2020高考英语“七选五”阅读理解专项突破原创系列资料
201 2018~2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题分析
【试题研究】
2018～2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题分析
随着《普通高中英语课程标准（2017版）》（以下简称新课标）的颁布，英语高考全国卷的命题依据新课标学业质量要求和高考命题建议在逐渐地发生变化，由对学生综合语言运用能力的考查升级为对学生英语学科核心素养的全面考查。“七选五”阅读理解试题作为阅读理解试题中区分度比较大的试题类型，也在继承中发展与创新，越来越注重考查学生理解语篇上下文逻辑关系的能力。为了让广大师生对新课标颁布以来两年的六套英语高考全国卷中的“七选五”阅读理解试题有一个全面的了解，本文通过对试题统计分析以概括出这六份试题的特点和考查趋势，同时也提出对教学的启示和建议，以便广大师生能攻克高考英语“七选五”阅读理解这一难关。
一、2018~2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题基本情况
为了能够对2018~2019年六套英语高考全国卷的“七选五”阅读理解试题有一个全面理性的认识，首先从语篇类型、主题语境、阅读总量、段落数与文本结构、考查技能、句际关系、设题类型与层次等做以列表统计。
表2 2018~2019年“七选五”阅读理解试题命题特征
续表
注：文章字数统计不包括试题设空序号与选项序号。
二、2018~2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题特点
由上面的统计可以看出，2018~2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题在语篇类型、主题语境、阅读总量等方面延续了以往的命题特征，但是其文本结构、考查技能和整体难度在悄然发生变化，有一定的创新度，体现了高考试题命题“稳中有变”的特点。总体而言，2018~2019年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题有以下一些特点：
1. 所考查语篇的类型仍以说明文体为主，但偶尔也会考查到其它文体。自2010年全国课标卷采用“七选五”阅读理解这一题型以来，2017年全国卷I采用了记叙文类语篇，2018年全国卷III采用了议论文语篇，其余均采用说明文类语篇。这就意味着在以后的命题中仍会以说明文类语篇为主体，但偶尔也会选议论文类或记叙文类语篇。
2. 所考查语篇的主题语境以人与自我为主，但具体内容与学生日常生活有一定距离。到目前为止，英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题，均在“人与自我”和“人与社
会”两个主题语境下选择语篇话题，其中又以“人与自我”这一主题语境为命题主体。试题所涉及的语篇话题都源于生活，学生略知一二，但语篇内容与学生日常生活有一定的距离，即语篇所涉及的内容不是学生司空见惯的生活化情境。以2019全国卷Ⅱ的语篇话题为例，学生都知道目标设定是怎么回事，也知道“动机”这一概念，但语篇中所涉及的内容——如何激励自己实现目标、判断动机品质和分析长期与短期目标则是学生日常生活中较少考虑的事物；再以2018全国卷I为例，居家色彩选择是学生所熟悉的话题，但是对于家居小块色彩、中等面积和大面积色彩的选择使用则不在绝大多数中学生所考虑的范畴之内。
3. 所考查语篇的段落与文本结构完整，阅读总量和易读度相对稳定，但文本结构和内容复杂程度增加。从文本结构的角度来看，历年来英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题各卷所选用的文章，文本结构都比较完整，大部分语篇的正文数保持在250单词左右，全国卷III的阅读总量相对于全国卷I和全国卷Ⅱ要小一些，各卷所选的语篇易读度稳定在一定区间内，但近两年来，各卷语篇的文本结构和内容的复杂程度有所增加。首先，语篇的文本显性结构与内容信息减少。在这一题型的考查初期，大部分语篇会提供标题、小标题、序号、突出字体的主题句和项目符等显性语篇文本内容和结构信息，但随着这一题型命题的成熟，这些显性信息在逐年减少，在2018~2019年全国卷六套试题的语篇文本中，只有一篇提供了标题，两篇有项目符。其次，语篇文本结构由原来的“总分（总）”式结构为主体向递进式结构为主体转变。“总分（总）”结构语篇文本构成成分之间的逻辑关系显而易见，特别是分别说明部分的段落之间往往是平行、并列的关系，理清这种逻辑关系比较容易；而递进式结构语篇文本之间的逻辑关系不太明显，相对比较复杂，需要学生根据内容信息理清各个句子之间的关系和段落之间的关系，才能比较好地理清语篇文本成分之间的逻辑关系。从文本内容的角度来看，早期的试题语篇类型多以方法建议类说明文为主，这类说明文中的“分别说明”段落之间注定是平行并列关系，并且分别说明的各段多以主题句加解释说明性的文字构成，属于典型的“总分（总）”式语篇；而近两年只有2018年全国卷Ⅱ采用了这种结构中规中矩的语篇文本，其余的要么采用了递进式结构语篇文本，要么采用了双层“总分（总）”结构，其文本结构不再像以前一样一目了然。
4. 所考查的技能和句际关系不变，但考查语篇层面的题目增多。英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题所考查的技能包括：连接、重复、指称、照应、同义等，句际关系包括转
折、递进（顺承）、因果、条件、例证、总分、解释等。这些句际关系是语篇文本连贯不可或缺的逻辑关系，所考查的这些技能也是理解语篇文本所必备的技能，不会随着语篇文本的选择或时间的推移而发生变化。通过对近两年英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题的设题类型与层次统计可以看出，考查主旨句的试题数目在减少，考查语篇层面的试题数目在增加，这种增减变化与命题时所选语篇文本结构的变化有密切关系，提高了对语篇理解的要求，加大了试题整体难度。
5.试题考查要求不变，但选项的干扰性增强，整体考查难度加大。近年来，考试大纲对英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题的考查要求一直保持不变，但随着时间的推移，该题型命题逐渐成熟，试题备选选项的设计更为科学合理，错误选项对正确选项的干扰性增强，正确选项间也会形成比较强的相互干扰，单纯考查显性词汇衔接的选项在减少，考查隐性逻辑衔接的选项在增多，考查语篇层面的选项也在增多。这样就加大了试题的整体难度，对考生的思维水平提出了更高要求，考生在完成试题时，需要在全面深入理解语篇的基础上，经过仔细斟酌、缜密分析才能确保做出正确的选择。
三、英语高考全国卷“七选五”阅读理解试题命题和考查趋势
新课标高考命题建议提到：“英语高考全面考查英语学科核心素养，即主要考查学生在语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力等方面达到的水平”；新课标学业水平二（高考命题的主要依据）提到：“学生能够在不太熟悉的语境中，围绕选择性必修课程内容所涉及的人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等主题语境，使用所学的语言知识和文化知识，综合运用学习策略，理解选择性必修课程所规定的不同类型语篇所传递的意义、意图和情感态度，理解语篇中不同的文化元素及其内涵，分析不同语篇类型的结构特征和语言特点，并能以口头或书面形式陈述事件、传递信息、再现真实或想象的经历、阐释观点和态度等”。根据新课标的要求和近两年的英语高考全国卷试题可以推断出“七选五”阅读理解试题有以下命题和考查趋势：
