Concerning the application and development of computer vision Abstract?Computer vision is a new rapidly developed subject since the 1960s medium-term. Computer vision is used for an analog of biological vision with computers and related equipments. Its main task is obtaining corresponding scene 3-d information by collecting the picture or video processed, just like humans and many other creature do every day. Because of computer vision has a great potential application value in industrial and agricultural production, geology, astronomy, meteorology, the medicine and the military and other fields,so it is becoming more and more attention in the world. This paper briefly introduced the study content of computer vision,its relationship with nearby subjects, the technical difficulties that computer vision research is facing and computer vision’s history, present situation and research trend.
Key words?computer vision pictures application
1 The introduction
Computer vision is both engineering field, but also the scientific fields of a challenging important research field. Computer vision is a comprehensive discipline, it has attracted from various disciplines researchers involved in research on it in. Including computer science and engineering, signal processing, physics, applied mathematics and statistics, neurophysiology and cognitive science, etc.
Computer vision to learn what the object of study, simply speaking, is the study of how to make the computer through the image sensor or other optical sensors to perceive, analysis and understanding of the surrounding environment.
Human perception external environment mainly through visual, auditory and tactile four sensory systems. Among them the visual system is the most complicated. Human receive from outside the largest amount of information in the visual signals.
Imitate human visual system, computer vision system information processing and analysis can be roughly divided into two stages: image processing phases and says the low level and visual processing in level; Image analysis, understand phases and says the visual processing high level processing stage.
In image processing stage, the computer on image information to make a series of processing, this basically is:
1, correct imaging system is introduced in the process of the photometric and geometry distortion, suppression and remove imaging process the introduction of noise - collectively referred to as the image restoration.
2, from the image information such as brightness distribution information extracted information, such as edge image depth information along the axial direction at the measure of 3d surface sloping direction information reflects objective scenery feature information.
3, according to the characteristic information extraction of different images reflect 3d object element, such as contour, lines, texture, edge, boundary, the object of each face such as isolated
from the image, and establish each element of the extension between modalities and geometry relationship - say on the base of yuan segmentation and relationship determination.
In the image analysis and understanding of the stage, computer storage in advance in the database according to advance knowledge model, identify each element or some basic element represented by a combination of the objective world of certain entities called model according to the image matching, and each element of the relationship between the pre-loading knowledge obtained under the guidance of the image represents the actual scene, it is concluded that the meaning of image interpretation or description.
Must emphasize, advance knowledge in the visual system plays an important role. In the knowledge base in the storage of a variety of actual may meet objects of knowledge model and actual scenery of the constraint relation between objects. The computer is the function of the image is analyzed according to each of the basic element and relationship, using advance knowledge as the guidance, through a match, search and reasoning methods, finally obtained on image description. In the whole process of advance knowledge moment provide processing model and evidence. Every step with the result of the comparison with any advance knowledge. Sometimes, processing of intermediate results and final results will send to advance knowledge base as knowledge updating and accumulation.
2 Image segmentation research
Image segmentation image processing and machine vision is one of the basic questions. The key points are divided into the image: each overlapping area collection. These areas or on the current task meaningful, or help explain them with the actual object or objects certain parts of the corresponding relationship between. Image segmentation used widely, almost appear in all areas of the relevant image processing and involves various types of image. For example, in remote sensing should, synthetic aperture radar image segmentation target, Remote sensing image different westerly and background distribution of segmentation, In the traffic image analysis, vehicle target segmented from the background. In these applications, segmentation is usually in order to further the image analysis, identification, compression coding, segmentation accuracy directly influence the effectiveness of subsequent tasks.
Generally speaking, the segmented area must also meet uniformity and connectivity conditions. One uniformity refers to in this area is satisfied all the pixel based on gray, texture and color characteristics of the certain similarity criteria, Connectivity is to point to in the area exists arbitrary points of the path. Although image processing and machine vision bounded researchers paid a long-term efforts, comply with the above two points of generality segmentation are faced with great difficulty, Most research achievements are aimed at a certain type image, an application segmentation. Can be summarized as the following content.
