专题限时集训(十四)阅读七选五——说明
文(Ⅲ)
(对应学生用书第117页)
A【导学号：52384062】
(2017·长春市质监一)Are you having trouble concentrating when you're reading a book or listening to a lecture？This list of activities might help to improve your study habits.
Make a list.We often have trouble paying attention to one thing because our brain wants to think about something else. 1 You don't worry about whatever else you should be doing.
Sleep more.Studies show that people who sleep fewer than eight hours a night for a period of time have slower response systems and more difficulty recalling information. 2
Eat healthier foods.Many people enjoy foods high in fats and sugars. 3 They might give you a temporary burst of energy.However，that energy is soon followed by a crash.
Reduce screen time.This may be the most unpopular suggestion among young people.Screen time—time spent looking at cell phones，televisions，computer screens，has a clear effect on the attention span. 4
5 Concentration improves for students who participate in team sports.It could be that being active is helpful in this way.Participating in a sport trains your brain to concentrate on specific tasks，and shut out other thoughts.
A．Be active.
B．Practice more.
C．These foods can provide enough energy for focusing.
D．But these foods can't be helpful enough when it comes to focusing.
E．That is bad news for teens who stay up studying the night before a test.
F．Researchers advise parents to limit it when their children need to be focused.
G．By writing down all the things you need to do，you'll gain a sense of control. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了几种提高注意力的方法。
1．G[根据本段的主题句“列清单”以及空后的“You don't worry about whatever else you should be doing.”可知，选G项。]
2．E[根据本段的主题句“Sleep more.”和空前一句的内容可知，选E项。] 3．D[下文的“that energy is soon followed by a crash”与D项中的“can't be helpful enough”相对应，故答案为D。]
4．F[本段的主题句“Reduce screen time.”与选项F中的“limit it”对应，故答案为F。]
5．A[空处为本段的主题句，由下文的“It could be that being active is helpful in this way.”可知，答案为A。]
B
(2017·广州市综合测试一)We've all experienced peer pressure(同伴压力)．It happens to everybody.However，people have different reactions.Confident people refuse to do things they don't want to do，but shy and anxious people often give in.It may be because they want to be liked.It may be because they worry that their friends will make fun of them，or perhaps they're just curious about trying something new. 6 It's hard being the only one who says no and the question is：how do you do it？
7 If you think that missing maths，or smoking，or going somewhere you know your parents wouldn't like is a bad idea then the answer is simple：don't do it.It's your decision，nobody else's.You don't need to be aggressive.You don't need to shout and scream，but you must be confident and you must be firm.You need to say，“No，thanks.I don't want to do that.”
Being on your own against everybody else is very hard，so it can really help to have at least one other peer，or friend，who will say no too. 8 You want friends who will support you when you're in trouble.You don't want people who will always agree with the majority.Remember，the most popular people aren't always the most
trustworthy.
9 You can learn a lot from people of your own age.They can teach you great football skills or the best way to do your maths homework.They can recommend music and advise you on fashion.And don't forget you can tell them things too，and that always feels great.So，find friends who have similar interests.And remember，friendship isn't about feeling depressed and guilty. 10
A．Choose your friends carefully.
B．Firstly，you must decide what you believe in.
C．It's about sharing experience and having fun.
D．Of course，peer pressure isn't completely bad.
E．It may be because they were all born to be stubborn.
F．Depression and guilt will surely give you peer pressure.
G．Whatever the reason，some people end up doing things they really don't want to do.
【语篇解读】自信的人通常选择拒绝做不乐意做的事情，而害羞和焦虑的人通常会选择接受。本文介绍了如何学会拒绝并解释了如何从来自同伴的压力中学习。
6．G[根据空前两句“It may be because they want to be liked.It may be because they worry that their friends will make fun of them，or perhaps they're just curious about trying something new.”可知，那些害羞和焦虑的人做他们不想做的事情可能是为了让别人喜欢自己，也可能担心他们的朋友会取笑他们，或者仅是尝试新事物。结合空处所在的位置可以判断，空处承上启下，说明不管是何种原因，这些人选择了做他们不想做的事情，故G项符合文意。]
7．B[根据该段最后两句“You don't need to shout and scream，but you must be confident and you must be firm.You need to say，‘No，thanks.I don't want to do that.’”可知，对于如何拒绝，你无需叫喊，但是要自信和坚定；据此
可知，空处表示要确定你相信的东西，故B项符合文意。] 8．A[根据空后一句“You want friends who will support you when you're in trouble.”可知，你需要在你困难时会支持你的朋友；据此可以判断，空处介绍的是“要慎重选择朋友”，故A项与此处匹配。]
9．D[根据空后的“You can learn a lot from people of your own age.They can teach you great football skills or the best way to do your maths homework.”可知，你可以从同龄人那里学习很多，他们能教会你很多知识；据此可以判断，来自同伴的压力并非完全是坏事，故D项符合文意。] 10．C[根据空前一句“And remember，friendship isn't about feeling depressed and guilty.”可知，友谊并非是内疚和沮丧；据此可以判断，空处陈述友谊的真谛，故C项符合文意。]
C
(2017·武汉市调研测试)
How to run international meetings
As more of us do business across cultures，it's best to prepare ahead of time before heading to the meeting table.Here are four rules for different countries.
Stick to the schedule
Where：Germany，Austria，Japan
We've all been to meetings that have a loose agenda，if any at all.They don't start on time and they seem to repeat. 11 Japanese are more likely to create a detailed agenda and pass out supporting documents several days before a meeting. 12 Meetings that run long in Germany are often taken to mean that the parties are not communicating efficiently.
13
Where：China，Malaysia，Singapore
Debating a topic can go against the traditional Chinese concept of“saving face”，which means avoiding any mistakes or actions that could bring
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2917859734.html,ughing at even an obviously amusing answer or pointing out a potential mistake can spoil the entire meeting.
