第九章 动词-ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
Chapter 9 V-ing Forms
-ing形式是由动词原形+-ing构成。在许多语法书里，动词以-ing结尾的形式常常叫做“现在分词”。当这种形式象名词那样用的时候，又称为“动名词”。这里把“现在分词”和“动名词”统称为动词-ing形式, 如drinking, beginning, going。所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，不论是动作动词还是状态词,都有-ing形式。注意，-ing形式并不总是表达进行，有时表达的是（与逻辑主语的）主动关系，而象being 短语用作状语时，表达的是原因（参见9.2.7 b）。动词-ing形式在句中起着广泛的句法作用。
9.1 动词-ing 的各种形式：完成式，被动式以及完成被动式 (forms: perfect, passive and perfect
passive)
动词-ing 形式与-ed形式放在一起可以构成动词-ing 的另外三种形式：完成式（例如having arrived），被动式（例如being employed），以及完成被动式（例如having been invited）。其形式如下表：
主动式
被动式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
9.2 句法功能：动词-ing 形式可用作为主语、宾语、介词宾语、补语、同位语、定语以及状语
(functions: subject, object, prepositional object, complement, appositive, adjectival modifier, adverbial modifier)
动词-ing形式同时承担动词和名词的角色，它可以象动词一样后面跟宾语（如beating a child,
writingletters）, 但它本身也可以象名词一样作句子的主语、宾语、补语、同位语。而更为多见的
是它独特的功能,即充当句子的定语或是状语。
9.2.1 作主语
动词-ing形式可以象名词一样充当句子的主语，比如：
--Driving in heavy traffic makes me nervous.
--Selling insurance is a pretty boring job.
--Taking a cold bath every day does him a lot of good. (= It does him a lot of good taking a cold
bath every day.)
--The rebuilding of Coventry was under going.
a. 带-ing的形式与冠词一同使用时，通常不能直接跟宾语。如the rebuilding of Coventry,不能说成*the
rebuilding Coventry。
b. 通常用带-ing的形式充当句子的主语，而不用动词不定式。在谈论一般的活动时尤其如此。如：
--Selling insurance is a pretty boring job. (为保险公司推销保险单是十分令人腻烦的工作。)
--Tranporting will soon start.
--There is no joking about such matter.
但是在谈论某个特定的行动时，动词不定式用得较多。
--It was difficult to s
ell my car. (我的汽车很难卖掉。)
c. it 可以用作-ing短语的先行主语（或称为形式主语）。但一般认为这种结构是不太正式的。如
--It does him a lot of good taking a cold bath every day.
而某些结构已经成为我们英语学习中的基本结构:
--It's no good arguing with him. (Is it any good arguing with him?)
--It's no use telling him that.
--It's no fun being a hostess.
9.2.2 作宾语
动词-ing形式可以相当于名词，在句中作动词宾语。
--I hate writing letters.
--I hate all this useless arguing.
--She couldn't stand cooking in a greasy kitchen.
动词-ing形式在need, deserve, require之后，有被动的含义。
--Your hair needs cutting (= … needs to be cut). (你该理发了。)
--The point deserves mentioning.
--Does your suit require pressing, sir? (= … require to be pressed)(先生，您的衣服需要熨吗？)
9.2.3 作介词宾语
动词-ing形式也如名词一样，可以作介词宾语。
--You cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs. (有所得必有所失。)
--We got the job finished by working sixteen hours a day.
--Why don't you do something useful, like cleaning the flat?
--There's nothing that depresses me more than waking up with a hangover on a wet Monday.
(星期一下雨，醒来以后醉意未消，没有比这个更使我沮丧的了。)
--I look forward to seeing you at Christmas.
请注意，“to" 在英语中有两个不同的语法概念：一是动词不定式的标识词，即to后跟动词原形（如I want to go home）；另一个是介词，即to后跟名词或名词性的结构。这时如果to后跟的是动词，就需要动词的-ing 形式，如…look forward to seeing…。to + v-ing常见的例子有：prefer + v-ing…to + v-ing, look forward to + v-ing, object to + v-ing, be used to + v-ing, in addition to + v-ing, be accustomed to + v-ing, take to + v-ing.
--I prefer singing to acting.
--I never got used to going to bed so late.
--Just lately he’s taken to hiding his socks under the carpet.
