大学生英语写作分类反馈模式研究
一、引言
近年来，教师反馈一直是二语写作研究关注的焦点之一。Truscott（1996）综述了自20世纪七十年代以来有关二语写作教学的实证研究，并首次提出教师改正作文中语言错误的反馈方式对学生不仅无益而且是有害的，教师应当完全摒弃对学生写作语言错误进行纠错这一方法。这一观点立即引起了学术界的争论。然而，Fathman等（1990）的研究却证明了错误反馈与修改能提高学生写作的准确性。持此观点的学者还有Ferris（2002）和杨敬清（1996）等。个最近发展区进行教学，才容易收到明显效果。维果斯基关于教学与发展的观点对于教师反馈有重要的指导作用。面对不同类型的写作错误，教师应注意反馈方式的选择，既不要超越了学生的最近发展区，把难以处理的错误留给学生自我修正，同时也要注意提供略高于学生发展水平的错误给予学生自我发现。
直接反馈是教师明确指出学生作文中的错误并改正。间接反馈是教师通过标注、下划线、语码提示等手段指出学生作文中的错误，但并不给予正确的形式。有研究者认为，直接反馈会降低学生对错误反馈的注意程度，对于教师提供的反馈，学生仅仅照抄完事，不利于学生自主学习的培养。间接反馈可以迫使学生主动思考和自行修改，有利于培养学生的写作策略。例如，大专学生易犯的词汇错误和一些简单的语法错误，只要教师给予间接提示，学生通过查阅工具书，自主思考就可以自行修正错误。然而，间接反馈并不能完全替代直接反
分类作文提纲 一、活动介绍类 首段： (1)I’m pleased to know that you’re greatly interested in ... ,so I’d like to share a piece of good news that there will be a ... .Now,let me offer you some useful information. (2)It’s my great honor to invite you to enter a ... .Now,let me offer you some useful information about it. (3)It’s time for us to say goodbye to our school life soon.Surprisingly,there is a/an... prepared for us.Now,let me offer you some information about it. 主体段： 1.时间&地点：The ... will be held in Classroom 302 at 3 o’clock in the afternoon on June 8th,2019. 2.内容：(1)主题句：There will be various meaningful activities included in it. (2)要点:First of all，You will be invited to .../You will be given a chance to ... .which will ... After that,It will be more than interesting for you to .../It will impress you a lot to ... so that ... At last,doing sth. will play an important part in ... .So ... 尾段： That’s all.I firmly believe that if you join in it,you will ... . That’s all.I sincerely hope that you can come and share the happiness/fun with us. 二、写人叙事类 首段：(1) 朋友：A friend in need is a friend indeed.I have a friend just like that who often offers me much warmth in my life. Let me introduce him to you. (2)父母：If you ask me who is the most important one to me,without doubt,the answer is my ... . Let me introduce him to you . (3)老师：In both my life and study,my ... teacher is special to me because he is not only my teacher but also my friend who has made a great difference to my character. 主体段： 1.外貌：... is very beautiful but a little fat with long hair and big eyes. 2.性格：...is an outgoing woman who always gets along well with people around her./ ... is very kind to others and easy to get on with./is so ready to help others that we all like to make friends with him. 3.爱好：She is especially good at cooking and often cooks different delicious foods for me.
