1.Introduction
The development of new science and technology, especially the innovation of mass communication media, brings people of all nations closer. The appearance of the Internet and the extensive use of email shorten the distance between people. As M. McLuhan says, the whole earth is like a global village[1]. People begin to realize more their needs to communicate with each other. But the shortening of space cannot automatically reduce cultural and psychological distances. Differences in cultural orientation, social standard, and ways of thinking will undoubtedly cause misunderstanding and cultural shocks. It is inevitable that people of different ethnic group have to re-understand themselves. They have to re-examine their own cultures by comparison with other cultures in order to be more adaptable in their intercultural communication. Even though, some cultural factors, which rooted in the different countries and societies, affect the translating deeply. It makes that the source message unable to be translated into the target message completely. But if we find out some useful methods, we would like to transfer the untranslatability into translatability possibly.
2.Definition and Premise of the Cult ure’s Translatability
The premise of the untranslatability
If we want to talk about the translatability, we should know the reasons that make troubles to translators. On the other hand, I want to talk about the untraslatability first. The premise of the untranslatability lies in the culture region and it is just a relative concept. As we know, culture is a product of human and it is developing with the development of human being. However, human being originated in different places and didn?t know there were other peoples living in other places. So human being living in different places creates their culture in different ways. Different languages will carry out the core soul of the culture, which belonged to different palaces. On the other hand, language is the carrier of culture [2].
The culture region is mainly expressed in the languages, which reflected the
difference of culture. There are many factors decide the languages? difference.
2.1.1. Influence of Environment and Weather upon Language
The language is rooted in the natural and social environments deeply. Natural environments play a very important role in the formation of regional cultures or national cultures. It was obviously expressed in the ancient times when economies were not developed. The relationship of culture then reflects that natural envi ronments determine people?s ways of living, means of production and behavioral patterns or norms [3].
As is known, Britain is a country built up by many islands. Fish culture and seafaring are the mainstay industry in their traditional economy. However, Chinese are living in the main continent for thousands of years, and people cannot live without the soil. Due to the differences of the regional culture, there are many phrases about the sea and aquatics product in English. It is hard to find the exact equivalents in Chinese to those phrases, such as:
Rest on one?s oars（暂时歇一歇）
Keep one?s head above water（奋力图存）
All at sea（不知所措）
Have other fish to fly（另有其他要紧事要做）
Drink like a fish（牛饮，狂喝）
All is fish that comes to one?s net（捕到网里都是鱼）
Never offer to teach fish to swim.（千万不要班门弄斧）
Climate not only gives effect to the people?s living environment, but also to the way of human?s thinking and language. China lies in the East Hemisphere?s semitropical region. The main Climate is the continental Climate. So Chinese tend to take east wind, as it is the symbol of the spring. It will bring the hope and new life to the earth. However, the west wind is the symbol of winter and also brings the dreariness to the earth. So it is always used as the forces of coming down. If westerners do not understand the special meaning of the east and west wind, it is hard for them to understand Chairman Mao?s line “东风压倒西风”. However, Britain, which lies in the West Hemisphere and the North Temperate Zone, belonging to the oceanic Climate. So the west wind is the symbol of the spring. In
spring, the west wind brings much water to the soil. The West Wind Eulogy, which is written by the famous poet Byron, is just a sing to praise the spring. The similar example also exists in China?s summer culture. In China, the summer is always related to the torridity. “赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”are often used by describing the summer?s hot days. But the Britain?s summer is a cool and comfortable season. It brings the people?s imagination of loveliness, goodliness and blandness. So Shakespeare compared his lover to the summer:
“Shall I compare thee to a summer?s day?
Thou art lovelier and more te mperate.”