Enjoy the interruptions
Where：Italy，France，Spain
When Pascal Soboll meets with clients in Italy or Spain，he's no longer offended if they leave early or arrive late.Rather than attend the entire three-hour meeting，he has learned that his colleagues there—and in some parts of France—attend based on their own timetable.
14 Rather than expect people to sit through his entire presentation，he makes it easier for them to turn up as needed.
Please，no small talk
Where：Finland，Sweden
In places like Finland and Sweden，where non-meeting related discussions like chat about the weather can be regarded as a way to be off a formally-set agenda and as a waste of other people's time.
In some countries，including Finland，there are long pauses in the conversation.
15 These breaks are used as a way to process what the other person is saying without interrupting.
A．Not so in these countries.
B．Germans and Austrians are similar.
C．Don't even think about a brainstorm.
D．There's often no way to tell how things are going.
E．Don't try to fill them，though，with small talk or anything else.
F．What do the long silences，idle chit-chat and serious faces really mean in context?
G．For Soboll，that means changing his own German-based expectations of client behaviour.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在不同国家如何成功地召开会议。
11．A[空处前两句介绍了常见的会议情况：时间安排松散，开会不准时，总是重复；结合空后的“Japanese are more likely to create a detailed agenda
and pass out supporting documents several days before a meeting.”可知，日
本人注意会议的细节，并在数天前就做好准备。据此可以判断，空处承
上启下，说明并非所有的国家在开会时都会出现上述的情况：时间安排
松散，开会不准时，总是重复。故A项正确。]
12．B[根据该部分中的“where：Germany，Austria，Japan”可知，该部分主要介绍德国、奥地利和日本的开会习惯；空前一句已经介绍了日本的
情况，结合空后一句“Meetings that run long in Germany are often...
efficiently.”可知，空处及下一句介绍德国和奥地利的开会习惯，故B项
正确。]
13．C[根据空处位置可知，空处为该部分标题，是该部分的主旨；通读该部分可知，该部分第一句介绍了在中国开会应当认真讨论，以防发生尴
尬，第二句介绍在开会时不要嘲笑有趣的答案或指出潜在的错误；据此
可知，该部分主要介绍要严肃认真地讨论会议议题，就事论事，不需要
在开会前有什么“头脑风暴”，故C项正确。]
14．G[根据上文中的“When Pascal Soboll...”和“Rather than... attend based on their own timetable.”以及空后一句可知，意大利人、法国人和西班牙人开
会很随意，G项中的“Soboll”与该处相对应，故G项正确。] 15．E[根据该部分标题“Please，no small talk”和空前的“there are long pauses in the conversation”可知，选E项，E项中的“them”与“long pauses”
对应。]
D【导学号：52384063】
(2017·广东省七校联合体第二次联考)It is necessary to be reasonable and flexible enough to avoid conflicts as much as possible and live in peace with others.
16 If you have done all your best to avoid conflicts and you are still arguing，then read these effective tips on how to avoid conflicts.
Don't get in the center of the conflict.
Sometimes people can get in the center of conflicts due to their enthusiasm for offering help.Frankly speaking，it is very unwise，because it can make you the main figure of the conflict. 17 You should focus on your own life issues.
Be kind.
18 Life is full of conflicts and disagreements，and that's why you should find more conservative ways of dealing with them.For example，kindness can lessen the conflict.
Try to be a peacekeeper.
Peacekeepers tend to cooperate with people without bad emotions which usually lead to arguments and even conflicts.“19 ”This saying is the life motto of a natural-born peacekeeper.Don't worry if you are not a natural-born peacekeeper；you can gain this skill during life.
Walk off.
When the conflict is gathering pace and you can't manage to control yourself，you should choose to handle the situation in another way.By all means，try to keep yourself away from stress. 20 You should get away from the situation for a while.
A．The greatest victory is a battle not fight.
B．Conflicts are unavoidable，so try to accept them.
C．Weak people usually desire others to offer help and support.
D．Let other people solve their problems without your presence.
E．It is helpful to put some distance between yourself and the opponent.
F．When someone pushes you to the limit，try to act kindly towards this person.
G．Arguing can either break your friendship or affect your relationship to some degree.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了几种有效避免冲突的建议。
16．G[根据空前一句“It is necessary to be reasonable and flexible enough to
avoid conflicts as much as possible and live in peace with others.”可知，尽量
避免冲突是十分有必要的；据此可以判断，空处承上启下，介绍冲突的
严重危害，引出文章主题，故G项正确。]
17．D[根据空后一句“You should focus on your own life issues.”可知，作者建议把注意力集中在自己的事情上；据此可以判断，空处建议“让其他人
自己解决他们自己的问题”，故D项符合文意。]
18．F[根据该段标题“Be kind.”可知，该段主要阐述“善待人”的建议，这与F项中的“try to act kindly towards this person”照应，故F项符合文意。] 19．A[根据空后一句“This saying is the life motto of a natural-born peacekeeper.”可以判断，空处是调解人的一句格言。A项意为“最伟大
的胜利是一场战争而不是争斗”，符合文意，故A项正确。] 20．E[根据空前一句“By all means，try to keep yourself away from stress.”
可知，这里作者建议要远离冲突，离开对手；据此可知E项符合文意。]
E
(2017·福州市五校第一次联考)As warming continues，scientists warn the oxygen content of oceans across the planet could be more and more reduced，with serious consequences for the future of fish and other sea life.