1. 语篇类型多样，主题语境话题源于生活，语篇所涉及的内容高于生活。英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题未来的考查仍然会以说明文类语篇为绝对主体，偶尔会采用一篇记叙文类或议论文类语篇，以人与自我、人与社会或人与自然为主题语境，主题语境话题会限定在3大主题语境10个主题群下32项子主题之内。这些话题在教材中都会涉及到，是学生所知晓的话题，但语篇所涉及的内容高于生活，即不是学生非常熟悉的话
题，旨在考查“学生能够在不太熟悉的语境中……使用所学的语言知识和文化知识，综合运用学习策略，理解选择性必修课程所规定的不同类型语篇所传递的意义、意图和情感态度，理解语篇中不同的文化元素及其内涵，分析不同语篇类型的结构特征和语言特点”，而不是考查学生已经司空见惯的常识。命题所选的语篇内容会与学生现实生活有一定距离，即“不太熟悉的语境”。
2. 语篇文本结构灵活多样，更注重语篇成分之间语意逻辑关系的考查。未来英语高考“七选五”阅读理解命题与考查在选择语篇文本时，中规中矩的“总分（总）”式方法建议类说明文被选中的机率会大大降低，递进式结构和经过变式的“总分（总）”式结构说明文将会成为命题的首选和主体。所选语篇的文本结构会比较完整，考查选项的设置会兼顾语篇、段落和句际三个层面，偶尔会从句子结构层面考查半句类选项，选项设置更倾向于隐性的衔接，更加注重和强化对语篇成分之间语意逻辑关系的考查。因此，学生需要理清语篇成分之间的语意逻辑关系，做到对语篇的真正理解，才能应对不同文本结构的试题。
3. 备选选项间会保持较强的干扰性，试题整体难度会保持在一定的区间内，保持比较好的区分度。未来英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题备选选项间会继续保持较强的干扰性，不仅两个错误选项对正确选项会形成很强的干扰，正确选项之间也会形成较强的相互干扰。通常来说，显性词汇重现类选项和主题句类选项的题型，一份试题中最多各出现一次，需要通过上下文逻辑关系推断出答案的题型会占到较大比例。这样能够考查学生的语言运用能力和思维品质，确保整个试题的难度保持在一定的区间内，从而使试题有比较好的区分度。
四、对教学的启示和建议
1. 要高度重视语篇教学，从多个维度解读语篇。新课标指出：“学习语篇知识是发展语言能力的基础，语篇知识在语言理解和表达过程中具有重要作用，语篇中各要素之间存在复杂的关系，如句与句、段与段、标题与正文等”。所以，一定要高度重视语篇教学，各种教学活动的开展都应该以语篇为载体，在语篇所提供的语境中进行，除了在语境中学习和运用词汇、语法等语言知识外，还要让学生熟悉生活中常见的语篇形式，如记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等不同类型的文体，把握不同类型语篇的文体特征和表达方式，以帮助学生加深对语篇意义的理解。要充分发掘语篇中的话题信息、内容
信息和背景信息以扩大学生的视野，通过对文本结构、逻辑关系、衔接手段、修辞方式的分析让学生明确各种语篇类型的组织结构、行文方式和语言风格等语篇共性特征，培养学生的语篇意识，提高学生解读语篇的能力。
2. 要求学生广泛阅读，熟悉各种类型语篇文本结构特征，全面覆盖课程主题语境全部内容。要快速而准确地解读语篇，正确而深入地理解语篇，就要求学生在日常学习中广泛阅读，掌握每种类型语篇常见篇章和段落组织结构特征。如说明文类语篇常见的结构形式有：总分式（包括总分、分总、总分总）、递进式、连贯式、并列式和对照式等，议论文类语篇常见的结构形式有：总分式、并列式、递进式、对照式等，记叙文类语篇常见的结构形式有：逐层递进式、片断并列式、一线串珠式、情景交融式、点面结合式、前后比照式、悬念设置式、铺叙点化式、虚实相生式等；常见的段落组织结构方式有：总分式（包括总分、分总、总分总）、因果式、并列式、对比式、转折式、连贯式等。另外，平时的阅读训练要全面覆盖课程主题语境的各种内容，尽可能多地通过阅读扩大学生的视野，让他们积累比较丰富的背景知识，培养学生从语篇结构和语篇内容两方面解读语篇文本的意识，提高学生解读各种类型语篇、各种语境话题文本的能力。
3. 提高阅读训练的针对性和有效性，避免使用结构过于简单、内容过于熟悉的语篇进行阅读训练。在日常教学和备考过程中，要专门安排针对英语高考“七选五”阅读理解题型的训练，让学生感受不同类型和结构的语篇，借用文本结构图或思维导图帮助学生理清文本结构，分析语篇组织结构所隐含的逻辑关系，分析段落之间、句际之间的逻辑关系和衔接方式，以增强训练的针对性和有效性。在阅读训练选材时，要做到丰富多样，避免使用结构过于简单、内容过于熟悉的语篇训练，这样才能真正起到提升学生思维水平的作用。
4. 让学生充分利用语篇信息，遵循解题原则和步骤，传授各种解题技巧。在解答“七选五”阅读理解题时，一定要有语篇意识，要从语篇结构、语篇内容和语篇逻辑关系三个维度入手解读语篇文本，要充分利用语篇所提供的信息，在理清语篇成分之间语意逻辑关系的基础上，根据语篇和语境仔细推敲后选择恰当的选项，这是解答好“七选五”阅读理解题的基本原则。
解答“七选五”阅读理解题的四个步骤是：第一步，快速浏览全文，留意文章的首段和其它段落的首句，判定语篇类型和主题语境，初步明确文章的主题和文本结构；第二步，浏览文章后所给出的选项，观察设空的位置，如果是说明文，可根据所保留的平
行段落首句先尝试确定主旨类选项，然后把确定的主旨类选项放到段落中验证；第三步，逐段阅读，依据设空的不同位置，利用文章框架结构、段落结构、上下文逻辑关系、句式结构、词汇衔接等来断定每空应填入细节性过渡衔接与注释选项，做题时一定要勾画出文章和选项中起到纽带和关联作用的关键信息词，如上面提到的指代、同义词复现、同根词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、上下义词复现等，还要注意一些表示逻辑关系线索的连接词，做到通篇考虑、上下文兼顾、语意与逻辑关系并重、先易后难。如果某一空做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，最后采用排除的方法来确定应填入的选项；第四步，将已确定的答案代入原文通读，检查篇章结构是否合理，段落中句子间的语意和逻辑是否通顺连贯，如有问题，及时修正答案。
解答“七选五”阅读理解题的常用方法有：利用篇章结构解题，利用篇章中的标题、小标题、项目符、序号和突出的字体等信息解题，利用段落内句子之间的逻辑关系解题，利用主旨句的句式结构解题，利用词汇衔接解题，利用指代解题，利用句子结构和标点符号解题。在解题过程中，要针对具体的题目选择使用适当的方法，有时需要综合使用上述方法。
尽管英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题难度和区分度相对较大，但只要在平时的学习和训练中从语篇角度入手，全面培养和发展学生综合语篇解读能力，提升他们的思维品质，就一定能攻克英语高考“七选五”阅读理解这一难关。
附：主题语境一览表
表3 普通高中英语课程主题语境内容要求
