正是, 仅仅是,
This is no other than the book we want to buy.
She is none other than my adviser.
g. more often than not, as often as not常常, 往往
During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.
As often as not, he gets up late.
※as likely as not=很有可能
She will forget all about it as likely as not.
h. 否定词+ 比较级（相当于最高级）
I cannot agree with you more.
C.f. I cannot agree with you any more.
He could not feel better.
The film cannot be better.
He wants nothing more than time.
Nothing is more precious than health.
i. 否定词+ without
There is no smoke without fire.
He believed，not without reason, that the project will be a success.
j. no otherwise than 只是，仅仅
He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but….)
He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but)
在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。
I wonder if he can（not）help you in your work.
I don’t kno w whether he has (no) friends here (or not).
F: 形式肯定，意义否定
a. more than…can =cannot 简直不、无法，难以
The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.
This is more than I can tell.
b. more than one can help 尽量不，绝对不
This is more than I can help.
c. more A than B, 是A不是B，与其说是B，不如说是A。
在此结构中，A和B 必须是同一比较的对象。
c.f. He is taller than his sister. (比较级)
He is more brave than wise.
He is more a scientist than a writer.
d. anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不
The draw bridge is anything but safe.
He is anything but a scholar.
e. may/ might as well 这不如（最好）
I t’s still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
f. 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义
miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to mention, turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone, leave alone,
g. 形容词引起的否定
far from, free from/of, safe from, short of, ignorant of, wanting of, reluctant to, immune to, exempt from,
h. 介词，介词短语
past, above, beyond, without, instead of, in vain, in the dark, at a loss, but for, in spite of
i. 副词短语引起的否定
much less, still less, let alone, by no means, in no way, no longer, no more, on no account, under no circumstances, in vain, not …at a ll, not …in the least
※before 可以表示否定含义
The bird flew away before he shot.
He got up before the moon set down.
He would die before he betrayed his county.
Another week passed before he knew it.
She was handcuffed before she knew it.
十、考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之比较结构
more than
not more than
no more than
no less than
as much as
not so much as
hardly more than
hardly less than
hardly any more than
hardly any less than
例. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
2019年6月大学英语六级阅读长难句解析（5） 英语六级阅读长难句解析(5) 1. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. (1991. 阅读. 12月. Text 3) 如果你彻底无知的话，那么无知也就不是那么糟糕。困难的是人们详细了解无知的实际情况最差的方面以及各处并不太差的方面，但并不了解这种困难根本没有结束的迹象，甚至还没有可以信赖的任何解决问题的途径。 句子的主干是it is not so bad being ignorant if...;the hard thing is knowing the realitybut no true lightnor even any tunnels分号连接两个并列分句。前面的分句句首it为形式主语，真正的主语为being ignorant;if引导条件状语从句。后一分句的is knowing和no true lightnor even any tunnels由but连接做系表谓语;句尾that引导的定语从句修饰tunnels. 2. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and
2014考研英语语法与长难句——徐磊 主讲：徐磊 一：动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。 二：英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n） 例如：我爱你！ 三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。 动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。 名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。 形容词：修饰名词。 副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。 例如：我爱你！ ↑↑↑ 形容词副词形容词帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！ ↑↑↑ 副词副词副词十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！ 四、四大词性意义拓展 名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。 动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。 形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。 副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。 精品文档
｛名词本身，代词，数词 名词性：｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（theold），todo,doing. ｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。 2、动词性：只有动词本身 ｛形容词本身 3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（withcare=careful）， 动词+ing（interesting）， 动词+ed（interested）, To do,名词（babygirl）。 ｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。 ｛副词本身。 4、副词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词， 动词+ing， 动词+ed, To do. ｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。 五、语序调整简单句：名词+动词+名词。修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。 六、动词的十六大时态 精品文档