21 One is the simple fact that as water gets warmer，it can hold less dissolved(溶解的)oxygen.The other reason is less obvious.The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surface—either from the atmosphere，or from photosynthesizing algae floating at the top of the sea. 22
Global warming is expected to reduce the mixing of the ocean by making surface seawater lighter.That's because in a warmer world we can expect more rainfall and more melting(融化)of glaciers，icebergs，and ice sheets. 23 The extra heat from the warming atmosphere will also make surface water expand and thus make it lighter still. 24 Instead，more of the oxygen will remain near the surface，where it will be
used up by oxygen-breathing organisms.
A low-oxygen ocean may become an inescapable feature of our planet.A team of Danish researchers wondered how long oxygen levels would drop if we could somehow reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2100.They determined that over the next few thousand years oxygen levels would continue to fall，until they declined by 30 percent.The oxygen would slowly return to the oceans，but even 100，000 years from now they will not have fully recovered. 25
A．It's not known why the oxygen level of oceans has reduced.
B．Scientists point to two reasons to expect a drop in ocean oxygen.
C．Fresh water's inpouring will make the water at the ocean's surface lighter.
D．The oxygen then spreads to the deep ocean as the surface water slowly sinks.
E．Global warming has caused the reduction of the oxygen content of oceans worldwide.
F．The light surface water will be less likely to sink so the deep ocean will get less oxygen.
G．If they are right，we have every reason to worry about the major effect it has on sea life.
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章简要介绍了海水中氧气含量主要原因及其可能对海洋生物带来的长期的影响。
21．B[从文章篇章结构分析，本空为段落主旨句。本段介绍了全球变暖使海洋含氧量降低的原因，并且“One”“The other reason”与B项中的“two reasons”相呼应，故选B。]
22．D[根据段落主旨和空前的“The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surface...at the top of the sea.”可知，此处是通过说明海洋中氧气的来源与
循环来解释海洋含氧量下降的原因的，故D项“然后，随着表层海水的
慢慢下沉，氧气扩散至海洋深处”符合语境。]
23．C[根据空前的内容和常识可知，雨水和冰川、冰山及冰原融水都属于淡水，海洋中的水是咸水，而淡水的密度比咸水的小，因此淡水的注入会使海洋表面的水变得更轻。故C项符合语境。C项中的“make the water...lighter”与下文中的“make it lighter”的对应关系亦是提示。]
24．F[根据空前的“The extra heat from the warming atmosphere will ...”和空后的“Instead，more of the oxygen will remain...”可知，F项与空前的句子的句式相同，且与空后的句子的内容存在语意上的转折关系，故F项符合语境。]
25．G[G项中的“they”与上文中的“A team of Danish researchers”相呼应，且上文讲到即使我们把二氧化碳的排放降低到零，海洋含氧量也需要很长时间才能恢复，其对海洋生物造成的影响将是长期的，故G项“如果他们是对的，那么我们完全有理由对它对海洋生物的重大影响感到担忧”
符合语境。]
阅读七选五专练(四) 授课提示：对应学生用书115页 Test 1 [2019·昆明市高三复习诊断] How to Win Votes in a School Election In many ways, school elections are just like elections anywhere else. __1__ You will also need to work hard to make sure people know who you are and why they should vote for you. ●Decide what position to run for.__2__ Make sure you know what the position does, and what you will be able to do once you get there. There are limits to what you can do while in office, so knowing your responsibilities can keep you from making foolish campaign promises that you can't keep. ●__3__ Talk to your friends about running, make sure they think it is a good idea, and ask for their help in running. You won't be able to do this alone. It looks good if the people who know you best will vote for you. Your network can also help with more practical activities, such as designing and making posters and encouraging their classmates to vote for you. ●Advertise yourself. You and your campaign team should make posters, T-shirts, and other items that will let other students learn your name even if you don't get to talk to them.__4__ ●Encourage people to vote. Sometimes the hardest thing is actually getting people to participate in the election. __5__ Get people familiar with you so that they trust you enough to give you their vote. A．Create a network. B．Argue with people. C．Therefore, they will eventually vote for someone else. D．Speak to as many people as you can throughout the school. E．Student organizations have many offices with different responsibilities. F．To win over voters, you need to reach out to as many voters as possible. G．The most important is to include your name and the position on everything you make.