9.2.4 作补语
动词-ing形式可以用作为宾语补足语、主语补足语和形容词补足语
a. 宾语补足语
动词-ing形式可以用在某些动词(如表示感觉的动词see, feel, hear, watch, notice, smell 和catch, leave, find, get, have)的宾语之后，相当于“宾语补足语”的作用。（see, feel, hear, watch, notice, smell 等感觉动词的具体用法参见9.5.2.b, 而get, have等的其他用法参见10.2.2）
--I saw a small girl standing in the goldfish pond.
--Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?
--I caught Ann reading my diary.
--The shop girl's good intention left the old man feeling worse than before.
--I found him drinking my whisky.
--Do you think
you can get the radio working?
--We'll soon have you walking again.
b. 主语补足语
上面的句子可变成被动结构，宾语补足语随之变成主语补足语。-ing形式也可以跟在be动词之后作为主语补足语(有的语法书上也称为表语)。
--At that moment she was noticed coming.
--They were noticed eating.
--We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
--Her first job had been selling computers.
--One of my bad habits is biting my nails.
--What I am doing is teaching him English.
c. 形容词补足语
有的形容词后面可以跟动词-ing形式作其补足语。如：
--They are busy preparing a barbecue.
--We're fortunate (in) having Aunt Mary as a baby-sitter.
--The cartons are worth saving.
9.2.5 作同位语
动词-ing形式既然可以充当名词的角色，也就可以象名词一样作同位语，与句中另一个名词同指某一事物。如：
--His current research, investigating attitudes to racial stereotypes, takes up most of his time.
（他目前进行的研究占用了他大部分的时间，这是一个调查对种族成见所持态度的研究）。
--There is a plenty of work for us shovelling snow.
--His hobby, collecting stamps, absorbed him.
9.2.6 作定语
a. 动词-ing形式可以前置或后置修饰名词，作定语。例如：
--This is a new type of self-winding watch. (这是一种新款的自动上弦手表。)
动词-ing形式前置作定语，通常表示某种比较永久的特点，它更象一个形容词，而不是动词。所以我们可以说an interesting book, 但不能说*a climbing man, 而a man climbing on a rock (在岩石上爬 着的一个人)就正常。另外，表示静态意义的动词-ing形式也能作前置定语，比如：her crying children, a winning team, boiling water.
b. 动词-ing形式后置修饰名词，作定语。例如：
--Do you know the man talking to Elizabeth?
--The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, was a reminder of old times.
动词-ing形式后置作定语通常相当于一个定语从句。如：
--the man talking to Elizabeth = the man who is talking to Elizabeth.
--Tell the children playing there not to make such noise.
--Those were the chief problems confronting us.
注意：
1) 定语性质的动词-ing短语只能用来叙述和主要动词差不多同时发生的动作。如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用-ing 形式。比如说：
--Do you know anyone who has lost a cat? 不能说成*Do you know anyone losing a cat?
--I want to talk to the person who broke that cup. 也不能说成*I want to talk to the person breaking that cup.
2) 当-ing形式后置作定语时，所修饰的名词如果是特指某一事物（特定的一个人，一件东西，一群人等），这个动词-ing形式通常具有进行时的意
思。the man talking to Elizabeth 意思是正在与伊丽莎白谈话的那个人。有时想要表达“非进行时”的意思，就得用定语从句，而不能用-ing 形式。如：
--The boy who brings the milk has been ill. (送牛奶的那个男孩子病倒了。) 就不能说成*The boy bringing milk has been ill.
3)这样一来一些动词的-ing形式可以后置作定语：表示某个习惯性或连续性动作的动词；表示愿望的动词；在非限制性定语分句中含有表示知道、考虑的动词。如：
--Boys attending this school have to wear uniform.
--A notice warning passengers against pickpockets is put on in the bus.
--The fans hoping for a glimpse of the star came to the stadium much earlier.
