Unit 8
Check Your Understanding
State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.
a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F)
b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T)
c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F)
d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T)
e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T)
In-Class Activities
1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face.
A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness).
b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice).
B. a. Look at that lovely little girl.
b. Look at that tiny girl.
ASK:
(1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not,
why?
(2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones?
KEY:
Answer:
(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.
(2) Slim and skinny
Famous and notorious
Proud and arrogant
Confident and conceited
2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the
corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow.
ASK:
(1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody?
(2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own?
Answer:
(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.
(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.
The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.
3. One interesting finding about semantic prosody is that it often demonstrates some relationship with transitivity. Louw (1993) points out that where human beings are in control of their own destiny and are shaping it transitively for themselves, the semantic prosody is positive, but where people are at the mercy of forces beyond their control, the things which build up intransitively are negative and uniformly threatening. For example, the verb phrase ―break out‖can be both transitive and intransitive (Sinclair, 1990). Observe the following concordance lines in which break out appears:
1 fied amid warnings that war could break out soon, but they say th
2 known that if serious trouble did break out in East Germany Soviet
3 The fire did not break out in a deserted building in
4 urprise is that violence does not break out more often. In the
5 — and the storm was to break out anew with renewed fury
6 I strict if a general rebellion should break out. &equo; He paused
7 to get lost, and fights can break out. You also have n
8 Some have a marked reluctance to break out new growth from the bas
9 he heard the news from Kuzloduy. `Break out the anti-radiation suits. Get
10 tell me all about yourself." I'll break out the apple cider, Luke," Pa said
11 and Rodney Weidland. Should we break out the Barossa Pearl to celebrate?
12 politically correct, in our sense, to break out the beer, though it has been h
ASK:
(1) Which of the lines above involve the transitive use of break out? Which involve the
intransitive use of break out?
(2) What are the semantic features of break out in these sentences?
Answer:
(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.
(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble, violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.
4. The following is an excerpt from Henrik Ibsen‘s drama A Doll’s House. Read this excerpt and then answer questions.
Mrs. Linde: But how dare a man of his education be so forward?
Nora: What on earth are you talking about?
Mrs. Linde: Oh, stop pretending, Nora. Do you think I haven‘t guessed who it was who lent you that two hundred pounds?
Nora: Are you out of your mind? How could you imagine such a thing? A friend, someone who comes here every day! Why, that‘d be an impossible situation!
Mrs. Linde: Then it really wasn‘t him?
Nora: No, of course not. I‘ve never for a moment dreamed of -- anyway, he hadn‘t any money to
lend then. He didn‘t come into that till later.
Mrs. Linde: Well, I think that was a lucky thing for you, Nora dear.
Nora: No, I could never have dreamed of asking Dr. Rank – Though I‘m sure that if I ever did ask him—
Mrs. Linde: But of course you won‘t.
Nora: Of course not. I can‘t imagine that it should ever become necessary. But I‘m perfectly sure that if I did speak to Dr. Rank—
Mrs. Linde: Behind you husband‘s back?
Nora: I‘ve got to get out this other business; and that‘s been going on behind his back. I‘ve got to get out of it.
Mrs. Linde: Yes, well, that‘s what I told you yesterday. But—
Nora (walking up and down): It‘s much easier for a man to arrange these things than a woman—Mrs. Linde: one‘s own husband, yes.
Nora: Oh, bosh, (Stops walking.) When you‘ve completely repaid a debt you get your I. O. U.
back, don‘t you?
Mrs. Linde: Yes, of course.
Nora: And you can tear it into a thousand pieces and burn the filthy, beastly thing!
Mrs. Linde(looks hard at her, puts down her sewing and gets up slowly): Nora, you‘re hiding something from me.
Nora: Can you see that?
Mrs. Linde: Something has happened since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?
Nora (goes towards her): Christine! (listens.) Ssh! There‘s Torvald. Would you mind going into the nursery for a few minutes? Torvald can‘t bear to see sewing around. Anne-Marie‘ll help you.
Mrs. Linde (gathers some of her things together): Very well. But I shan‘t leave this house until we‘ve talked this matter out.
She goes into the nursery, left. As she does so, Helmer enters from the hall.