考研英语基础—长难句 第二部分并列句 查错： Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government. I was ill therefore I could not come. 练习: 一、修改病句 1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house, 2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university. 3he stole my apple,that make me angry. 4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one. 5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore. 二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。 1)It was a cold snowy day． He had no money left for food．(and) 2)study hard． You’11fail in the exam．(or) 3)it is so badly cold． I went to have class anyway．(but) 4)I enjoy playing football． She enjoys playing football，too．(so) 5)He must be ill． He is absent today．(for) 6)Some people waste water Others haven’t enough．(while)
六级真题阅读长难句分析 1. For hundreds of millions of years, turtles （海龟） have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to handcarry the hatchlings （幼龟） down to the water 's edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为复合句，主架为?turtles have struggled ?。For hundreds of millions of years 为介词短语作时间状语。before ?为时间状语从句，该从句采用的是there be 结构，主语为or 连接的三个名词（词组）：natural documentaries ，GPS satellites and marine biologists 和volunteers ，主语 后的不定式均为主语的后置定语。lest “以免”引导状语从句，采用虚拟语气。【译文】数百万年以来，海龟们都挣扎着从海里爬出来，到沙滩上产卵，那时候还没有自然纪录片来记录它们的活动，没有GPS卫星和海洋生物学家跟踪它们，没有志愿者用手把小海龟放到水边以防它们被桅灯搞得迷失方向而爬向旅馆的停车场。 2. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened ” to “endangered” —meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为复合句，主架为The figures prompted Oceana ?。to petition the government 为不定式作prompted 的状语，to upgrade the level of protection ?为不定式作petition 的状语。they are in danger ?help 作meaning 的宾语，相当于省略了引导词that 的宾语从句。 【译文】这些数字迫使Oceana向政府请求将对北大西洋大海龟的保护程度由“受到威胁”提升到“濒临灭绝”，这意味着如果没有额外的保护，它们将面临消失的危险。 3. But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic sea turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. （2009 年6 月） 【分析】本句为并列复合句，主架为Nature is indifferent ?and?a report ?showed?a ?drop ?。But 表转折。by the Fish and Wildlife Service 为介词 短语作report 的后置定语。which can grow to as much as 400 pounds 为非限制性定语从句，修饰loggerheads 。be indifferent to 意为“对?无动于衷”。a drop in 指“在?方面下降”。 【译文】但是大自然对人们的平等观念却漠不关心，渔业和野生动物服务组织的一项报告显示，北大西洋好几种海龟的数量都在令人担忧地下降，尤其是一种能够长到400 磅重的大海龟。 4. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. （2009 年6 月）
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
2016考研英语长难句语法解析之独立主格 结构 复习2016考研英语的考生，不知道你们的复习进程如何，是否懂得要各项内容均衡“发展”，今天我们来给大家讲一讲长难句中独立主格的七大类型。独立主格，顾名思义，它不是一个句子。在英语中，任何一个句子都要有主语和谓语，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词等名词性成分作逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，因此称为“独立主格结构”。 独立主格结构在整个句子中的功能就相当于一个自带主语的状语从句。众所周知，非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句中带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫作独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用，如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以作定语。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 1.名词(代词)+不定式 【例句】Nobody to come later, we will not continue to wait.如果一会儿没有人来，我们就不等了。 2.名词(代词)+现在分词 【例句】The teacher being ill, we’d better visit him.老师生病了，我们最好去看看他。 3.It being+名词(代词) 【例句】It being the Spring Festival, the shops were closed.由于过年，商店都关门了。 4.There being+名词(代词) 【例句】There being no further business, I declare the thing is decided.没有什么事要再继续讨论了，我宣布这事就这么决定了。 5.名词(代词)+过去分词 【例句】More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
2015考研英语基础班讲义 (语法长难句部分) 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled. 例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
新概念英语长难句语法结构解析（1） 1. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. 解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。 基本结构：主＋定＋谓＋宾＋同位。 翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。 2.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for the spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. 解读:主谓宾+原因状语（省略句） an insect never more than six 应该理解为昆虫只有六条腿而不是昆虫绝不多于六条腿,全句翻译如下: 翻译:谁都可以一眼就看出蜘蛛与昆虫不同,蜘蛛都是八条腿,而昆虫最多只有六条。 3. Such inns as there were dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. 解读:第二个分句中,simply是副词，意为“食物只有.......”，而accompanied含被动意思，说明人们把陈面包和乳酪搭配着吃，并不是乳酪自己同面包相配。第二句作者把谓语省略了。 翻译：那里的小旅店通常又肮脏，跳蚤又多．吃的食物仅仅是当地产的乳酪加上存放了一年之久的面包，大家只能就着下等酒把它们吞下去． 4.The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. 解读：这里的paradox并不是说猩猩是自相矛盾的动物，而是指人们对其捉摸不透。 翻译：大猩猩是非洲景观中有点让人捉摸不透的家伙。 5.All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. 解读:句子是一个比较复杂的主从复合长句，应该采用分句法，逆序法来译，先将when 引导的状语从句译，再译出主句。 翻译：100年前法国探险家Du Chaillu第一次向文明世界叙述过这种动物，如今这一切和其他许多事情几乎像100年前一样，仍然是个谜。