2.1.2 L ifestyle’s Difference
Different lifestyle was formed in different living environment, and the difference that exists in the lifestyle is represented in languages. For example, the different food of Eastern and Western brings great differences to the language. Britain lies in the North Temperate Zone, and their people?s main food is milk and bread, which often reflected in the various idiom and imagery. Such as: Half a loaf is better than none.（聊胜于无）
Earn one?s bread.（赚钱糊口）
Know which s ide one?s bread is buttered on.（明白自己的利益所在）
Take the bread out of somebody?s mo uth.（抢别人的饭碗）
Don?t quarrel with your bread and butter.（你可不要砸自己的饭碗）
Cry over spilt milk.（做无益的后悔）
Butter to butter is no relish.（千篇一律的东西令人生厌）
Fair words butter no problem.（花言巧语是不中用的）
However, the rice cultivation takes the dominion station in China. The traditional food is rice but bread. No matter what they eat for dinner everyday, Chinese named the action “dinning”. However, different names have been defined to the dinning based on the different times in Britain. In China, the words that extended from food are plenty. For instance,饭碗is equal to the job; 夹生饭is equal to the half-cooked rice; 鱼米之乡stands for the rich places; 生米做成熟饭is compared to the things which have been done; 巧妇难为无米之炊is similar to the problem which a capable person cannot deal with without the essential
ingredients, etc.
2.1.
3. Set Phrases Originated from Mythology, Legendary, Fables and Allusions
Such phrases could reflect the features of the traditional culture. Aesop's Fables, Greece mythology and Homer's epic poetry left a large number of idioms, such as: a Herculean task(艰巨的任务), Achilles? heel(致命的弱点), Samson?s hair(致命点), a sward of Damocles(达莫克勒斯之剑), the Gordian (…s) knot(难解之结), between Scylla and Charybdis(腹背受敌), sour grapes(酸葡萄), cry wolf(狼来了), Pandora?s box(潘多拉的盒子；灾难之源), the cat?s paw(猫爪子；被别人利用作为工具的人), etc.
The Greek culture affected the English culture very greatly, such as “Golden apple”（红颜祸水）. In the Trojan War, Greece holding spies in the Trojan horse （木马计）, caused the destruction of the Trojan. So it creates the Greece?s gift (能害人的礼品). The Trojan?s lesson is painful and the Greece?s gift is harmful. The western often say: “It?s Greece to me!”（我真是一窍不通）when they met something difficult to understand. I t may be also substituted by “It is all Chinese to me!” The Chinese words may be too difficult to be understood by the westerners in some way. However, the Chinese idiom is rich and colorful. Such as “牛郎织女”、“楚河汉界”、“守株待兔”、“请君入瓮”、“画龙点睛”、“愚公移山”、“杞人忧天”、“黄粱美梦”、“南柯一梦”、“叶公好龙”、“嫦娥奔月”，etc.
2.1.4. Man and God
The western people believe in God and the creation of the world. The Holy Bible has great effect to the whole western culture. So it is easy to understand why there are too many idioms originated from the Bible and the Christianity. Such as : to bow down in the house of Rimmon（向异教徒屈膝投降）, a covenant of salt （不可背弃的盟约）, grid up one? s lions（准备行动）, Judas? kiss（死亡之吻）, the last supper（最后的晚餐）, the forbidden fruit（禁果）, no coming to heaven with dry eyes（眼无泪水，难进天国）, the way to heaven is by the weeping cross （忏悔受难，得升天堂）, as poor as a church mouse(家徒四壁),bear one?s
cross(背负十字架). But Chinese have their ancient mythologies, such as: “夸父追日”、“洪水灭世”、“女娲补天”、“精卫填海”、“神农尝百草”、“大禹治水”。The Buddhism and the Taoism is also important consistent in the Chinese culture. Just like the Christianity, the stories bring uncountable idioms to Chinese, such as: “苦海无边，回头是岸”、“佛法无边”，“不看僧面，看佛面”、“阎王要你三更死，哪得留你到五更”、“八仙过海，各显神通”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”、“灵丹妙药”，“点石成金”、“狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”,etc.