2.1 Data driven segmentation
Common data driven segmentation including based on edge detection based on regional segmentation, the segmentation, edge and regional segmentation of combining etc. For based on edge detection division, the basic idea is the first detection images edge points, then press certain strategy connected into profile to constitute a segmented regions. The difficulty when anti-noise edge detection performance and testing precision of contradiction, if increase detecting precision, then noise generation untrue edge can cause unreasonable contour, If improve the noise
performance, then can produce the contour undetection and position deviation. Therefore, the people of various proposed multi-scale edge detection method based on the actual problem design multi-scale edge information combination scheme, in order to better robustness anti-noise performance and precision.
Based on the basic idea of regional segmentation is based on the data of image features will image space differentiate into different areas. Common features include: directly from the original image grayscale or color characteristic; By the original grayscale or color value transform from the feature. Methods have threshold value method, regional growth method, clustering method, relaxation method, etc.
Edge detection can get grayscale or color value local variations of strength, and regional segmentation can detect the characteristic similarity and uniformity. Will combine, through the edge points restriction, avoid area of over-segmentation; At the same time through regional segmentation supplement undetection edges, the contour more complete. For example, first on edge detection and connection, then compare adjacent area characteristic (average gray, variance), if similar is merged, The original image edge detection and regional respectively obtain edge chart and growth, regional clips map, then press some criteria for the ultimate fusion, segmentation results.
2.2 Model-driven segmentation
Common model-driven segmentation based on dynamic contour (including Snakes) model, combinatorial optimization model, target geometry and statistical model. Snakes model is used to describe the dynamic segmentation target outline. Because of its energy function using integral operation, and has good anti-noise sex, the goal of local fuzzy nor sensitive, thus applicability is very wide. But this kind of segmentation method easy to converge to a local optimal, so he asked initial contour should as far as possible close to real contours.
In recent years the general segmentation method research tend to will be split as a combinatorial optimization problem, and adopted a series of optimization strategy complete image segmentation task. Main thought is defined in segmentation constraint conditions of besides, according to the specific task to define an optimal objective function, but integral solution is the objective function in the constraint conditions of the global optimal solution. In view of combinatorial optimization problems, mainly dealing with segmentation is to use a target function overall said segmentation requirements and constraint, will be split into the objective function of the optimal solution. Because of the objective function is usually a multivariate function, can use stochastic optimization method.
Based on goal geometry and statistical model of segmentation is to target partition and recognition method of integrated together, often referred to as target detection or extraction. Basic idea is relevant target geometry and statistics knowledge representation of a model, will be split and recognition into matching or supervised classification. Common model have template, characteristic vector model, connection-oriented model and so on. The segmentation method can finish at the same time some or all recognition task, with high efficiency. However, due to imaging condition change, the actual image of target often with model has a certain difference, need to face by mistake examining and undetection contradiction, matching the search steps also very time consuming.
2.3 Image segmentation method of semi-automatic
From manual participation perspective, image segmentation can be divided artificially,
automatic, semiautomatic three types. Artificially among them entirely by using mouse segmentation operator sketch segmented regions in contour, time-consuming, and easily influenced by the operator influence of subjective factors, repeatability poor. Automatic segmentation need not human-computer interaction, but unadaptable, it is difficult to realize to the batch of images and obtained satisfactory segmentation result. Semiautomatic segmentation will human-computer interaction and automatic segmentation unifies, can adapt to different image and demand and effectively reduce the computational complexity. Currently semiautomatic segmentation man-machine interaction of ways: sketching targets of the rough outline, constitute an automatic segmentation initialization, According to specific image and task adjustment algorithm parameters; In division process join man-computer interactive festival, etc. Anyhow, from practical point of view, automatic segmentation is still a long-term direction. At present, more realistic in automatic segmentation is before or segmentation process to join the semiautomatic segmentation human-machine interaction. The developing direction for as little as possible and handy human-computer interaction. Visible, image processing and image segmentation is an important link in machine vision, but also the theory development bottleneck of image. Along with the computer speed and capacity of the rapid progress, image processing and machine vision practional utilization system rewarding. For example, content-based image retrieval system, intelligent surveillance system, visual guide of intelligent transportation system, the handwritten characters/face/fingerprint/iris identification system, etc. However the theoretical study and no breakthrough.