--Tom, thinking the journey would take two days, said…
c. 含有being的形容词短语作定语，只能表示被动进行。如：
--Did you see that boy being questioned by the police? (你看到那个正在受警察盘问的男孩了吗？)
但是句子Anybody who is outside after ten o'clock will be arrested. 就不能说成*Anybody being
outside
…(请对照9.2.7 b 部分being短语作状语，表达原因)
9. 2.7 作状语
a. 动词-ing形式作状语相当与各类副词从句
动词 -ing形式可以象副词一样使用，或者与其他词一起构成副词短语，说明某事是怎样的，或者为何发生的。
--He left off driving a car. (表示伴随状态)
--She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he'd have to drive home.（表示进一步
说明）
--Frankly speaking, I don't like people of his kind. (表示方式)
--Putting down the newspaper, I walked over the window and looked out. (表示时间)
--Not knowing what to do, the woman telephoned the police. (表示原因)
--If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much. (表示条件)
b. 静态动词的-ing形式作状语
许多静态动词,如feel, live, know, realize, be, have, wish等作谓语动词时，很少用在进行时态里，但这些词的-ing形式可以用在-ing短语里，常表示“理由”或“原因”。
--Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money. (Because I was unable to…)
--Feeling rather tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come. (Since I felt tired…)
--Living in the country, they had few amusements.
--Realizing he was in danger, he left the court immediately.
c. 作状语的动词-ing短语的“主谓一致”
正常情况下，作状语的-ing短语的逻辑主语和主句中的主语是一致的。如：
--My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn't want the children to play together.
(My wife是explaining的逻辑主语)
所以下面这个句子通常认为是错的。
--*Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were lots of mountains.
(因为there不
可能作looking的主语)
然而，有一些常见的表达方式却不受这条规则的限制。如：
--Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance. （考虑到各种因素，
他们应该得到另一次机会。）
此特殊用法请参考9.6“相当于状语从句的垂悬结构”。
9.3 带主语的动词-ing形式，表达所属关系(with subject, possessive)
9.3.1 句法功能
物主代词my, your等和所有格的名词如John's，可以与动词-ing形式连用，在句中可作主语，宾语，
宾补，但作状语更多见。这种带主语的-ing形式多见于书面语。
--Will our saving energy reduce the budget deficit (预算赤字)? (作主语)
--Do you remember the student’s and teacher’s protesting against the new rule? (作宾语)
--We look forward to you becoming our neighbour. (作宾补)
--Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (作状语)
--Then, her eyes sparkling again, she added, “ You should see what people eat today.” (作状语)
--A little girl walked past, her doll dragging behind her on the pavement. (一个小女孩走了过去，后
面地上拖着她的洋娃娃。) (作状语)
9.3.2 -ing形式的主语
充当主语的可用代词或名词的所有格，或代词宾格，或者用名词短语本身。
a. 如果该词项是一个代词或是一个名词，多数用其所有格，如
--I don't mind his living here.
--I am annoyed about John's forgetting to pay.
--在非正式英语中，这两个例句更常见的说法是：
--I don't mind him living here.
--I'm annoyed about John forgetting to pay.
即所有格形式转为宾格。
b. 如果该词项是一个很长的名词短语时，就避免使用所有格，如：
--Do you remember the students and teachers protesting against the new rule?
c. 如果该句中的所有格位于句首，则大多数用所有格，一般不能转为宾格。如：
--My forgetting his name was embarrassing. 一般不会说成 *I forgetting his name…
d. 动词see, hear, watch, feel, smell等感官性动词后面通常不跟 “物主代词+-ing”。如：
--I saw him getting out of his car. （我看到他正从车里出来。）不能说成*I saw his getting out
of his car.
e. 如果因为格的选用而烦恼，有时可以引进it作形式主语, 主语+ -ing短语被替换为that从句。如：
--My forgetting his name was embarrassing. 可以替换为：
--It was embarrassing that I forgot his name.
9.4 在某些动词( 如avoid, finish, enjoy 等等) 之后的动词-ing 形式 (after certain verbs: avoid, finish,
enjoy, etc.)
9.4.1. 常跟动词-ing形式的动词：
如果一个动词后面还有一个动词，第二个动词并不总是动词不定式。英语中许多动词后常跟动词-ing
形式。例如:
--I really appreciate having time to relax. (有空休息一下，我真地很高兴。)
--He tried to avoid answering my questions.
--Could I borrow that book when you’ve finished reading it?
--Have you considered getting a job abroad?
--He enjoys travelling by train.
--You mentioned having been in hospital last year.
最常见的其后接-ing形式的动词有：
admit, appreciate, avoid, break off, cease, commence, confess, consider, contemplate, continue, delay, deny, deserve, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, (not) fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, justify, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, quit, recommend, require, resent, resist, resume, risk, (can't) stand, suggest, take up, understand
9.4.2. 某些动词结构中也可以用动词-ing形式
动词-ing形式也常出现在一些动词结构中，如：
--There's nothing to prevent him (from) taking the money.