初中中考语文说明文阅读专题训练训练试题及解析 一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．阅读下文，完成下列小题。 鳖鱼是海洋系统的“整容师” ①鳖鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢？ ②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击和吞食。尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环镜下更加如此：一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等研究机构人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量捕杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如：眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。 ③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经持续了一百多年。研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。结果发现，与罗沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾尺寸小4%。 ④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鲨鱼使其数量减少，会造成一系列生态后果，小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。 ⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。 ⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。因为，鲨鱼是海洋系统名副其实的“清道夫”。它可以通过清理腐烂的大型海洋动物尸体，来净化海洋生态环境。 ⑦由此看来，鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中扮演了至关重要的角色，称它为海洋系统的“整容师”一点儿也不过分。 （1）鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中发挥了哪些方面的作用？ （2）有文章第③段中画线句子除了列数字以外，还运用了哪种说明方法？有何作用？（3）“其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。”为什么用“悄悄”一词？ 【答案】（1）①可以改变海洋中鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的大小。②维护海洋生态平衡，有利于种群的健康发展。③净化海洋生态环境，改善水质。 （2）作比较。通过斯科特礁鱼类和罗利沙洲鱼类的比较，准确地说明了鲨鱼对海洋中许多
卷别年份 语篇类 型 主题 标 题 设空位置 主题语 境 主题语境的内容 全国卷 Ⅰ 2019 说明文 人与自 然 新鲜空气对健康的益 处 有段首：2; 段中：3 2018 说明文 人与自 我 颜色在家居设计中的 作用 无 段首：1；段中：3; 段尾： 1 2017 记叙文 人与自 然 对野外宿营态度的转 变 无 段首：2; 段中：2；段尾： 1 全国卷 Ⅱ 2019 说明文 人与自 我 激发动力的方法无段首：1；段中：4 2018 说明文 人与自 我 晨练给人们带来的好 处 无 段首：2；段中：2；段尾： 1 2017 说明文 人与社 会 工作时如何不被打断无段首：1；段中：4 全国卷 Ⅲ 2019 说明文 人与社 会 建立健康有益的互动 交流 无 段首：1；段中：3；段尾： 1 2018 说明文 人与社 会 舞蹈的力量无 段首：2；段中：2；段尾： 1 2017 说明文 人与自 我 保持好的生活作息无 段首：1；段中：3；段尾： 1 [考纲解读] 《考试说明》对该题型命题目的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析、理解长难句的能力。
[考查特点] 1．从题材上来看，类别多，但都与日常生活息息相关。 2．从体裁上来看，说明文依然占主流，但记叙文和议论文也有考查，体现了多样化。 3．从考点分布来看，高频考点主要位于段落内部的位置，即细节句、过渡句、发展句等，段落的主题句为常考点，而段末的结论句偶有考查。 4．从选项设置来看，利用句间的逻辑关系、替代关系及复现关系等命题仍是主要的命题方式，命题人主要考查的是语篇的“衔接”关系。 5．从试题对考生语篇知识的考查来看，试题使用不同题材和体裁的文本，同时，文本的风格和写作手法更加丰富并富于变化。考生在平时的学习中必须进一步强化语篇分析训练。 [解题技法] 解答阅读七选五题目时，方法会因人而异，我们根据题型特点和平时的教学总结了三种比较实用的解题技法：常用技法、快捷技法和稳准技法。这三种技法各有特色，没有优劣之分，只有使用习惯不同。考生可依据自身学情和解题习惯灵活使用，既可以选择其中一种，也可以综合融会使用，适合自己的才是最好的。更何况，这三种技法的解题实质是相通的——均需依照行文逻辑来判断。 技巧一依照空格定策略 [增分技法1]空格在段首 [典例](2019·全国卷Ⅲ·片段)17.________ Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教学大纲) and
人教版中考语文说明文阅读专题训练训练试题及答案 一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．阅读下文，回答问题。 密码正在被“杀死” ①生活在互联网时代的我们，每天都会面临一项重大的考验。这项考验无数次冲击了我们对自己记忆力的信心，这个考验就是——记住密码。为了安全，我们把密码设置得五花八门各不相同，这实在是不好记！可即便如此，密码安全还是问题。通过穷举、盗取信用证书、网络钓鱼等技术手段，那些不怀好意的人就能轻而易举获得我们辛辛苦苦设置的密码。 ②随着近年来重大数据泄露事故的频发，过去基于密码在线身份证验证的技术已经难以维持互联网经济的稳定发展，安全界关于“密码已死”的呼声越来越高。 ③越来越多全新的验证方式陆续出现，逐步替代了密码在一些场景中的应用，最典型的例子就是苹果公司推出的Touch ID指纹识别技术。 ④此外，人脸识别（已成熟应用在门禁、软件等领域）、声纹识别（信息、金融领域）也在快速发展。这些新的验证机制带有极强的生物属性，难以复制、验证方便，而基于密码另一形态的数字证书也发展迅猛，在通讯、金融领域已广泛应用。 ⑤通过指纹、虹膜等人体固有生理特征，再结合计算机、光学、生物传感器和生物统计学原理对个人身份进行识别判定，确实能够将人们从繁琐的密码迷宫中解脱出来。在这样的背景下，一个推动“去密码化”的强认证协议标准组织FIDO联盟应用而生。FIDO的目标是创建一组新的协议，支持对Web应用持续的、安全的、无需密码的访问（即所谓的非密码强认证）。 ⑥该联盟认为，指纹识别的功能不应该仅是设备解锁这么简单，它应该让服务、移动支付甚至企业管理变得更为高效。他们将其终极目标概括为4个字：“杀死”密码。 ⑦FIDO将用户的密码凭证储存在某些设备中，用户的密码不会被发送出去，而是在设备内部通过软件来处理，企业如果要使用FIDO的认证方式，只需要在服务器上安装验证软件，然后在客户和员工的设备上安装相应的插件或应用程序即可。一旦验证通过，软件会将密钥①发送到登录服务器，此过程中系统不会保存任何登录信息。之后，登录服务器会发送密钥到用户设备上，表示验证已经通过。与目前的用户名和密码登录模式相比，这种登录方式很难被黑客破解。 ⑧FIDO标准支持任何一种认证方法，可选用的手段包括生物特征识别、USB验证令牌、NFC技术和一次性密码等。不论是用传统的硬件认证，还是用指纹、虹膜、声纹等这类生物辨识，依照FID0的标准，都能够当作身份识别认证使用。 ⑨FIDO联盟的成员越来越多，包括谷歌、黑莓、微软、阿里巴巴等诸多世界知名的公司。他们遵循一个统一的技术和安全标准，随之带来的是双赢的结果，比如指纹识别从一项技术落地到实际应用场景中。 ⑩设备厂商在加入FIDO联盟之后，可以在其设备中放置一颗安全芯片，保证用户的账户和信息安全。当然，用户也可以自行购买指纹识别器一类的设备。 ?指纹识别技术还不完美，但这只是一个开始。谷歌正在开发一款USB钥匙扣，用他可以直接登录账户；微软虽然没有透露更多细节，但亦表示正在考虑寻求代替密码的另一种
说明文阅读训练3篇含答案 芯片国产化任重道远 ①2019年5月15日，美国对华为的一纸禁令闹得满城风雨。禁令中包括停止供货，终止进行中的订单等多种措施。一时之间，“芯片”成为人们热议的话题。 ②芯片是怎么被造出来的？为什么我们造芯片难度那么大？要回答这些问题，就得从芯片的工作原理说起。 ③众所周知，只要是电子产品，就离不开芯片。芯片通常分为两种：一种是功能芯片，比如我们常说的中央处理器（CPU），就是带有计算功能的芯片；另一种就是存储芯片，比如电脑里的闪存（F lash），是一种能储存信息的芯片。 ④这两种芯片，本质上都是载有集成电路的硅片。怎么理解呢？就是我们在一片硅片上，按照设计刻出一些凹槽，在凹槽里填充一些介质，从而使硅面上形成许多晶体管、电阻、电容和电感，让这片硅成了复杂的电路，得以实现一些特定的功能。所以，我们才会看到芯片放大图上有那么多弯曲、平行的凸起和纹路。 ⑤听起来不难，做起来可要命。芯片的诞生分三个步骤，分别是设计、制作和封装，难度依次减弱。现在全球芯片设计基本集中在美国，制作集中在中国台湾地区和韩国，中国大陆大部分承担的是封装工作，也就是把芯片装到板上拿出去卖。可以说，在芯片的电路设计这个领域，中国的竞争力远不如美国和韩国。 ⑥设计难，制作也不简单。我们来看具体过程。首先，需要提取纯硅，就是把二氧化硅（其实就是沙子）还原成硅单质，把硅打成硅锭切片，就得到了硅片——这相当于芯片的地基。这个步骤简单，我们的技术做得很不错。 ⑦有了硅片后，就要在上面涂上一层胶，名为“光刻胶”。这是一种感光胶状物，当用紫外线加透镜去照射某一个部位，胶面会发生变化，之后利用化学原理进行腐蚀，光照过的部分就会被腐蚀掉，留下凹槽。此时，往凹槽里添加硼、磷等介质，就会出现一个半导体或者电容。以此类推，我们再涂一层胶，再照，再腐蚀，再掺入……不断重复，像搭房子一样搭出一个复杂的集成电路，也就是芯片的核心部分。 ⑧然而，以上说的只是光刻技术的基本原理，实际操作起来要复杂得多，还会涉及波长等问题。光刻最主要的器械就是光刻机，这项技术长期被荷兰、日本、德国垄断，一台机器要花七八亿元人民币，而且他们只优先提供给中国台湾、韩国等地的大客户。中国大陆也有自己的光刻机，但是和世界先进水平比，差距还很大。 ⑨现在看来，中国要真正做出自己的芯片，顶层设计和光刻技术是两大难题。但我们也有理由相信，以中国的科研实力和技术积累，突破这两个难关只是时间问题。 （1）根据文章，请你分析第①段有什么作用。 （2）请你概括芯片国产化道路中，我们中国需要面对什么困难。 （3）请简要分析第⑦段画横线的句子运用了什么说明方法，有何作用。 （4）根据文章内容请分析，⑤⑥⑦三个自然段可以调换顺序吗，为什么？
专题二“七选五”阅读 训练1 说明文(一) A There are certain steps you can take to relieve the damage done by some of the previously mentioned reading problems.__1__Be sure to use and practice them as you read. Take breaks. Remember tiredness can lead to all of the health problems and to other problems as well.If you do not rest your mind，you will likely get tired and it will cost you points. __2__ You can mark your place either by pointing to each word as you read it，or by placing a sheet of paper underneath the line you are reading.Pointing to each word with a pencil or your finger helps your eyes see where they should be reading.Placing a piece of paper under the line helps you to move smoothly from one line to the next. Read aloud. __3__ If you must remain silent，whisper the words to yourself，or mouth the words，and say them in your head.It is important that you actually hear the sounds，even if you only hear them in your imagination.This multisensory approach allows you to see，hear，and feel what you are reading.Reading aloud should help you stay focused，understand better and remember what you are reading. __4__ If you are thinking about what is important enough to write down，you will pay more attention to the reading.__5__It will also help you process the main point of the passage and improve the possibility that you will remember things.In addition，the notes you take are a record of the passage that you can refer back to if you do forget elements. A．Take notes. B．Highlight text. C．Trace your place. D．This will keep your mind from wandering. E．Notes about the entire passage should be written.