3 Vision technology research
Human many are based on extensions for the purpose of human capabilities, early work is outspread, computer in physical strength has expanded to the invention of human brain and cognitive ability of extension. For human visual perception of computer simulation resulted in computer vision production. Computer vision also has often been called image understanding, it is to point to studies required to complete a task of visual information and how to obtain that information from the image of the research field. Its basic purpose has 3:
(1) according to a picture or rebalanced two-dimensional projection images calculate the distance of the object to the target watchpoints,
(2) according to a picture or rebalanced two-dimensional projection images calculate watchpoints to the target object motion parameters,
(3) according to a picture or rebalanced two-dimensional projection images calculate watchpoints to the target surface physics. To achieve the ultimate aim is to realize 3d scene for world understanding, namely the realization of human's visual system of certain features. That is, using two-dimensional projection images to reconstruct 3d object visible part.
3.1 Computer vision research objects and methods
3.1.1 At model aimed mainly world the visual basic research methods
This phase in the pioneering work of Roberts marked. Roberts work in introduced into the three-dimensional objects and 2d imaging relationship, using a simple edge character extraction method is introduced. The method of the combination of interval-number These early work of visual develop the promoting function, but for a little bit more complicated and difficult to work scenery.
For he of 3d analysis of the relationship between merely by simple edge line the constraint
relation, and no full consideration humans or other animals perceptron 3d spatial relationship of visual system of ways.
3.1.2 In computational theory as the core of visual model research
In the 1970s, the start of computer vision research into more rational stage, mainly focus on various eigen characteristics of recovery, including the three-dimensional shape, sports, light source recovery. Main jumping-off place from physiology, optical and projective geometry method based on studying imaging and its inverse problem. During this period, with Marr as a representative of some researchers put forward by the said as the core, take the algorithm for middle conversion process of general visual processing model. In its theory emphasizes the importance of said and from different levels up research information processing problem, when calculating the theory and implementation of algorithm and special emphasis on the importance of theoretical calculation. In 3d information perception, according to human perception of the depth of different ShapefromX put forward a series of methods.
3.2 Computer vision applications
The application of computer vision of photographs, main areas including video data such as aerial photographs, video clips and so on satellite images, the interpretation, precision, mobile robot navigation, medical auxiliary diagnosis, industrial robots develops eye-hand system, map, objects, the three-dimensional shape analysis and identification and intelligent human-machine interface, etc.
Early on digital image processing for one purpose is to get through adopting digital technology improve the quality of the images, supplementary aerial photographs and satellite photos read differentiation and classification. Due to the need for reading photo number, and hope to have automatic visual system centrifuged explanation, under this background, produced many aerial photographs and satellite photos interpretation system and method. Automatic centrifuged further application is directly determine the nature of your goals, real-time automatic classification, and combining with the guidance system. Now commonly used guidance way including laser guidance, TV guidance and the image guided missile systems, will often inertial guidance and image guidance combination using image accurately terminal guidance.
Of the industrial robot hand-eye system is used the most successful computer vision, one of the areas of the industrial field, because many factors, such as illumination condition, imaging direction are controllable, thus making the problem greatly simplified and conducive to constitute the actual system. With the industrial robot is different, for mobile robot is concerned, because it has the capacity to act, so we must resolve behavior planning problems, namely, to the environment of understanding. Along with the development of mobile robots, more and more requirements that provides a visual ability, including the path tracking, withdrawal barrier, specific target recognition, etc. The current mobile robot vision system study is still at the experimental stage, mostly by remote control and farsightedness method.
In medical image processing technique used in generally include compressed, storage and transmission and automatic/auxiliary classification centrifuged, also can be used for the doctor's auxiliary training means. With the computer vision related work including classification, interpretation and rapid three-dimensional structure reconstruction, etc. Long-term since, map is a cost manpower and material resources and time work. Previous practice is artificially measurement, now more is to use the aerial plus stereo vision to recover the three-dimensional shape method map, which greatly improves the efficiency of the map. Meanwhile, gm object the
three-dimensional shape analysis and identification of computer vision is always an important research target, and the scenery of the feature extraction, expression, knowledge of storage and retrieval and matching recognition etc have made certain progress, constitute a few for 3d scene analysis system.