--burst out crying/ laughing (突然哭泣/大笑)
--go swimming/ shopping (去游泳/买东西)
--spend/waste time/ money doing something (花费/浪费时间金钱做某事)
--have difficulty (in) doing something
--keep (on) doing something (继续做某事)
9.5 既可带-ing形式又可带不定式的动词(verbs followed by either -ing form or infinitive)
有些动词后面既可以跟-ing形式，又可以跟动词不定式，有的两种结构表达的意思并无多大差别，而
大多数动词的两种结构通常意思不一样。
9.5.1 有些动词后面跟两种结构都可以，意思并无多大区别。
a. 动词如love, like, hate, prefer; begin, start, continue, cease, can't bear后面跟不定式和-ing形式意思基
本无区别。
--I love lying / to lie on my back and staring/ to stare at the sky. (我很喜欢躺着凝望天空。)
--He continued living/ to live above the shop.
--I can't bear getting/ to get my hands dirty. (我的双手给弄脏了，我可受不了。)
如果讲的是某项长期的或习惯性的活动时，-ing形式用得比较多。如果是某一特定的、具体的场合，
用不定式则更为常见。如：
--How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
--I'd love to come and see you some time. (我很想在某个时候来看你。)
--I hate to mention it, but you owe me some money. (我不愿意提这事，然而，你欠我钱。)
--"Can I give you a lift?" "No, thanks. I prefer to walk." (“你
搭我的车，好吗？”“谢谢，不必啦。我
喜欢步行。”)
--She began to understand what he really wanted.
b. 表达建议，允许的动词，如：advise, allow, permit, recommend，如果提到了相关的人，则多用不
定式：
--She recommended the housewives to buy the big tins. (她推荐家庭主妇们买大号罐头。)
--They don't allow us to park here.
如果没有提到相关的人，就用-ing形式：
--She recommended buying big tins.
--They don't allow parking.
c. need, require, want, deserve, demand等动词后可接动词不定式的被动式或-ing形式的主动式，但接
-ing形式更为常见，例如:
--The grass needs to be cut. / The grass wants cutting.
--To carry out this plan would require increasing our staff by 50%.
--The matter demands looking into.
9.5.2 可以跟两种结构但意思有明显区别的动词
a. 在forget, remember, regret, stop, go on这些动词（词组）之后
这些动词（词组）后都可以跟两种结构，它们意思上的区别都与时间有关系。带-ing形式时指的是发生较早的事（比如说，在forgetting, remembering等等发生以前）；带不定式则表示发生在forgetting 等等之后的事。例如：
--I forgot writing the letter.
（我忘记写过那封信了。）（曾写过，但后来忘了。）
--I forgot to write the letter.（我忘了要写那封信。）（未曾写过。）
--Remember to go to the post office, won't you?
(记住要到邮局去。)
--I shall always remember meeting you for the first time.
（我将永远记得初次同你会面的情景。
--I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her.
(我把想法告诉了她使她感到烦恼，但是我不后悔。)
--I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.
(我怀着歉意通知你我们不能雇用你。)
--You should stop smoking-- it's bad for you.
(你得戒烟了，抽烟对你身体不好。)
--Every half an hour I stop (work) to smoke a cigarette.
(我每半小时停下工作抽一支烟。)
--How long do you intend to go on playing those bloody records?
(那些该死的唱片你还要放多久？)
--He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
(他对新生表示欢迎，接下去就解释学院的规章制度了。)
b. 在see, watch, hear 这些动词之后
在这些动词之后用动词-ing形式，表示我们观察到了整个动作的一部分，或者说当我们开始观看或听见时，动作正在进行。而在这些动词之后用（不带to的）不定式则表示我们看到了一个动作自始至终的全过程时。
--When I glanced out of the window I saw Mary crossing the road.
(我往窗
外看了一眼，看见玛丽正在过马路。）
--I saw him step off the pavement, cross the road, and disappear into the post office.
(我看见他走下人行道，穿过马路，进了邮局，就不见了。）
c. 动词try
try + -ing 意思是“试一试”，或做某事看看会发生什么情况。try +不定式意思是作一番努力，试图做某
件困难的事情。
--I tried sending her flowers but it didn't have any effect.