2.1.5. History
China has been a vast agricultural country for thousands of years. A.D. Lindsay, Master of Balliol at Oxford in the late forties, discussed in his lectures on democracy the difficulties of large size. As a matter of fact, it requires a Herculean effort just to hold such a country together. Disunity or fragmentation usually led to long years of war and destruction, bringing untold suffering to the people. So, the phrases that originated from the war have been used in every aspect of life. Such as: “知己知彼，百战不殆”、“围魏救赵”、“暗渡陈仓”、“进退维谷”、“背水一战”、“投笔从戎”、“投鞭断流”、“步步为营”、“坚壁清野”、“运筹帷幄”、“破釜沉舟”、“临阵磨枪”，etc. The idiom “to meet one? s Waterloo” is originated from the Waterloo war of Napoleon, which has the similar meaning of “一败涂地”. In the Britain?s history, war also constantly happened. So the quality of idioms related to the war also big. Such as: mark time(踌躇不决), mask one?s batteries(掩盖敌意), stick to one?s guns(坚持立场), and have been in wars （在生活中吃过苦头）and the story of horse for a kingdom(一匹马换一个国王).
The popes and kings rule the Britain for a long time; the phrases that reflect the anger and hatred are plenty. Such as:
The king and the pope, the lion and the wolf (国王教皇，狮子豺狼).
Kings go mad, and the people suffer form it（军王发疯，百姓遭殃）.
Kings have a long hand.（勿与帝王争）
More royalist than the king.（比极端分子更极端）
Pope? s nose（煮熟的鸡屁股）.
The pleasures of the mighty are the tears of the poor.（富豪纵欲，穷人流泪）The king sends his carriage.（囚车来了）
And the proverb “kings and bears often worry their keepers” is similar to the “伴君如伴虎”. The Chinese have been tyrannized by the landlord for thousands of years, and exploited by the malfeasant and dealers. So lots of phrases were produced to reflect the society, such as:“苛政猛于虎”、“富家一席酒，穷人半年粮”、“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”、“黑漆衙门朝南开，有理无钱莫进来”、“为富不仁”、“无官不贪”、“只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯”、“官官相护”。
Almost invariably, great emperors in Chinese history were those who maintained or restored-the unity of the country and strengthened central authority at the expense of regional separatism. To rule over a country of far-flung territories a good part of which are difficult of access, one has to stress discipline and authority.
The Premise and the Condition of the Translatability
Definition of the Translatability
Translatability is mostly understood as the capacity for some kind of meaning to be transferred from one language to another without undergoing radical change. Debates ensure when one tries to specify what kind of …meaning? is involved. Few theories claim that all meanings are always translatable. Translatability, inevitably coupled with untranslatibility, is an operative concept in the sense that it actively helps structure an entire field of decisions and principles. It can open up ways of solving practical problems and can offer new approaches for the discussion of more theoretical and fundamental issues. The question of translatability is also sometimes used to illustrate general methodological concepts. Any agreement over what is or is not translatable, and exactly what criteria constitute translatability, will thus crucially depend on the different sectors of practice and research involved: the question of translatability may focus on the source or the target of translation; it may refer to the translation of literary, cultural, referential or pragmatic texts, or to the translation of entire life words and cultures [5].
2.2.2. Culture Vs. the Super Culture Region
Human have common basic need, lifestyle and emotions. Therefore, the same culture could be created in different places at the same time. Such culture cannot be called as the regionally culture in a specially place, but the common culture in every place or the human culture. People living in different places all need to eat as well as to wear clothes. They all need safe place to defend the bad weather, such like wind, rain, snow, and hail or other dangers. As an individual, they all need respect and love from others. The Theory of Human Motivation, which was written by the American psychologist Maslow, cited five levels of needs, may be adapt to all people. The different crowds need to perfect themselves through reconstructing the external world. Thereby, the crowds do different levels of jobs and invent tools. No matter what their skin?s color and race are, they all have emotions and have their effective ways. Almost everyone in the world is likely to express their happiness, sadness and angry by laugh, tear and glower individually. Such community or human culture ought to reflect in the language, and make a great number of equivalents or the similar phrases in the different languages, which make it possible to communicate between different cultures and different languages. A language could re-expressing the content and mind that have been expressed by another language. The Bible exhort people “Do as you would be done by”, and Confucius edify people “己所不欲，勿施于人”. The phrases have the similar meaning expressing it in different ways. The Greek philosopher Herakleitos firstly brought forward the philosophic concept “Logos”, and indicated it is the law that abided by the world commonly and last forever. Jus t at the same time, “laozi”, the founder of the Taoism brought forward the philosophic concept “Tao” and indicated that “道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”. He tried to describe the development of the world used “Tao”. The two concepts have the similar meaning.