英语写作之反馈机制 【关键词】反馈高级英语写作教学 一．引言 高级英语写作一般是在英语专业本科大三年级开设的一门专业 必修课，开设此课程的目的不仅是为了继续提高学生的英语写作能力，反馈主要分为同级反馈、会谈反馈及批语式反馈三种形式。也为了培养学生的篇章组织能力、文学欣赏能力、文学表达能力等等。高级英语写作课程对提高英语专业学生的综合能力具有重要的作用，教师应充分重视该课程的教学。 高级英语写作教学的效果受许多因素的影响，学习者作文中的优点与缺点能否及时得到反馈是其中的重要因素之一。在传统的高级英语写作教学中，教师往往采取学生写作，教师评分再把评分结果反馈给学生的形式对学习者的作文进行指导。这种反馈形式有很大的局限性，大部分学生都会忽视教师的反馈，对教师指出的错误不予以重视，在下次写作时仍会犯同样的错误，起不到反馈的作用。小部分英语基础差的学生，对教师的反馈看不明白，弄不清楚自己错在哪里，失去了反馈的意义。本文针对当前高级英语写作教学中反馈的问题，提出了使用多种反馈形式有机结合的方式来有效地提 高学习者的高级英语写作能力。 二．写作教学中的反馈 反馈的概念是在20世纪70年代由过程教学法引入写作教学中
的。［2］在写作教学中，反馈是指”读者向作者输入修改作文的信息”。［3］在写作教学中，合理地运用反馈能够有效地帮助学习者更清楚、更准确地表达自己的思想，能够有效地提高学习者的英语综合能力。 写作教学中的反馈可以分为同级反馈(peer feedback)、会谈反馈(conferences as feedback)及批语式反馈(comments as feedback) 。不同反馈形式具有不同的作用，但它们都是写作教学中反馈的重要组成部分。 同级反馈是指通过同学之间互改作文的形式，来指出对方作文中的错误，学习者在相互探讨中共同提高写作水平及英语综合能力。同级反馈可以培养学习者对错误的敏感性。在同伴论文中发现的错误，学习者会尽量避免在以后的写作中再犯。而对于同伴论文中的优点，学习者也会进行一定的模仿。因此，同级反馈非常有利于提高学习者的写作水平和英语综合能力，尤其是对于高水平学习者来说。 会谈反馈是指教师通过面谈的方式来向学习者反馈他们作文中 的错误。以面谈的形式进行的反馈，方便教师就学习者的错误作出正面解释。而学习者对教师的解释有不明白之处，也可以现场提问。该种反馈方式及时、效果较好，但是耗时较多，不便于大范围地实 施，但能够迅速提高低水平学习者的写作水平。 批语式反馈是指教师以批语的形式批改学生的作文。该反馈形式
写作题型分类 （一）对立观点型 2000年6月 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是...... 2. 也有人持不同意见，...... 3. 我的看法和打算 1999年6月 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有些人认为读书要有选择 2.有些人认为应当博览群书 3.我的看法 1998年6月 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运 2.我认为数字和运气无关...... 1997年6月 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-Hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为...... 2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为...... 3. 我的看法 1996年1月 Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the
英语写作期末试题和答 案解析 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c58937779.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
Part I M ultiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.” A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car.
中考英语作文 写人叙事类 常用句型 开头句 1、The person who has influenced me most is...对我影响最大的人是····· 2、A true friend is a person who can let you feel warm when you are depressed. 一个真正的朋友是会在你失落沮丧的时候给你温暖的人。 3、I have never expressed my thanks and respect to... 我从未对······表达过我的谢意和敬意。 4、For a long time,there was one thing that I would never forget. 很久以来，一直有一件事情令我难以忘怀。 5、The experience left a deep impression on me. 这次体验给我留下了深刻的印象。 中间句 1、She has watery eyes and a lovely baby face. 她有着水汪汪的眼睛和可爱的娃娃脸。 2、He is of medium build but has a powerful body. 他虽然是中等身材，但有着强健的体魄。 3、He is a boy full of integrity and honesty. 他是一个充满正直诚实品质的男孩。 4、I am a positive person and never lose heart. 我是一个积极乐观，从不轻易放弃的人。 5、As long as he makes a promise,he will never break it. 只要他做出了承诺，就决不食言。 6、She always does a favor to someone who is in trouble. 她经常帮助那些有困难的人。 7、In my opinion,friends are the persons whom we can share happiness and sorrow with. 在我看来，朋友是我们可以分享快乐和悲伤的人。 8、When I think of this matter,I feel very lucky. 当我想到这个问题时，我觉得非常幸运。 结尾句 1、Thank you for everything you have done for me. 感谢您为我所做的一切。 2、I am proud of her,and I love my mother very much. 我以她为豪，而且我非常爱我的母亲。 3、It will be one of my unforgettable experiences in my life.