(我试着给她送花，然而没有什么结果。）
--I once tried to learn Japanese. （我曾经试着学习日语。）
d. 动词mean
“mean”表示不同意思时带不同的结构。如果意思是“打算”，则带不定式；如果是“意思是, 涉及”时，带
-ing形式:
--I mean to get to the top by sunrise. （我打算在日出前到达山顶。）
--He is determined to get a seat even if it means standing in a queue all night. (即使要整夜排队，他也决
心要买到票。）
9.6 相当状语从句的垂悬结构以及动词不定式(dangling -ing form and the infinitive as adverb clause
equivalent)
通常，作为状语的动词-ing短语和不定式的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，然而，有些表达方式却
不受这条规则的限制。
9.6.1 相当于状语从句的垂悬结构
当用作状语的动词-ing短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，这个-ing形式就成为“垂悬结构”，或
称之为“无依附分句”（unattached clause）或“独立分句”（absolute clause）。例如：
--Generally/broadly speaking, men can run faster than women.
--Relatively speaking, the cost of living has remained static for several years.
--She looks wonderful, considering she has been through so much.
--Judging from his expression, he's in a bad mood.
--I'll lend you the money, providing you pay it back before Easter. 我可以借给你钱，条件是复活节
前你必须还我。
--Supposing there was a war, what would you do?
--Assuming congressional approval, the bill will go to the President on Friday. 如果获得议会批准，
这项议案将于星期五送呈总统。
--Considering his age (Considering that he is rather young), he has madeexcellent progress in his
studies.
9.6.2 相当于状语从句的动词不定式
一般说来，动词不定式的主语也是主句的主语，但也偶尔见到一些表达方式不受这个规则的限制，
通常是一些指令，说明等。例如：
--To get the best results, the oven should be preheated.
另外还有一些不定式短语可作为状语修饰整个句子，它们多半为表达列举或总结的短语。例如：
to begin (with), to conclude, to continue,
to start (with), to summarize, to sum up
--We can’t possibly go; to begin with, it’s too cold, and besides we have no money.
--So, to sum up, we’ve got to pay more attention to profitability and cost control.
--To say the least, the techniques are old-fashioned.
9.7 相当于状语从句的when/while +-ing 形式，(when/while +-ing form as adverb clause equivalent)
动词-ing形式可以用在连接词after, although, as, as if, as though, before, even if, if, once, though, unless, until, when(ever), whether.. or, while, when, while, (up)on 等词之后,整个结构相当于一个状语从句。(其中after, as, before等也被称为介词。)在这样的结构中，动词-ing形式的逻辑主语依然是主句的主语。
--When telephoning London numbers from abroad, dial 1, not 01.
--On being introduced to somebody, a British person often shakes hands.
--After talking/ having talked to you I always feel better.
--She struck me as being a very nervy kind of person.
--Depress clutch before changing gear. (换档之前先踩踩离合器。)
9.8 完成式，被动式以及被动完成式的用法( use of perfect, passive and perfect passive)
| 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | top |
9.8.1 完成式的用法
动词-ing形式的完成式表示动作发生在主句的谓语动词之前，多用作状语。
--He denied having been there. (作宾语)
--Having lost all my money, I went home. （作状语）
--Not having heard from his parents for a long time, he was worried about them. （作状语）
9.8.2 被动式的用法
动词-ing 形式的被动式表示该动词与主句的主语之间是被动的关系。包括进行和完成两种形式。被动进行式表示正在进行的动作，或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作。如：
--He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper. (作为惩罚，他没吃晚饭就被送上床睡觉了。)(作介词宾语)
--Is this the same brand as the one being advertised on TV now? （作定语）
--Look at the monkeys being fed by the animal keepers. (作宾补)
--Being followed by a spy, he hid himself in a cave. （作状语）
9.8.3 被动完成式的用法
被动完成式表示a. 该动词与主句的主语之间是被动的关系；b. 该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。-ing形式的被动完成式一般也用作状语。例如：
--The safe showed no signs of having been touched. (作介词宾语)
--Having been warned about the iceberg, the captain changed course.（作状语）
--All the money having been spent, we started looking for work. （作状语）
--Having been rejected by everybody, he became a monk. （作状语）