Nora (runs to meet him): Oh, Torvald dear, I‘ve been so longing for you to come back! Helmer: Was that the dressmaker?
Nora: No, it was Christine. She‘s helping me mend my costume. I‘m going to look rather splendid in that.
Helmer: Yes, that was quite a bright idea of mine, wasn‘t it?
Nora: Wonderful! But wasn‘t it nice of me to give in to you?
Helmer(takes her chin in his hand): Nice—to give in to your husband? All right, little silly, I know you didn‘t mean it like that. But I won‘t disturb you. I expect you‘ll be wanting to try it on.
Nora: Are you going to work now?
Helmer: Yes. (Shows her a bundle of papers.) Look at these. I‘ve been down to the bank—(Turns to go into his study.)
Nora: Torvald.
Helmer: (stops): Yes.
Nora: If a little squirrel asked you really prettily to grant her a wish—
Helmer: First I should naturally have to know what it was.
Nora: Squirrel would do lots of pretty tricks for you if you granted her a wish.
Helmer: Out with it, then.
ASK:
(1) How many types of lexical devices are used to convey each of the speaker‘s affect? What are
they?
(2) What do you think are the effects of these lexical devices?
Answer:
(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with it
Exclamatory what and how: how dare
Exaggerative expressions: a thousand pieces
Intensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly
(2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker‘s affect and attitude
5. In English, there are numerous expressions deployable for intensifying an attitude or emotion. Look at the following utterances.
a. I did not regret a drop [a rush/a tittle].
b. My father did not care a straw [a bean/a fig/a jot/a button].
c. Mary did not worry a pin [a scrap].
d. The man did not flinch a hair.
ASK:
(1) How are these expressions similar to each other?
(2) Can you provide more expressions of the same kind?
Answer:
(1) They mean ―a small amount‖ and they are all used with ―not‖, forming emphasizing negatives.
(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom
6. It is often necessary that public notices be written with emphatic tones. Look at the following notices.
ASK:
(1) Which word can be omitted without affecting the basic meaning of the notice in each case?
(2) Do you know of other ways that may serve to intensify the tone of public notices?
Answer:
(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely
(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirely
Post-Class Tasks
1. In the following table, words in the first column are appreciative words. Match them with words in the right column that are derogatory.
Appreciative Derogatory
self-assured over-the-top
generous fanciful
thrifty arrogant
determined nosy
shrewd self-important
confident mean
frank cunning
enthusiastic abrupt
inquisitive stubborn
imaginative extravagant
Answer:
Appreciative Derogatory
self-assured self-important
generous extravagant
thrifty mean
determined stubborn
shrewd cunning
confident arrogant
frank abrupt
enthusiastic over-the-top
inquisitive nosy
imaginative fanciful
2. Poets tend to be highly affectionate people. Read the following well-known poem by Robert Burns. Discuss the lexical devices that the poet uses to convey his strong emotion. What other methods does he employ for the same purpose?
A Red, Red Rose
My love is like a red, red rose
That‘s newly sprung in June:
My love is like the melody
That‘s sweetly played in tune.
As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in love am I:
And I will love thee still, my dear,
Till a‘ the seas gang dry.
Till a‘ the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi‘ the sun:
And I will love thee still, my dear,
While the sands o‘ life shall ru n.
And fare thee weel, my only love,
And fare thee weel a while!
And I will come again, my love,
Thou‘ it were ten thousand mile.
Answer:
(1) Exclamation: weel; amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile
(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes
3. The following words or phrases have been claimed to have a negative (?unpleasant‘, or ?unfavourable‘) semantic prosody. For each case, investigate whether this is true.For those cases that do have a negative prosody, identify near-synonyms with a neutral or positive semantic prosody.
a. be bent on
b. commit
c. dealings
d. happen
e. make off with
Answer:
bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as ―accident‖, ―strange things‖. commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.
Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry out
make off with: True.
dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.
4．Find out the emphasizing negatives in the following sentences.
a. Don‘t worry. I am not at all hungry.
b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.
c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.
d. I did n‘t enjoy it in the least.
e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.
f. You have no excuse whatever.
g. I‘ll never, never go to there again.