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阅读七选五专练(一) A (2017·安徽百所重点高中二模) All of us know that a balanced diet strengthens the immune system. __1__. The following strategies will help you to jumpstart healthy eating habits. Morning must-haves Researchers at Harvard Medical School discovered that people who took daily breakfast were a third less likely to become obese (肥胖的) than those who skipped this meal. To enjoy the most benefits, the researchers recommended eating whole-grain foods for breakfast as they are rich in fiber. __2__. Main meal wisdom If you need to consume meat, choose fish instead of red meat. Studies have linked high consumption of red meat with cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer as well as heart disease mainly because red meat is very high in saturated (饱和的) fats. __3__. Food preparation __4__. As such, cooking methods such as steaming, baking, grilling, boiling or stir-frying are advised. __5__ Some people like to eat a large meal after a hard day's work. However, large meals late at night can cause indigestion that influences sleep. So it is a very good idea to have a low-calorie fiber drink just before leaving the office. It is also not a good idea to regularly have a late-night meal as this could overburden the digestive system. Remember, minor changes in our eating habits can lead to major changes in our health. A．Light nights B．Fewer night snacks C．Fish, in contrast, contains more heart-healthy fats D．Drinking bean milk supplies the body with plant protein E．Experts always suggest preparing food with as little oil as possible F．But most of us fail to obtain adequate nutrients (营养) due to our troubled lifestyles
高考英语七选五精选文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
七选五练习 一 A man was driving at 70 miles in a 40-mile-zone, when a police car came behind him with the light on. 56 ____ As the policeman came to him, he said, "Hi, officer, I guess you caught me a little bit over the limit. I was in a rush to get home, to be with my wife and kids, you know my younger son wasn't feeling too well when I left home this morning." The policeman said, "Well, I guess so,'' and started writing something in his notebook. ____57 . A few moments later, the policeman came to his window and handed him a paper, and returned to his car without saying a single word. The man started to wonder, how much this ticket was going to be as he began to look at the paper. 58 "I had a daughter who was killed by a speeding car at the age of six, by a speeding driver like you. He got a fine, a few months in prison, and was free, free to hug two other daughters. 59__ I have tried to forgive that man a thousand times, and I thought I had. Maybe I really did forgive him, but I have to do it again, even right now. 60 " The man was very surprised and could not move for the next few minutes. When finally he did, he drove slowly, even a few miles under the speed limit, praying for forgiveness. A.So pray for you, and be careful when you drive again, your daughter is all you have left. only had one and now I have to wait until I get to heaven before I can hug her again away the man started thinking of excuse to give. was surprised it was not a ticket as he began to read : E. So pray for me, and be careful when you drive again, my son is all I have left. F．As minutes went by, he could see from the side view mirror, the policeman was still writing. G. He was surprised it was not a ticket but a receipt(收据). 二 Do you constantly use the computer, whether for learning or entertainment Computers give off radiation that is bad for your health, but here are some ways to protect yourself from computer radiation． ___71___ Green tea can be absorbed by the body easily into a form of vitamin A, which helps reduce radiation．___72___