初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法 从句 larrived inLondonon afoggyday,togotoaveryimporta n tmeeti n g.Thepla ce ① where the meeti ng was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Alltrafficcametoastop ② because the drivers were not able to see more tha n a yard in front of them.Themeeti n gwouldbegi n at9:00,soldecidedtogothere on foot. Mi nu teslater,lwascompletelylost.lstoodtherea n dthought ③ that I would have to phone to the meet ing to eGpla in ④ that I was not able to arrive there on time.The nl hearday oun gma n ' svoiceco min goutofthefog, “【suppose ⑤ you are lost.Canlhelpyou? ” Iwasverygladtohaveaman ⑥who could take me to the meeti n g.Afterwardltoldhim ⑦ where I wan ted to go,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turnin gcornersa ndcross in groads. way so easily. “I knowthispartofLondonquitewell, ” hesaid. “ But in suchafogit ' simpossibletoseea nything, ” Isaid. “I amblind,sir. ” hea nswered, “ In thefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasus ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets 」wondered ual. ⑨ why he found his
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(72) 2010年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 2 第5段第1句 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. 译文：联邦巡回法院的举动是紧随最高法院最近的一系列决议之后开始的，这些决议缩小了专利持有人受保护的范围。 分析：该句的主干为The Federal Circuit’s action comes…。in the wake of…是时间状语，其中包含定语从句that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders，修饰的先行词decisions，说明了这些决议所造成的影响。 词汇指南 come [k?m](vi.)来,来到(中考词汇)(2009年-阅读1、2010年-阅读3、2013年-阅读3)(co-共同,一起，me= move-移动→ 往一起移动、往一起来——即来,来到) 考点搭配： come in 意义所在(2009年-阅读1) come up with 提出，想出，提供(2010年-阅读3) those to come 后人(2013年-阅读3) series[ si?ri:z](n.)连续,一系列;(系列)丛书(中考词汇)(2007年-阅读1、2013年-完型)(ser=sert-词根,插入,加入，i-连字符，es-复数 → 随后加入、使其成为前后相连的一些——即连续,系列，引申为(系列)丛书。) 考点搭配：a random series of numbers 随机的序列数(2007年-阅读1) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 一、长难句解析 Creating a “European identity”is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 其他部分：1.that respects the different cultures and traditions That=“European identity” 2. which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent Which=different cultures and traditions 调整语序：不同的文化和传统构成了连接古老大陆的纽带。创立一个尊重这些文化和传统的欧洲身份并不是一件简单的任务，这需要作出战略性的选择。 The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood. 1.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____. A. experience B. academic backgrounds C. career prospects D. interest 一、长难句解析 正确答案是D
2014考研英语 语法与长难句 主讲：徐磊
一：动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。 二：英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n） 例如： 我 爱 你 ！ 三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。 动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。 名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。 形容词：修饰名词。 副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。 例如：我 爱 你 ！ ↑ ↑ ↑ 形容词 副词 形容词 帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！ ↑ ↑ ↑ 副词 副词 副词 十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！ 四、四大词性意义拓展 名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。 动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。 形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。 副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。 ｛名词本身，代词，数词 1、名词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（the old），to do ,doing. ｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。 2、动词性：只有动词本身 ｛形容词本身 3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（with care=careful），动词+ing （interesting），动词+ed（interested）,to do,名词（baby girl）。 ｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。
｛副词本身。 4、副词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词，动词+ing，动词+ed,to do. ｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。 五、语序调整 简单句：名词+动词+名词 修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。 六、动词的十六大时态 四个时 四个态 现在时 一般 过去时 进行 将来时 完成 过去将来时 完成进行 七、名词性从句—句子变名词（主语从句、宾语从句） 三步法：1、按照简单陈述句翻译 ｛看句子中是否有特殊疑问词，如果有，提前； 2、提前｛看句子中是否有“是否”意义的词，如果有，提前； ｛如果二者都没有，则要在句首加that。 3、代入主句：按照 名词+动词+名词结构调整语序进行翻译 注意：句子变名词要作为不可数名词 八、形容词性从句—句子变形容词（定语从句） 五步拆分法：1、拆分 2、翻译 3、替换 4、整体提前 5、插入 九、同位语从句 如何判断是定语从句还是同位语从句：把空格前面的名词插入空格后面从句的任何位置，