高中英语作文教学中的有效反馈及其策略 新课程实施背景下，高中学生作文的有效反馈尚存在很多不足，存在无效反馈的问题。鉴于此，探究了高中英语作文教学中的有效反馈，即对学生的英语作文做出一种过程性的评价。并探讨了高中英语作文教学中的有效反馈的策略，即立足作文整体，做出有效评论；针对学生错误，进行有效修改；倾力过程性写作，进行有效评价。 1.问题的提出 新课程实施背景下，对于高中学生作文的有效反馈尚存在很多不足的地方，如作文批改随意性大。在修改的过程中，没有重点地挑出问题，要么对所有错误作修改，要么只是划出错误，不做任何修改或批注；只用红笔批阅作文，平等交流不够；很少对学生进行鼓励性的正面评论，而是单纯挑出学生的不足之处；很少对学生作文做出总体评价，而是只给出一个分数或等级，缺少持续性评价；很少进行口头反馈，很少要求学生对草稿进行修改等。基于此，笔者认为有必要探究高中英语作文教学中有效反馈的策略问题。 2.高中英语作文教学中的有效反馈的涵义 教师的作文反馈不单指为了提高学生写作过程中的精确性，教师对学生作文中所犯错误如语法、词汇或句型的修改，还包括教师对学生作文整体的评论，以及教师对学生作文的评价，也就是说，作为教师，我们不单单给学生的作文
一个等级或者分数，更要做出一种过程性的评价。所以学生写作是一个过程，学生英语作文能力的提高与英语教师对其每一篇作文的过程性反馈密切相关，那么教师就非常有必要对学生作文做出有效的反馈。 3.高中英语作文教学中的有效反馈的策略 3.1立足作文整体，做出有效评论 整体与细节评论的重要性。教师对学生作文的评论非常重要。有人曾作过一项研究，发现76%的教师建议会被学生采纳。学生会根据教师提出的修改意见，对文章进行修改，进而提高写作能力。但教师要避免在批阅文章的过程中只对表面错误做出反馈，把一篇文章当成一系列独立的句子看待，以至于忽略文章的整体性和逻辑性。教师有必要对整篇文章的结构、内容、语言等进行整体的评论。这种教师反馈通常写在学生作文的末端，是对整篇文章全面并且清晰的评论，称之为`endnotes'。还有一种反馈(marginalnotes)是比较快捷，方便的，即教师在阅读作文时，在文章空白处直接进行细节评论。 在批改中进行有效的评论。一方面，可以在通读中寻找精彩之处，教师对文章至少通读一遍。在读的过程中，用绿色的笔将学生写得好的段落和语句划出。一方面，可以在细读中关注结构内容。再读一遍的过程中要特别注意文章的结构和内容，同时考虑在作文的最后要做出怎样的总体评价。还可以在激励中提炼有效反馈。整体反馈应该是全面但有选择的评价。要突出重点，而不是指出学生所有的问题，否则
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c58937779.html, 英语写作反馈方式研究综述 作者：苏朝霞 来源：《读与写·教师版》2018年第09期 摘要：写作是英语学习者在学习过程中十分重要的一环，而反馈则是写作教学中会直接影响到学生写作水平的提高程度。在书面写作中，反馈一般分为三种：教师反馈、同伴反馈和网络反馈。本文将对近二十年国内外关于这三种反馈方式的研究进行综述。 关键词：写作教学;教学反馈;研究综述 中图分类号：G633.41 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-1578（2018）09-0273-01 1.引言 美国传统词典将反馈解释为“将过程或是系统的输入返回转化成一部分输出”。在写作过程中，反馈的作用不容忽视。反馈是过程写作教学中不可或缺的要素之一。写作活动如果只有学生的写作而没有教师的反馈，通常不可能取得理想的教学效果。从二语习得的角度来看，反馈对学习者至关重要，因为这些反馈能够是正确的语言知识代替学习者原有的对目标语言的错误假设。写作反馈成效会直接影响学生写作水平的提高程度，也能够反映教师的写作教学效果。 在书面写作中，反馈一般分为三种：教师反馈、同伴反馈和网络反馈。其中，教师反馈是指教师对学生表现做出的反应。同伴反馈（Richards，2005：128）指的是“发生在作文修改阶段的活動，在这一活动中，学生结对或是结成小组，阅读同伴的作文，提出问题并对作文给出相应的评语或建议”。网络反馈（康卉，2014）是指利用网络平台进行反馈。这种写作反馈工作的形式主要分两种：一是以网络平台作为反馈的主体;二是以网络平台作为反馈的辅助。 2.研究综述 在书面写作中的三种反馈方式中，教师是写作反馈的主要来源。