七选五专题练习（附参考答案） 一 The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. __1__ By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds. 1．Curiosity Your children need to be deeply curious. __2__ Ask kids, “ What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time？”and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better? What could we try next time? 2．Creativity True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. __3__ There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity. 3．Interpersonal Skills Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids. We know what's going on inside our own head, but what about others? Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. __4__ “Why do you think she's crying？”“Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face？”“If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel？” 4．Self Expression __5__ There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music, acting, drawing, building, photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another. A．Encourage kids to cook with you. B．And we can't forget science education. C．We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways. D．So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist? E．Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill. F．We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories. G．Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill. 文章大意：本文为一篇说明文。就如何帮助孩子为还未存在的工作做好准备给出了很好的建议。 答案： 1．D前面提到．..have not yet been invented。既然是没被发明，接下来的应该是D项：我们应该如何帮助我们的孩子为还没存在的工作做好准备呢？
专题二阅读七选五 1.高考阅读七选五的体裁与主题语境(以2016～2018全国卷为例) 体裁主题语境段落小标题 2018卷Ⅰ说明文人与社会——家庭装饰无卷Ⅱ议论文人与自我——晨练的好处无卷Ⅲ说明文人与社会——舞蹈无 2017卷Ⅰ记叙文人与自我——野营无卷Ⅱ说明文人与社会——避免工作时被打扰无卷Ⅲ说明文人与社会——如何建立生物钟有 2016卷Ⅰ说明文人与社会——密码学无卷Ⅱ说明文人与自然——花园有卷Ⅲ说明文人与社会——购买和烹制鱼无 阅读七选五的体裁主要以指导性说明文为主，间或考查记叙文，虽然近几年没有考查议论文，但对这种文体也不应该忽视，主题语境以人与社会为主，以人与自然和人与自我为辅。文章越来越趋向于不带标题和段落小标题，但文章大都结构清晰，基本都是总分结构。 2.高考阅读七选五的设题特点 阅读七选五是从一篇短文后的七个选项中选出五个能填入文章空处的最佳选项。选项主要有以下三种情况：一是主旨概括句，二是过渡性句子，三是注释性句子。 3.高考阅读七选五的考查重点 此题型主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。它拓宽了阅读理解能力考查的深度和广度，不仅考查考生句子层面的阅读理解能力，更从语篇层次上考查考生的语篇连贯能力，即考生的语感和语境领悟能力，把握作者思路的能力，以及对整个语篇或语段的衔接手段与连贯性的洞察力。 4.高考阅读七选五的备考启示
备考时要注意拓展题材和体裁；注意加强对不同文本的语篇知识的学习；注意叙述类文本、议论类文本的阅读。重视指导类说明文的同时，不放弃对介绍事物类说明文，记叙文和议论文的练习。 段首题 1.空格为主旨句 在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。 【典例示范】(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)__40__ It must be true that sooner or later，everyone finds his or her way back to recommend that you find your way in style. must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
七选五练习 一 A man was driving at 70 miles in a 40-mile-zone, when a police car came behind him with the light on. 56 ____ As the policeman came to him, he said, "Hi, officer, I guess you caught me a little bit over the limit. I was in a rush to get home, to be with my wife and kids, you know my younger son wasn't feeling too well when I left home this morning." The policeman said, "Well, I guess so,'' and started writing something in his notebook. ____57 . A few moments later, the policeman came to his window and handed him a paper, and returned to his car without saying a single word. The man started to wonder, how much this ticket was going to be as he began to look at the paper. 58 "I had a daughter who was killed by a speeding car at the age of six, by a speeding driver like you. He got a fine, a few months in prison, and was free, free to hug two other daughters. 