新部编中考语文说明文阅读专题训练含答案 一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．阅读《泥土的歌唱》，回答问题 泥土的歌唱 ①我国古代依据制作材料的不同，把乐器分为八种，称为“八音”，其中有一音曰土。 ②土——顾名思义，就是由泥土发出的声音，泥土本身是发不出声音的，即使一定要它发音也要伴随着尘土飞扬的壮观场景。但是人类大约在1万到1． 5 万年前获得了一项革命性的技艺，那就是借助水和火将土重新幻化为一种全新的形态，也就是陶。 ③经过这一神奇的转化过程，泥土不仅拥有了全新的样貌，而且也被赋予了全新的质地与功用。毫无疑问，这项技艺是古代人类最重要的发明之一，当然作为早期文明的先锋的中国先民，在这方面也拥有明显的优势，通过甲骨文中的陶字，我们就可以清楚的看到，至少在4000年前，中国人已经开始使用陶轮制陶了。陶轮的使用，或者说借助陶轮的转动，人们就可以制造出比较标准的圆形器皿。 ④土本身是不发声的，但是由土制成的陶器，则既可以作为吹奏乐器，又可以作为打击乐器。尤其是那些比较标准的圆形器，在发音的原理上，与葫芦完全一样，所以很容易让古人通过自然的联想，而发现它们拥有的音乐天赋。这里面，最著名的，当然就是埙。 ⑤这是中国最古老的吹奏乐器之一，大约有七千年的历史。最初埙大多是用石头和骨头制作的，后来发展成为陶制的，形状也有多种，如扁圆形、椭圆形、球形、鱼形和梨形等，其中以梨形最为普遍。 ⑥作为一种在民间的生产劳动过程中产生出来的，充满了草根气息的乐器的埙，经历了漫长阶段，最初的埙只有最上面的一个孔，大约在四五千年前，埙由一个音孔发展到两个音孔，能吹三个音。又过了大约1000年，也就是3500 前，埙得到了进一步发展，有了三个音孔，能吹四个音。到公元前1000 多年的晚商时期，埙发展到五个音孔，能吹六个音、到公元前700多年前的春秋时期，埙已有六个音孔，能吹出完整的五声音阶和七声音阶了。埙由一个音孔发展到六个音孔--上一、前三、后二经历了3000多年的漫长岁月。2004年，河北邢台的侯义敏，对传统的埙进行改良，设计出了10孔的低音埙。这种埙与古代的埙相比，音域宽广，音色低沉深厚，空灵柔美。 ⑦还有一种比较著名的陶制乐器，虽然在古代的名声并不很好，但是在最近突然时来运转了。这种乐器就是缶。缶本来是一种实用器皿，具体的说就是一种大肚子小口儿的盛酒瓦器，和咱们现在看到的泡菜坛子差不多。后来，随着青铜时代的来临，逐渐被青铜器所取代，至少在贵族的生活中是这样的。 ⑧像这样的一个器物，要想作为乐器来使用，毫无疑问只能充当打击乐器了。 ⑨用装酒的坛子当乐器，一边拍打着这个装酒的坛子，一边唱歌，通常来说给人的联想都是醉鬼，或者性情豪放的经不起任何酒精催动的野蛮人的形象。事实上，李斯在他的那篇著名的《谏逐客今》的文章中，就有“击瓮叩缶，弹筝博髀”的句子，意思就是，秦国饮宴时，贵族士大夫们往往在喝到半醉时，以击瓦缶、拍大腿来打拍子而歌。就是以此为例，来说明秦国当时文化的落后。也就是说，在古代击缶而歌并不是什么文明的象征，恰恰相反，那是文化落后粗俗的标志。 ⑩但是击缶这种乐器，在2008年突然时来运转了，一段荡气回肠的击缶而歌，让这种
2019高考英语七选五专项练习 (WORD版本押题预测+名师解析答案，建议下载练习) 1、根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为 多余选项。 What Teenagers Can Do To Earn More Respect As teenagers continue to grow and develop into young adults, the transition(过渡) into adulthood has begun. With so many physical and emotional changes going on, certain manners are often forgotten and other adult traits(特征) are not yet accepted as a way of life. 1 By doing the following things, you will earn more respect. 1. Contribute to the household At the very least, clean up after yourself. As a teenager, you are old enough to clean up after yourself. When you make a mess, clean it up. 2 All chores（零星工作）that you do help to reduce the load of the person who did them before. Now that you’re old enough and capable, why 3 shouldn’t you contribute to the household? 2. Be responsible 4Whether they are basic things, like brushing your teeth or doing your homework , or more involved chores that contribute to the household, simply fulfill your responsibilities on time. When adults know that they can rely on you, their trust and respect for you will increase. 3. Solve more of your own problem without asking for help Instead of taking the easy approach and asking for help, make an effort to solve your problems on your own first. The “easy way ” is only easy for you, but it is an extra task for the person from whom you are seeking help. Seek help only after you have make an honest effort to solve your own problems. 5 When you become a good problem solver, you increase your value to the community. A. The people doing the chores before will greatly appreciate the help. B. It will make your life more pleasant. C. Everyone has certain responsibilities.
2.（2011·浙江宁波市）“绿色”浅层地温能 ①你听说过“浅层地温能”吗？它是蕴藏在地表以下一定深度（一般小于200米）范围内岩土体、地下水和地表水中，一般低于25℃的热能。浅层地温能的来源以太阳辐射为主，还有一小部分来自地心热量。 ②我们的地球可以称得上是一个巨大的热库，它的资源量非常丰富，其内部的总热能约为地球储存的全部煤炭所蕴含能量的1.7亿倍，具有经济价值的浅层地温能大约是现在全球能源消耗总量的45万倍。据专家测算，我国地处北纬30°～42°的许多城市，地下近百米深度内，土壤中每年可采集的浅层地温能能量是目前国内发电装机容量的3750倍，地下水中每年可采集的浅层地温能能量也有2亿千瓦。 ③浅层地温能是一种清洁无污染的能源。这种能源的开发利用只需消耗少量的电能，就可以提取大量的能量，也不向大气排放二氧化碳等气体，对外界环境影响极小。由于浅层地温能资源无处不在，人们可以就近利用，就地取（排）热，为建筑物供暖或制冷，而地下水的水质、水量不发生任何变化。与传统能源相比，可节省大量运输、传输和存放成本。 ④可见，浅层地温能具有众多的优点，开发利用浅层地温能已是社会发展的必然趋势。现在的问题是，我们该如何利用这种比人类体温还要低很多的能源呢？科技人员采用了“热泵”原理。“热泵”和“水泵”类似。大家熟悉“水泵”吧，它是一种利用管道将水从低位抽到高位的机械，只不过“热泵”传递的是热能。我们居住的室内环境和地层土壤中的温度一般情况下具有一定的温差。冬季时，我们利用热泵可以把地下的热能“抽”出来，供给室内采暖；夏季时，再把室内的热能“取”出来，排放到地下储存起来。这样，可以通过自然和人工等补给方式，保持地温能量的动态平衡，使浅层地温能得以长期循环利用。无论是冬季还是夏季，水都是传递热能的载体，被加热后以便用来储存热量。由于电流只是用来传热，而不是用来产生热，因此热泵只需消耗较少的能量便可以提供较多的能量，通常情况下热泵每消耗1000瓦的能量，就可以得到4000瓦以上的能量。 ⑤浅层地温能在过去一直被人们忽视，但随着地球能源的大量消耗，能源危机日渐凸现，浅层地温能的开发利用将会越来越受到国际社会的重视。（根据《百科知识》等有关资料综合编写而成） 11.从文章内容看，“浅层地温能”有哪几方面的优点？请简要列举。（3分） 12.下列说法中不符合文意的一项是（）（3分） A.浅层地温能的主要来源是太阳辐射。 B.地球内部的总热能约为地球储存的全部煤炭所蕴含能量的1.7亿倍。 C.我们居住的室内环境和地层土壤中的温度通常情况下具有一定的温差。 D.热泵每消耗1000瓦的能量，就可以得到4000瓦的能量。 13.文中第④段介绍“热泵”时为什么要从“水泵”说起？（2分）