In recent years, based on biological features (biometrics identification technology) received extensive attention, mainly concentrated on face, iris, fingerprints, sounds, etc, features, which mostly concerned with visual information. Biometrics closely related with another important applications are used to constitute intelligent human-machine interface. Now computer with the human communication or mechanical, computer cannot identify the user's true identity, in addition to a keyboard, mouse outside, other input means still not mature. Use of computer vision technology allows computers detected user presence and identify the user's identity, and to identify users body potential (such as nods, shake head). In addition, the man-machine interactive way also can be extended to all needs human-computer interaction of occasions, such as the entrance safety control, transit personnel's customs.
4 Computer vision research cognition
Computer vision research experience nearly 40 years process, are still faced with many problems. Mainly because this direction is multidisciplinary crossing and combination, and vision is a involving physical, psychological complex process, not only with eyes about, still and brain's reasoning, learning. Research of computer vision purpose is to realize to human visual simulation and extension. For humans, visual is an easy and the function of the machine is different. Visual process is difficult to use similar to problem solving methods symbolized. Along with the computer science field to the quantitative research attention, the situation will improve. In computer vision research process, should consider function simulation and cognitive simulation combined. Extended human other ability in the process, plays a main role function simulation, but visual is related to the psychological and physiological two-fold process, and therefore must be in function simulation while attention cognitive simulation.
Computational theory and the progress of perception means of improved helps to computer vision research. In computer vision theoretical calculation occupies very important position, theoretical calculation progress, the proposed new calculation model can solve past, some difficult problems, On the other hand, the progress of perception method also can have the same effect. The active vision can from another side to deal with the visual problems. To achieve complete visual system, visual knowledge acquisition, management and utilization is indispensable. A relatively complete visual system is also a system of knowledge management in visual process to an image understanding about the task requires a lot of domain knowledge, this knowledge is different from the knowledge can clear problem solving the dominant said, but also human to obtain information obtained through visual 80% is, consequently these knowledge involve wide unpredictable, so the visual system of knowledge management is an important question.
From the previous studies look, the past decades, although putting forward, resolve some problems, but as a result of the vision problems particularity and complexity, still have a lot of problems need to be studied. The key research including the new method, the new method of exploration. Of course, in the original problem to adopt new description method and solving method is also a possible breakthrough. In the visual field in most of the problem is not the problem itself is correct or not, but whether it would be proper and solving describe whether