59__ I have tried to forgive that man a thousand times, and I thought I had. Maybe I really did forgive him, but I have to do it again, even right now. 60 " The man was very surprised and could not move for the next few minutes. When finally he did, he drove slowly, even a few miles under the speed limit, praying for forgiveness. A.So pray for you, and be careful when you drive again, your daughter is all you have left. B.I only had one and now I have to wait until I get to heaven before I can hug her again C.Right away the man started thinking of excuse to give. D.He was surprised it was not a ticket as he began to read : E. So pray for me, and be careful when you drive again, my son is all I have left. F．As minutes went by, he could see from the side view mirror, the policeman was still writing. G. He was surprised it was not a ticket but a receipt(收据). 二 Do you constantly use the computer, whether for learning or entertainment? Computers give off radiation that is bad for your health, but here are some ways to protect yourself from computer radiation．___71___ Green tea can be absorbed by the body easily into a form of vitamin A, which helps reduce radiation．___72___ It is advisable to attach a radiation filter plate （辐射过滤板）in front of your computer’s screen．Make sure to avoid putting any metal substances near your computer as these may have reflected some of the electromagnetic waves that are harmful to your health．___73___The brighter the screen the higher the radiation
51.【答案】E 【解析】根据下一句ready to offer you public speaking training and courses可知，开头说的是与public speaking 有关的问题，故选E。 52.【答案】B 【解析】根据第一句可知，演讲要集中在自己做过的成功的事情上，故选B。 53.【答案】C 【解析】本段第一句中提到lots of dos and don’ts, walk away!可知，如果有的培训讲太多的条条框框的话，最好不要理会这样的培训，故选C。 54.【答案】G 【解析】根据上一句Your brain is so full of what you’re going to be talking about 可知，给大脑灌输一套规则会使事情变得更糟糕。故选G。 55.【答案】A 【解析】根据treat you as a special one, with your own personal habits可知，本段讲的是“与众不同”，故选A。 5.课标I 第二节(共5小题:每小题2分，满分10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项选项中有两项为多余选项。 Business is organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit (利润) —that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. __71__Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. __72__ Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.__73__One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting __74__The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision (监管) and guidance by the management in authority.__75__ A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work. B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management. C. Examples of nonprofit business include such organizations as social service
1． 2018新课标全国 (I) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life Professional Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day 36 , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel. Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex .But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones. 38 . They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable . Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space. The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 . A. While all of them are useful B. Whatever you’re looking for C. If you’re experimenting with a color