国外与教师反馈相关的研究比较充分全面。很多学者对教师反馈行为的本质、反馈类型的有效性、教师反馈和同伴反馈的对比、学生对反馈的不同态度进行了研究。总体来说，学生普遍认为教师馈比同伴反馈更加有效。国内针对教师反馈研究主要着重于反馈对学生认知过程发展的作用（谢晓燕 2011）;或是教师反馈在提高学生注意力及写作能力方面的效度（贝晓月2009）;或是教师反馈对学生写作准确性、流利性、复杂性的作用（王颖2012）;或是不同的教师反馈类型和纠错类型的有效性以及教师、学生对教师反馈的态度（王俊菊2006）。 关于同伴反馈也有大量的研究。一些国外学者对同伴反馈的有限性进行研究，肯定了同伴反馈在英语写作课堂中的作用及对学生写作水平的正面影响。也有学者从认知角度进行研究，认为同伴反馈可以培养学生的分析能和思维能力，还能使其对自身的优势和不足有充分的认知（Tsui 2000），他们认为反馈帮助学生更好地参与到课堂中来，增进其同伴之间的交流。还有
高考英语的10种类型 高考作文分为实用文和应用文。 实用文包括：1.提纲作文；2.图表作文； 3.图画作文； 4.开放作文； 应用文包括：5.书信； 6.通知；7简历；8.日记；9.便条；10.电子邮件。1.提纲作文：在英语课堂上，你喜欢你的老师授课时只用英语，还是英语、汉语 兼用？某英语杂志社就此话题邀请中学生发表看法。请围绕“How do you prefer your English classes to be taught? In English only,or in both English and Chinese?”这个问题，参考所给要点，选择一种授课形式，写一篇英语短文。 授课形式一：只用英语 优点：有助于提高听说能力等 缺憾：不易听懂等 结论：…… 授课形式二：英语、汉语兼用 优点：易于理解等 缺憾：英语氛围不浓等 结论：…… 注意：1.词数100~120，短文开头已给出(不计词数)。 2.参考词汇：atmosphere氛围 满分文(一) I prefer my English classes to betaught in both English and Chinese, whose advantage is that it is easy for usto understand what the teacher talks about. The teacher first teaches the classin English, and then she explains those that are hard to understand to us sothat we get a better knowing of the passage. That will be good for us. However, teaching the class in twolanguages will make the English atmosphere not so strong. Some studentswhowish to be taught in English will be disappointed. Except for the disadvantage, I thinkit is really good to hear two languages in classes. It can make us morefamiliar with the foreign culture. 名师指导： 审题是作文的第一要素，本文的审题准确无误。无论是要点的把握还是结构的组织都证明了这一点。本文运用多种复杂句式，整体看来是不错的。文中的一个复合句式显示了作者的英语功底。其他出彩短语的使用也很地道，可以参看好句中的分析。 背诵内容： 1.advantage n.优点 2.be familiar with，对某人熟悉 3. atmosphere n.气氛 满分文(二) I prefer my English classes to betaught only in English because it is helpful for us to improve the ability ofspeaking and listening in a very short time. I have strong
Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples?