effective question, thus described way and solving method of exploration is very important. Anyhow, as to the quantitative study of attention, new description methods, solving methods, and cognitive means of improved, computer vision research will usher in a more prosperous era.
Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514061188.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514061188.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
中小企业发展战略目标与发展方向选择
摘要：针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状，指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时，从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发，提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时，鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战，提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。关键词：中小企业；中小企业发展战略；中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明：中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求，呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中，中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位，发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家，中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户，劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的，中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o％；中小企业提供了大约75％的城镇就业机会，我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50％左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中，工业新增产值的76．7％是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到，我国中小企业由
于受到多种因素的影响，其发展面临着空前的困难，其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要，充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用，有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位，这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标，起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用，又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展，是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言．既要与我国国情相符台，又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一；就其动态来看，还要与加入WTO后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标：运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。 (一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程，必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业，由于它们是一个弱势群体，更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此，运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。 1．政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后，很难与大企业相互抗衡，也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
外文翻译原文及译文
JSP application frameworks What are application frameworks: A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products. A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics: 1.They are known to work well in other applications. 2. They are ready to use with the next project. 3. They can also be used by other teams in the organization. Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? If you buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects. Other types of frameworks: The idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application componentsas well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide
《经济博弈论》期末考试复习资料 第一章导论 1.博弈的概念： 博弈即一些个人、队组或其他组织，面对一定的环境条件，在一定的规则下，同时或先后，一次或多次，从各自允许选择的行为或策略中进行选择并加以实施，并从中各自取得相应结果的过程。它包括四个要素：参与者，策略，次序和得益。 2.一个博弈的构成要素： 博弈模型有下列要素：(1)博弈方。即博弈中决策并承但结果的参与者．包括个人或组织等：(2)策略。即博弈方决策、选择的内容，包括行为取舍、经济活动水平或多种行为的特定组合等。各博弈方的策略选择范围称策略空间。每个博弈方各选一个策略构成一个策略组合。(3)进行博弈的次序：次序不同一般就是不同的博弈，即使博弈的其他方面都相同。(4)得益。各策略组合对应的各博弈方获得的数值结果，可以是经济利益，也可以是非经济利益折算的效用等。 3.合作博弈和非合作博弈的区别： 合作博弈：允许存在有约束力协议的博弈；非合作博弈：不允许存在有约束力协议的博弈。主要区别:人们的行为互相作用时，当事人能否达成一个具有约束力的协议。 假设博弈方是两个寡头企业，如果他们之间达成一个协议，联合最大化垄断利润，并且各自按这个协议生产，就是合作博弈。 如果达不成协议，或不遵守协议，每个企业都只选择自己的最优产品（价格），则是非合作博弈。 合作博弈：团体理性（效率高，公正，公平） 非合作博弈：个人理性，个人最优决策（可能有效率，可能无效率） 4.完全理性和有限理性: 完全理性：有完美的分析判断能力和不会犯选择行为的错误。 有限理性：博弈方的判断选择能力有缺陷。 区分两者的重要性在于如果决策者是有限理性的，那么他们的策略行为和博弈结果通常与在博弈方有完全理想假设的基础上的预测有很大差距，以完全理性为基础的博弈分析可能会失效。所以不能简单地假设各博弈方都完全理性。 5.个体理性和集体理性： 个体理性：以个体利益最大为目标；集体理性：追求集体利益最大化。 第一章课后题：2、4、5 2.设定一个博弈模型必须确定哪几个方面? 设定一个博弈必须确定的方面包括:(1)博弈方，即博弈中进行决策并承担结果的参与者;(2)策略(空间)，即博弈方选择的内容，可以是方向、取舍选择，也可以是连续的数量水平等;(3)得益或得益函数，即博弈方行为、策略选择的相应后果、结果，必须是数量或者能够折算成数量;(4)博弈次序，即博弈方行为、选择的先后次序或者重复次数等;(5)信息结构，即博弈方相互对其他博弈方行为或最终利益
XX省经济的发展格局一直是以中小企业为主, 加快中小企业发展, 推动中小企业开拓国际市场, 在XX经济中具有极其重要的意义。当前, 社会已为中小企业提供了较好的发展环境, 但还需要政府继续给予有力扶持, 特别是在融资、人才等方面帮助解决实际困难, 消除发展障碍, 培育竞争力。企业自身要充分把握发展机遇, 确定企业发展战略, 推动企业发展驶上快车道, 为向大企业发展积蓄力量。同时, 中小企业还必须十分重视发展策略问题。 一、权变制胜出奇以绝- 善于运用奇正策略 孙子曰:“凡战者, 以正合, 以奇胜。”转换到商战中, 正者, 也就是常规产品、传统款式、已有市场以及通行的营销方式等；奇者, 就是不断推出新产品、翻换新款式、开拓新市场、变换营销方式等。中小企业固然要让有市场的常规产品形成规模，筑牢原有的营销网络, 唱好自己的拿手戏。 但是, 市场风云变幻, 况且同一领域的中小企业所生产的产品档次往往差异性不大, 又在同一市场内抢吃同一个蛋糕。如果只知道守住“正”地, 固步自封不创新,“正”地是不可能固若金汤的, 不是坐以待毙, 就是被拖垮。
因此, 必须善于运用奇正策略, 学会度势控变, 做到以不变应万变, 以权变来制胜。要设立研发机构, 加强技术创新体系建设, 获得产品技术上的提高, 不断推出市场需求、款式新颖的新产品, 采取别出心裁、出人意外的新举措, 开拓新兴的、有潜力的新市场。 当然,“正”与“奇”是相对的、辩证的关系, 一件产品最先研发出来时为“奇”, 待其他企业相继模仿后则变为“正”, 就需要用更新的产品来开拓市场, 使“正”又转化为“奇”。 中小企业只有充分运用好奇正策略,“奇正相生”, 不断创新, 才能有生命力, 才能发展壮大。 二、扬长避短乘势而行- 善于运用聚焦策略 每个企业只能在一定的领域、一定的行业形成优势, 不可能在多个方向、多个方面都有竞争力。而且, 中小企业往往难以形成规模性生产和销售, 难有较强的研究开发能力, 质量、技术、信誉以及市场营销一般都不及大型企业, 形不成成本领先战略、产品差别战略所要求的经营优势。所以, 明智的中小企业就要善于“并兵相敌”, 坚持“有所不为而后 有为”的原则, 运用市场聚焦策略, 扬长避短, 把有限的 资源、资金、力量集中到能够形成自身优势的领域和目标上来, 或者谋求成本领先地位, 或者争取产品差别优势, 如有可能两者兼而有之。在形成相对竞争优势后, 要乘势而
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of
中小企业发展战略目标的选择 摘要：针对中小企业在各国经济发展中的作用和我国中小企业的现状，指出对我国中小企业发展战略和发展方向进行研究的必要性。在研究战略目标定位时，从中小企业的发展环境、运行结果、噩社会效益三个方面出发，提出了在这三个方面所要达到的战略目标以噩要实现访目标所要迭到的十太要求。在确定中小企业发展方向时，鲒告中国国情、中小企业的特点噩加八WTO给我国带来的机遇和挑战，提出了要坚持发展特色型中小企业、配套型中小企业噩科技型中小盘业等7个发展方向。 关键词：中小企业；中小企业发展战略；中小企业发展方向世界经济发展实践表明：中小企业以其经营方式灵活、组织成本低廉、转移进退便捷等优势更能适应当今瞬息万变的市场和消费者追求个性化、潮流化的要求，呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势。在包括发达国家在内的世界各国的经济发展中，中小企业都有着举足轻重的地位，发挥着不可替代的作用?。特别是在我国这样一个人口众多、地域辽阔、各地经济发展水平差别很大的国家，中小企业的发展更具有重要的意义。目前我国中小企业约1ooo万户，劳动密集型出口产品和一些高新技术出口产品大多是中小企业生产的，中小企业产品出口额占全国出口总额的6o％；中小企业提供了大约75％的城镇就业机会，我国从农村转移出来的劳动力绝大部分被中小企业所吸纳中小企业每年为国家缴纳的工商税收占总额的50％左右。在2o世纪90年代以来的经济快速增长中，工业新增产值的76．7％是由中小企业创造的。但是应该看到，我国中小企业由于受到多种因素的影响，其发展面临着空前的困难，其思想观念、技术装备、经营管理组织结构等方面都存在着严重的问题。为了使我国中小企业能够适应经济发展和市场竞争的需要，充分发挥其在国民经济中的重要作用，有必要首先明确中小企业发展的战略目标和战略方向。一、战略目标中小企业发展的战略目标就是对中小企业的战略定位，这种定位既要成为我国中小企业的追求目标，起到引导我国中小企业发展的作用，又要使其在运行过程中通过努力实现并能推动中小企业的逐步发展，是运行过程中的动态目标。就其目标而言．既要与我国国情相符台，又要与中小企业发展的现状相统一；就其动态来看，还要与加入WTO 后的世界经济形势相统一。通过研究我们认为中小企业的发展主要应实现以下三个方面的战略目标：运动状态支持目标、中小企业运行结果目标、社会效益目标。(一)运动状态支持目标这主要是从外部环境来讨论中小企业发展的战略目标。企业的发展是一个动态过程，必须在一个有利于其发展的大环境系统中才能成长壮大。特别是中小企业，由于它们是一个弱势群体，更需要系统环境目标的实现才能达到自身运行的结果目标和社会效益目标。因此，运行状态支持目标就自然构成战略目标中最重要的目标之一。而具体要达到以下几个目标。1．政府扶持到位政府的政策扶持是一个关系到中小企业发展方向和系统目标能否实现的首要问题。由于中小企业资金缺乏、人才短缺、技术落后，很难与大企业相互抗衡，也由于自身条件的限制无法获得发展所必要的资金、人才和技术，这就要求政府对其进行必要的扶持，创造良好的外部环境。政府扶持政策到位目标体现在政府观念的到位、政府身份的到位、政府扶持政策的到位。(1)政府观念的到位是指政府应改变自己的观念，认识到大中小企业都是社会主义市场经济中平等的一员，都能为国家的经济发展和社会稳定做出各自的贡献．并且大中小企业是一个不可分割的整体，这种规模结构的形成过程是既定约束条件下资源的配置过程，它们相互依存、互相协作、互为补充、共同发展，都应给予同等的政治地位和经济地位，而不能只重视大企业，忽视甚至歧视中小企业。(2)政府身份的到位是指政府在促进中小企业发展的过程中以恰当的角色出现在中小企业面前，不能超越其职权干预中小企业的生产经营。政府的行为应该是：代表和维护中小企业的利益；负责对中小企业的宏观指导、发展规划和发展产业指导；负责贯彻落实及督促和检查中央有关中小企业发展的文件的执行；推动服务体系建设，为中小企业创造良好的生存空间和发展环境等。(3)政府扶持政策的到位是指政府制订的政策有利于中小企业的发展，政府运用政策的行为是间接管理而不是