5. Read the following sentences and group them according to the type of lexical devices used to express the speaker‘s affect.
a. I just don‘t like it.
b. I kind of like him.
c. You are absolutely correct.
d. They literally tore his arguments to pieces.
e. I so wanted to see her.
f. They honestly admire her courage.
g. I can well understand your feelings.
h. I quite enjoyed the party, but I‘ve been to better ones.
i. The incident somewhat influenced his later life.
Answer:
Emphasiers:
I just don‘t like it.
They literally tore his arguments to pieces.
They honestly admire her courage.
Amplifiers:
You are absolutely correct.
I so wanted to see her.
I can well understand your feelings.
Downtoners:
I kind of like him.
I quite enjoyed the party, but I‘ve been to better ones.
The incident somewhat influenced his later life.
6. Read the following sentences and decide whether the italicized words are emphasiers, amplifiers or downtoners.
a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)
b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)
c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)
d. I simply don‘t believe it. (emphasizer)
e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)
f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)
g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)
h. That‘s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
[0057]《英语词汇学》 第一次作业 [论述题] Exercise 1 Definitions Define the following terms with illustrative examples. 1. aliens 2. denizens 3. homophones 4. metonymy 5. dialect 6. backformation 7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy 参考答案： Exercise 1 Definitions 1. aliens Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings. 2. denizens Denizens are easily associated with already existing native words. They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin). 3. homophones Homophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc. 4. metonymy Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy. 5. dialect Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect. 6. back formation
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
1、American women were________the right to vote until1920after many years of hard struggle. 1.A.ignored 2.B.neglected 3.C.denied 4.D.refused 2、The antonym of soft is in“a________voice”and in“a________cushion”. 1.A.rough,hard 2.B.rough,rough 3.C.hard,rough 4.D.hard,hard 3、The figure of speech employed in“My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________. 1.A.hyperbole 2.B.euphemism 3.C.litotes 4.D.metonymy 4、Mrs.Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see_________on New Year Resolutions. 1.A.face to face 2.B.eye to eye 3.C.back to back
4.D.heart to heart 5、Among the synonymous group,old man,daddy,dad,father and male parent,_______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court. 1.A.dad 2.B.old man 3.C.father 4.D.male parent 6、Our teacher is now not with us.Aha!When the________is away,the________ will play. 1.A.tiger,monkeys 2.B.cat,mice 3.C.hawk,birds 4.D.old,young 7、I could give an opinion________,but I would rather think about it. 1.A.off the sleeve 2.B.off the cuffs 3.C.off the cuff 4.D.off the sleeves 8、Choked traffic has been a(n)________to urban transportation system. 1.A.archenemy 2.B.primary enemy
试题二 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example A. lewd → ignoran t B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated
西南大学网络与继续教育学院 课程代码： 0057 学年学季：20191 单项选择题 1、The earliest known native language of England is ________. .Celtic .Scottish .Saxon .Anglian 2、In the 19th century, gold was first ________ in California. .incovered .recovered .uncovered .discovered 3、Which of the following word is NOT a compound?（） .darkroom .wet day .small talk .hot dog 4、“ex-” in ex-husband reads ________ and means ________. ./Iks/, “former” ./eks/, “former” ./Iks/, “out”
./eks/, “out” 5、My sister lives 1000 miles away from us, so I only got to see her ________. .once in a blue moon .one time in a blue moon .one time in a moon .once in a moon 6、In the Early Modern English Period, ________ exerted the greatest influence(s) on English. .Chinese .Latin and Greek .German .French 7、— Does Tom smoke? — No. He is a _______. .unsmoker .nonsmoker .dissmoker .insmoker 8、Words such as priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, etc. are of ________ origin. .Russian .Indian .Latin .Greek
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______． A. sounds B．forms C. unities D．meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______． A. fire B．hot C. photoscanning D．sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B．Kowtow. C. Rajah. D．Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______． A. Europe B．the Far East C. India D．the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B．Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D．The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B．borrowing
Unit 8 Check Your Understanding State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F) b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T) c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F) d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T) e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T) In-Class Activities 1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face. A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness). b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice). B. a. Look at that lovely little girl. b. Look at that tiny girl. ASK: (1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not, why? (2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones? KEY: Answer: (1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory. (2) Slim and skinny Famous and notorious Proud and arrogant Confident and conceited 2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow. ASK: (1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody? (2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own? Answer: (1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.