句子成分分析（综合运用） 目标：依据句子成分，学会分析长难句 背景：一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要学会这个方法。 Part 1:知识点详解 一、长难句的常见形式 1．复合句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得学生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。 一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，学生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，学生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 [例1]What Winter knows of the 19 yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)． [分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。 [点津]分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。 [例2]Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. [分析]此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从
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More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. (CET-4, 201312 长篇阅读) 连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前 Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on. (CET-6, 201406长篇阅读) Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) 连接词断开，结束于第二个谓语动词前 Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master’s degree that qualifies them as nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more
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第一节简单句 1.1句子的成分 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。 主语：发出动作(名词、代词、动名词) ●名词 ●代词 人称代词：（主格）I, you, she, he，（宾格）him，me e.g. He love me. 物主代词：my, you’re, his, her 反身代词：myself, yourself, ●动名词：doing， going 谓语：动词 ●实意动词 ●系动词 Be动词:is, am, are 感官动词：feel, seem, hear ●情态动词：can, may, could, would … 宾语：承受动作（动作的承受者，名词，代词） e.g. I love a girl. 表语：系动词后面出现的 e.g.I am a girl. 宾语与主语的区别：取决于前面的宾语 状语：时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、原因、结果
1.2什么是简单句？ 相对于从句而言，没有从句的可认为是简单句 主语部分（subject group） 谓语部分（predicate group） e.g. Professor Ward teaches English to university students. 1.2.1简单句类型 ●主谓： 主语+不及物动词 e.g. He smell. ●主谓宾： 主语+及物动词+宾语 e.g. I love a girl. 主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语 e.g. I wait for you . ●主系表： ●主谓宾宾： 直接宾语，间接宾语 I give you a book. ●主谓宾宾补(补语：形容词、短语、名词) I find it interesting. 我发现它很有趣。 I make you happy.
高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句，这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象，也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。针对长难句，要学会利用语法知识中的句法知识来理解，先判断句子的主干部分，而对于句子的修饰、补充成分，可以先忽略不看。在理解了句子的主干意思后，再来理解修饰、补充成分。同时，句子中的标点符号也是一个很重要的判断依据，要充分利用标点符合，帮助我们判断句子的主干和修饰成分。 根据长难句的结构，我们可以把长难句分为：环环相扣式、并列式、插入语式和改变语序式。 一、环环相扣式 这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分，这些修饰成分往往用非谓语动词或从句充当。在阅读过程中，对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干，然后再看修饰成分。 例1：A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply，of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of，which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E篇) 译文：只有约100种物种为我们提供食物基础，其中只有20种承担着供应人类食物的重担。Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状，这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。 解析：第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。第一层结构：Wilson suggests changing ...by looking ...。第2个which引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing https://www.doczj.com/doc/c76802487.html,e of。另外，that could be made use of 也是句子的第一层，作定语，修饰species。第三层结构是不定式to reduce ...，它作定语修饰 a way。第四层结构是不定式to enlarge ...，它作目的状语，修饰clearing。根据该句，文后第74题：Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _____.答案选D(use more species for food)。 例2：This process is also found among scholars and authors：a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another，who may in turn be quoted by yet another；and this process may continue，unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.(2008天津D篇) 译文：在学者和作者中，我们也常常会发现这个过程：一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述，然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去，除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。 解析：根据标点符号，我们可以确定该句主干是第一句话，即冒号前面的部分。冒号后面的部分是对主句的进一步解释。在该解释中，用分号分隔开两个独立的句子。第一个句子中又用了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句。第二个句子中用了一个unless引导的条件状语从句。条件状语从句中it是形式主语，to question ...or to challenge ...是真正的主语。它们的宾语分别又有一个定语从句来修饰，即：the facts on which ...，the interpretation (that) he placed ...。可见，该句是环环相扣，一层套一层。理解了该句，考生才能回答文后第51题：What can we infer from the passage? 答案是B(Passive learning may not be reliable.)。 二、并列式 有时候，一个句子会包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列结构往往有连词连接。在解读这类句式时，要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。