计算机专业外文文献及翻译 微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的软软软境～可以用软建来平台下的 Visual Studio Visual StudioWindows 软用程序和软软用程序～也可以用软建软服软、智能软软软用程序和网来网 插件。WindowsOffice Visual 是一自微软的个来集成软软软境;,～可以用软软由它来微StudioIDEinteqrated development environment软软窗～软手机窗～、框架、精软架框和微软的支持的控制台和软Windows https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514061188.html,Silverlight 形用软界面的软用程序以及窗体软用程序～站网～软用程序和软服软网中的本地代软软同托管WindowsWeb 代软。 包含一由个智能感知和代软重构支持的代软软软器。集成的软软工作作软一源代软软软既个Visual Studio 软器又可以作软一台机器软软软器。其他置工具包括一软软内个窗体的软用程序～软软软软～软软软软～网数据软架GUI 构软软软。有乎各软面的件增强功能～包括增加软支持它几个插源代软控制系软;如和SubversionVisual ,添加新的工具集软软和可软化软软器～如并特定于域的软言或用于其他方面的软件软软生命周期SourceSafe 的工具;例如的客软端,软软软源管理器,。Team Foundation Server
支持不同的软程软言的服软方式的软言～允软代软软软器和软软器;在不同程 度上,支持它Visual Studio 几乎所有的软程软言～提供了一软言特定服软的存在。置的软言中包括个内中;通软C/C + +Visual C+,;通软,～,中;通软,,和,;作软+,https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514061188.html,Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514061188.html,CVisual CFVisual Studio ,～软支持其他软言～如和等～可通软安软的软言服软。软也支持装独它的2010M,Python,Ruby 和软特定用软提供服软的也是存在的,微 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScriptCSS.Visual Studio软～,、,和。Visual BasicVisual JVisual CVisual C++ 微软提供了“直通软”的软件的和,和～Visual Studio 2010Visual BasicVisual CVisual C + +和版本～不需任何软用。、年和软软版～以及Visual Web DeveloperVisual Studio 201020082005 的特定软言版本;、、,、,,～通软微软的下软Visual Studio 2005Visual BasicC++CJ 软～软生免软。划学DreamSpark 2架构 不支持任何软程软言～解方案或工具本软。相反～允软入各软功能。特定的功决它插Visual Studio 能是作软一个软软包的代软。安软～软功能可以服软器得到。装个从提供三软服软,～VSIDESVsSolution它决提供了能软列软的软目和解方案～提供了口和用软界面功能;包括软软～工具软和工它窗; SVsUIShell 具口,和窗～软理它软软包的注。此外～册软可以软软软软和服软之软软软通信。所有的软软器～SVsShellVSIDE
外文资料 Object landscapes and lifetimes Technically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, inheritance, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as important. The remainder of this section will cover these issues. One of the most important factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object controlled? There are different philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that control of efficiency is the most important issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocation and release, and control of these can be very valuable in some situations. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact quantity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided design, warehouse management, or air-traffic control, this is too restrictive. The second approach is to create objects dynamically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know until run-time how many objects you need, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is running. If you need a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you need it. Because the storage is managed dynamically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is significantly longer than the time to create storage on the stack. (Creating storage on the stack is often a single assembly instruction to move the stack pointer down, and another to move it back up.) The dynamic approach makes the generally logical assumption that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releasing that storage will not have an important impact on the creation of an object. In addition, the greater flexibility is essential to solve the general