阅读七选五——说明文(Ⅱ) A You're growing up.That means you're probably experiencing lots of changes，all at once.Your body is changing.It might even seem as if your entire self is changing.It can be confusing and even scary. 1 And it's good! Growing up means that you can do more，learn more，and start to make your mark on the world.In order for that to happen, your body produces chemicals called hormones that help both body and mind grow.Hormone levels change constantly，rising and falling. 2 But it's partly to blame for intense emotions，surprising reactions，and mood swings. Because of the way your brain develops，it is somewhat ruled by emotions now and through your teen years.As a result, growing up can seem like an emotional roller coaster！ 3 ●Take care of yourself.If you eat right，sleep enough，and get good exercise，your brain will be much more able to deal with the stress. ● 4 When you feel your moods swinging or you're upset，or confused，some quiet time will allow you to gather your thoughts and get calmer. ●Practice relaxing your body and deep breathing when you wake up and when you go to bed. 5 Plus，when stuff happens during the day，you'll be able to calm yourself quickly with a deep breath or two before you react.Your body is changing. A．Take a timeout. B．But the truth is，it happens to every teen. C．Work out regularly to keep physically fit. D．This changing is needed for your body's development. E．It will help you fall asleep—and start the morning right. F．Here are a few things you can do to make the ride smoother. G．Usually，these feelings settle down when you realize what is going on. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了青少年如何应对成长过程中的一些变化。 1．B[由空前的“confusing and even scary”和空后的“good”可知，空处在这里起承上启下的作用，所以选B项。] 2．D[由空前一句可知，荷尔蒙的水平一直在不断地改变，忽高忽低；D项中的“This changing”与空前的“change”相对应，所以选D项。] 3．F[空前的“an emotional roller coaster”与F项中的“make the ride smoother”相对应，且由下文列举的几个要点可知，F项符合文意。] 4．A[由本段中的“一些安静的时间将使你集中精神，安静下来”可知，A项正确。]
七年级说明文阅读专项训练题 一、说明方法 1．对下列各句使用的说明方法判断正确的一项是（） ①它像顶天立地的巨人一样矗立在广场南部，和天安门遥遥相对。 ②雌虫的触角末端却只有6条流苏，而且又窄又短 ③刚生下来的仔熊猫却小得出奇，仅相当于母体重量的千分之一。 A．打比方列数字作比较 B.拟人作比较列数字 C．列数字列数字作比较 D打比方列数字举例子 2．对下列句子使用的说明方法判断有误的一项是（） A．桥是什么？不过是一条板凳。（打比方） B．苏州园林与北京的园林不同，极少使用彩绘。（分类别） C．我们导弹家族中有许多成员，按射程可分为近程、中程、远程和洲际等。（分类别）D．针鼹的外形和刺猬差不多，长300—450毫米，宽不到70毫米。（列数字） 3．将下列句子所用的说明方法的序号填入括号。（3分） A、打比方 B、作比较 C、列数字 D、下定义 E、举例子 （1）、每年地球上空会出现31亿多次闪电，平均每秒钟100次。（） （2）、云就像天气的“招牌”：天上挂什么云，就将出现什么样的天气（）（3）、天空中的云大多很美丽，如卷云、卷积云、积云、高积云等等。（） 二、说明文语言 1、请从下列句中找出体现说明文语言准确性的词语。 （1）全桥只有一个大拱，长达37．4米，在当时可算是世界最长的石桥。（）（2）苏州园林据说有一百多处，我到过的不过十多处。（） （3）我国的建筑，从古代的宫殿到近代的一般住房，绝大部分是对称的。（）（4）层次就更多了，几乎可以说把整个园林翻了一番。（） （5）中国对于海啸灾害的文献记载始于公元前左右。（） （6）目前人类使用的能源主要是化石能源，如石油、煤、天然气，全世界能源的90%都来自于此，我国95%的能源也是化石燃料。（） 2、下列句子中加点词能否删去？为什么？ （1）今年天气闷热多雨，可能 ．．是造成四川猪链球菌病流行的原因之一。 （2）狗追捕猎物除了靠四条腿外，主要 ．．靠嗅觉和听觉。 （3）人机体的各个部位，几乎 ．．都是越用越健康。
原创英语专题卷 专题：七选五说明类专练 （90分钟 100分） 考点01：冠词 3颗星 考点03：介词和介词短语 2颗星 考点04: 名词 3颗星 考点06：形容词和副词 5颗星 考点08：非谓语动词 5颗星 考点09：动词的时态和语态 5颗星 考点10：定语从句 3颗星 考点12 并列连词 4颗星 考点13 状语从句 3颗星 考点24：七选五说明文专练 5颗星 第I卷（选择题）（每题2分，共40分） 一．七选五 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A 【来源】黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2017届高三下学期第一次模拟考试 考点24中难 You must have written your research paper, your personal essay, your book review-----whatever your school class requires. You think you have provided good information in the needed number of words.___16___ But is it really done? Many teachers and professional writers believe that writing is revision.___17___ Revision of writing is a necessary skill for students. The classroom is a good place to practice patience, concentration and listening. There are rewards with spending time with your thoughts and really taking time to compose your ideas in an orderly and reasonable way. You should put away your paper after you have written a first version, or draft. Wait several hours, maybe overnight, before working on it more.