2018年高考英语阅读七选五练习 【精品训练题(含答案)，值得下载】 一、高考英语阅读七选五解题技巧 考点1段中句 【解题技巧】 1. 理清句子与句子之间的关系 从逻辑意义上来看, 语段的句子与句子之间的关系分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。理解材料一定要把握语脉, 理清句际间的关系, 进而理解语段的内容。 2. 找出句子之间的连接性词语 语句间的组合, 除了从语句间的意义关系分析外, 还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握。常用的连接词有: 因果关系: so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result等。 并列关系: first, second, third. . . ; firstly, secondly, thirdly. . . ; first, next, then. . . ; for one thing, for another thing. . . 等。 转折关系: however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, otherwise等。 【典例】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ片段) Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36(Before you begin your training), buy the best-fitting, best-built running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37. As always, you should stretch(伸
2018高考英语七选五七选五讲解与训练题（含答案） 2018高考英语七选五常考点有哪些？结合历年的高考题，总结如下： 七选五题型主要考查上下文的理解与推断，虽然文章整体难度一般低于阅读理解，但是却给很多同学造成了很大的心理障碍。七个选项中选五个，比四个选项中选一个，感觉干扰性更大，很大同学在做这个题目时，总有一种眼花缭乱、心烦气躁的感觉，致使往往正确率不高。在这里提醒同学们，首先要克服心理障碍，同时要注意方式方法。 首先，要使用铅笔在试题上标识，确定出来的选项就用铅笔划掉，一旦发现选择有误，可以方便修改，减少干扰； 第二，一定要注意文章开头的段落，文章第一段一般是主题段，会点明一篇文章要讲述的内容，做到心中有数； 第三，注意设空前后的句子，因为这些句子之间是顺承和联系的，所有一定要联系和理解上下文的语境，找准原文中的关键词（组）和选项中的匹配信息。 实战训练题 【一】 （2017浙江—高考选练题）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Questions to Ask Before Getting Your Child a Cellphone At what age should you get your child a cellphone？__1__However, before you decide to add your child to your family plan, ask yourself these questions. __2__ If you and your child are not often apart beyond school hours, a cellphone may not be a serious necessity, but if he is independent or involved in extracurricular (课外的) activities outside your home, a cellphone could be useful, especially during emergencies as a convenient means of communication with you. Does your child understand the cost? Make sure your child understands the cost of having a cellphone.__3__Some options to help control costs include prepaid and postpaid phones, setting a monthly budget for your child. How can you keep your child’s phone usage safe and under control? Before you get your child a phone, you should discuss what it can be used for，rules he is expected to
七选五，本质上是“逻辑分析”，逻辑和情感，是语言学习的两个核心 第一步：分析7个选项的逻辑 A.While all of them are useful（暗含转折） B. Whatever you’re looking for（暗含让步） C. If yo u’re experimenting with a color（条件） D. Small color choices are th e ones we’re most familiar with（陈述，无明显逻辑。无逻辑关系，也是逻辑关系的一种，就像数学中的“0”） E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces（陈述） F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time （因果） G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways（并列，two major ways） 注意：分析逻辑，绝对不是说，只要分析逻辑，就可以完成7选5的解答。逻辑的前提还是句意可以理解。只不过，句意理解的能力，在阅读、完形填空、短文改错等部分，已经掌握。换言之，7选5的逻辑类题目学习，在高考英语知识体系的学习中，居后。 第二步，文章分析，逐段进行，先看大意，再看逻辑 第一段：
Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?36 , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel. 36题之前的内容，就说“颜色”是设计的基础，然后给出了几种类型，之后的内容说，颜色很重要。这是典型的“让步逻辑”，就是说，有很多种，不管喜欢哪一种，颜色都很重要。 选择B选项，Whatever you’re looking for，让步逻辑 第二段： Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37 , they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones. 37题后面的第一个词“they”，是一个非常重要的词。代词的学习，本身不是很复杂的语法知识点，但是代词和名词的单复数，体现着英