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中考英语作文分类好词好句 中考英语作文分类好词好句书面表达常用句型及短语 1. 学校生活及学习成绩 be obsorbed in ,bury oneself in 对入迷give an excellent performance before the whole class 在全班面前好好表现一番 acquire （obtain）knowledge 学习知识 put ones heart into 一心扑在上 be interested in 对感兴趣 be fond of 喜欢/爱好 like chemistry best 最喜欢化学 be good at 擅长 be poor at 不擅长 do well in （在考试、竞赛中）取得好成绩；干得不错 be weak in 不擅长fail in 考试不及格 make progress in 在方面取得进步 be tired of 对感到厌烦/厌倦pass the examination 通过考试 major in history 主修历史 be getting on well with ones study（某人）学业进展得很好 take several courses at school 在学校上几门课have English （Chinese ，Physics）every（other）day 每天（隔一天）上英语（中文、物理）课 work hard at （Physics ，Chemistry）努力学习（物理、化学） He has the best record in school.他的学习成绩最棒。 live up to ones hope 不辜负某人的期望 learn about 学习到/知道（某学科知识）/听到，听说/获悉/了解到 succeed in 在（某方面）成功；在（做某事）上获得成功 be active in class （work）在课堂上（工作中）表现积极 take an active part in 积极参加 1 / 10
英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or
高中英语作文教学的有效反馈 松江二中：杨春霞 一、研究的背景 我对所任教的高三两个班88名学生在高三开学初作了一次问卷调查，主要问题是：在所有的高考题型中最愿意做的英语习题是什么？最不愿意做的是什么？做了习题后，答题能力提高最快的是什么？提高最慢的是什么？41%的学生回答说最愿意做选择题；46%的学生选择最不愿意写作文；58%的学生认为提高最快的是做选择题的速度和准确性，而30%的学生认为提高最慢的是写作，位居其他题型之首。其中主要原因有两个，学生懒于思考，懒于动笔是一方面；教师对学生写作能力的培养不够又是另一方面。这两方面是相辅相成的，教师对学生写作能力的培养重视了，学生自然而然也会从思想和行动上重视起来。因此，教师对学生作文的反馈显得特别重要。 但对于我们大多数教师，包括笔者在内，过去对于学生作文的有效反馈上存在很多不足的地方，如：作文批改随意性大：在修改的过程中，没有重点地挑出问题。要么对所有错误作修改，要么只是划出错误，不做任何的修改或批注。只用红笔批阅作文，平等交流不够。很少对学生进行鼓励性的正面评论，而是单纯挑出学生的不足之处。很少对学生作文做出总体评价，而是只给出一个分数或等级，缺少持续性评价。很少进行口头反馈。很少要求学生对草稿进行修改等。 在国内的教学杂志和报刊上我们经常能看到一些有关英语作文教学方面的文章，但很少见到有关对学生作文如何进行反馈方面的研究。 二、研究的内容 教师的反馈不单指为了提高学生写作过程中的精确性，教师对学生作文中所犯错误如：语法、词汇或句型的修改。还包括教师对学生作文整体的评论，以及教师对学生作文的评价，也就是说作为教师，我们不单单给学生的作文一个等级或者分数，更要做出一种过程评价。所以学生写作是一个过程，学生作文能力的提高与教师对他每一稿作文的反馈密切相关，那么教师就非常有必要对学生作文做出有效的反馈。 三、研究的过程和方法 结合教学的研究与实践，以下笔者对这一论题进行三方面的阐述：第一，立足作文整体，做出有效评论；第二，针对学生错误，进行有效修改；第三，倾力过程性写作，进行有效评价。 （一）、立足作文整体，做出有效评论 1、整体与细节评论的重要性 教师对学生作文的评论非常重要。Ferris，（2001）曾作过一项研究，发现76%的教师建议会被学生采纳。学生会根据教师提出的修改意见，对文章进行修改，进而提高写作能力。但教师要避免在批阅文章的过程中只对表面错误做出反馈，不能把一篇文章当成一系列独立的句子看待，以至于忽略文章的整体性和逻辑性。教师有必要对整篇文章的结构、内容、语言等进行整体的评论。这种教师反馈通常写在学生作文的末端，是对整篇文章全面并且清晰的评论，称之为‘endnotes’。还有一种反馈（marginal notes）是比较快捷，方便的，即教师在阅读作文时，在文章空白处直接进行细节评论。 2、在批改中进行有效评论的步骤 （1）在通读中寻找精彩之处。教师对文章至少通读一遍。在读的过程中，用绿色的笔将学生写得好的段落和语句划出。 （2）在细读中关注结构内容。再读一遍的过程中要特别注意文章的结构和内容，同时