___18___ Not only are you refreshed, but you’re looking at things through different eyes. That’s what revision literally means—to see again through different eyes. Following a four-step process may help you with your paper. The first step in the process is invention. It includes forming many questions about your subject. It is called “question-storming”.___19___Then comes the revision period. Take your time to read what you’ve written, to think about it, and maybe to re-shape it based on
说明文阅读题及答案 （一）大脑 ①美国费城有一个小学五年级学生，聪明好学。一天，他看报上的天气预报，竟然连报上的一个字也不认识。后经医生诊断，这个孩子患了一种叫：失读症”的病。 ②我们知道，人的大脑皮层有一个语言中枢，是人类语言能力的生理基础，它的作用就是调控人类的语言行为。这个中枢一旦因脑外受损或因脑血管供血障碍，别人的语言行为便出现障碍，常见的有“失语症”。“失读症”是失语症中的一种。这个美国少年患上这种病是脑外伤造成的。 ③传统的看法是，人脑的语言中枢在大脑左半球，按这个观点推论，________ ____但事实却不全是这样。 ④科学家经调查发现，中国和日本患失读症的人要比欧美少得多，这是为什么?经过多次实验，发现了一个基本的，却是最简单的事实：中国和日本都使用汉字，欧美人使用的是拼音文字，他们记认字音和字义，使用的是大脑左半球，而且仅仅是左半球，但中国人、日本人使用汉字，对大脑的利用精细得多，左半球记认字音字义，右半球记认字形(连宇义)，而且左右两半球均衡协作。这就是中国、日本患失读症少的原因。 ⑤更有趣的是，美国科学家对中国儿童和美国儿童的阅读能力和某些智商做比较实验，发现中国儿童的智商要高得多。其中一个重要原因是中国儿童学的是汉语，因此他们的大脑左、右半球得到了更充分、更均衡的锻炼。 ⑥根据汉字与大脑两半球的这种关系，费城的心理学家做了这样一个试验：他们首先教这位美国少年学汉字、汉语，接着在一张纸上，上行写英语句子，下行写同样意思的汉语句子，要这位美国少年看着汉字读出英语句子来，结果，这位美国少年毫不费力的把英语句子念了出来。试验初步成功了。 ⑦不过，这个实验有一个问题，即汉语句子只起“唤醒”英语句子的作用，不等于把病治好了，根据以后的试验表明，这一问题是可以解决的，因为在不为“唤醒”的作用下，患者能慢慢恢复英语的阅读能力。 ⑧汉语、汉字的学习和使用，可以使人们更充分、更均衡地使用大脑两半球，其意义是非常深远的。已有人提出用学习汉语、汉字的方法提高西方儿童的智能，还有其他一些想法和研究，我们感兴趣地期待着这些研究成果。 1、从本文主要内容来看，最恰当的标题是( ) A．汉语学习十分重要B．外国人也应学汉语 C，汉语可以治病D．汉语与英语的区别 2．这篇文章的说明顺序和运用的说明方法是( ) A、时间顺序举例子分类别B．逻辑顺序举例子作比较 C．逻辑顺序举例子分类别D．空间顺序举例子作比较 3．为了使上下文连贯，填人第三段空格中最恰当的一句是( ) A．不管他是哪个国家、哪个地区的人，只要左半球的这个中枢受损，就会发生失语症或失读症。 B．只要左半球的这个中枢受损，就会发生失语症或失读症，不管他是哪个国家、哪个地区。C．不管他是谁，只要左半球的这个中枢受损，就会发生失语症或失读症。 D．只要左半球的这个中枢受损，就会发生失语症或失读症，不管他是谁。 4．第四段中两个加线的“这”字所指代的内容是否相同?正确的选项是( ) A．相同B．不同C。基本相同D．基本不同 5．结合前三段的内容，用概括的语言给“失语症”下定义。(不得超过24个字) _______________________________________________________________________
2020年高考英语专题训练 阅读理解阅读填空七选五说明文 (一) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What Is Particulate Matter? There are things floating around in the air. Most of them, you cannot even see. They are a kind of air pollution called particles or particulate matter. In fact, particulate matter may be the air pollutant that most commonly affects people’s health. Have a Look. Particles can come in almost any shape or size, and can be solid particles or liquid droplets. _____1_____ These groups differ in many ways. One of the differences is size, we call the bigger particles PM 10 and we call the smaller particles PM 2.5. BIG. The big particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (from about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). These particles are called PM 10 (we say “PM ten”, which stands for Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size). _____2_____ SMALL. The small particles are smaller than 2.5 micrometers (100 times thinner than a human hair). _____3_____ We say “PM two point five”, as in Particulate Matte r up to 2.5 micrometers in size. The smaller particles are lighter and they stay in the air longer and travel farther. PM 10 (big) particles can stay in the air for minutes or hours while PM 2.5 (small) particles can stay in the air for days or weeks. And travel? _____4_____ PM 2.5 particles go even farther; many hundreds of miles. Particulate Matter and Your Health. Both PM 10 (big) and PM 2.5 (small) particles can cause health problems, specifically respiratory (呼吸的) health. When you breathe, you take in the air along with any particles that are in the air, like heavy metals and cancer causing organic compounds. _____5_____ Exposure to particulate matter leads to increased use of medication and more visits to the doctor or emergency room. A. Both visible and invisible air pollutants have great effects on our environment, our health, and the quality of our lives.