高考英语阅读专题练习七选五 Muzak The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? 71 It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway. Quiet background music used to be called "elevator (电梯) music" because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name "Muzak". About one-third of the people in America listen to "Muzak" everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired. 72 If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? 73 Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak doeswhat it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. 74 Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries. 75 . They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak! A. Some people don't like Muzak. B. The music gives them extra energy. C. Music is playing in the background. D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more. E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better. F. They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used. G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world. Public speaking and critical thinking What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic(逻辑)—of being able to spot weaknesses in other people’s argument and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence. In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly their relationships among ideas. 71 The greatest thinkers, scientists and inventors have often taken their information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas that, too, is critical thinking. 72 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical(机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter ofarranging the ideas you already have. 73 What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 74 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 75 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class. You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations. If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece. A. Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves. B. This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it. C. It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. D. It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas. E. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot. F. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. G. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speechmaking ,you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well. Empathy Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. __71__ Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs. Jennifer Freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you’re showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect. __72__ There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature. __73__ Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear. Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, Freed says, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. __74__ “Academics are important. But if you don’t have emotional (情感的) intelligence, you won’t be as successful in work or in your love life,” she says. What’s the best way to up your EQ (情商）? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to others. __75__ To really develop empathy, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter. A.Everyone is different, and levels of empathy differ from person to person. B.That could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time, the researchers said.