[6]. It is surprising that everyone. Even through the two dependable philosophic systems didn?t have any exchange ever before, there are numbers of equivalence and the similar ingredient between two languages. “自食其果”、“趁热打铁”、“祸不单行”are the words that have the similar m eaning to “eat one?s fruit of one?s own doings, strike while the iron is hot, misfortunes never come singly”; “空中楼阁”、“乱七八糟”“添油加醋”is similar to “ castle in the air, at sixes and sevens, and add spice to”; “一箭双雕”、“画蛇添足”、“无风不起浪”is similar to “kill
two bird wi th one stone, paint the lily, and there is no smoke without fire”. There are many phrases like such examples. The community and the human culture are also reflected in the lingual structure. Thousands of languages in the world have the same structure, which are the structure of subject and predicate and the structure of the verb and object. The commonly lingual logic is the basically condition for translating between different language. Jin Di and Nida indicated, “There is great community existing in the di fferent language and culture, which makes it possible to exchange thoughts and ideas. [7]” So we can conclude that the existing of the community and human culture is the premise of the translatability of culture.
2.2.
3.The Quality of Super Culture Region
The culture came into being and developed in some places firstly and then accepted and absorbed by other regional culture through spreading. Therefore, such cultures, which have been accepted, become the super regional culture even to be the human culture. With the fast developing of traffic and communicational technology, the intercultural communication intensify and the people? outlook bright constantly. The range of amalgamation of the regional culture is broadening day by day. The cultural differences become smaller and smaller, which makes it possible to translate the different culture. More and more people have realized that the moon in the west countries is no rounder than China?s moon. People could make gorgeous human culture only when the different culture could absorb the advantage from each other?s culture and correct their weakness. The super culture region reflected in the languages and the languages absorbing from each other even to achieve assimilation. “Have you eaten?” have been substituted by “hello” in China as the greeting sentences today. A lot of people don?t say “where, where” but “thank you” when they got other?s compliment. Young people like to say “see you” when they say goodbye to each other but “walk slowly” any more. “Fell guy”, “be ar med to the teeth” and other western words have been widely used in our life and cannot make misunderstanding today. It also exerts a subtle influence on people?s thinking way, value and aesthetic. The assimilation of the different culture and language making the obstacles which exist in intercultural communication become
smaller and smaller and make it easier to communicate. Therefore formerly untranslatabilty can be transferred and the hard nut can be solved easily. “Democracy” and “science” is hard to tra nslate at the beginning of 20th century, and just be called “德先生” and “赛先生” by people at that time. But even children have known the “民主” and “科学” in China now. “Salad”, “disco” and “Cupid” can understand by transliterating and adding notes at the old time. But “色拉”, “迪斯科” and “丘比特” have been well known toward people without adding notes no longer. In conclusion, the second aspect of the super original quality of culture is the culture?s assimilation caused by the broadcast and communication of culture. It is also the external condition for the untranslabality transfer to translatability.
2.3.The Requirements of the Translator.
The conditions that we just have mentioned make the untranslatability transfer into the translatability is just external and impersonal condition. We have to attach importance to the inherent and internal condition, which is intrinsic factor. The crucial factor is whether the translator could grasp the principles of translating toward the cultural difference creatively. The translatability of the culture includes three level meanings: Firstly, translator is able to understand the cultural information of the original; secondly, translator could re-express their understanding of the cultural information, which is contained in the original, by the target language; thirdly, the aim reader could accept the cultural information that the translator have expressed. “Understandable”, “expressible” and “acceptable” are relative and restrict with each other?s and construct the balance that the translator played between the relations of writer and reader [8]. In order to reach this aim, the translator should grasp three things: Firstly, translator should grasp the culture difference through observing and comparing. Secondly, the translator also needed to master the culture region and the super culture region. “Translator should do as a really culture man. Individual words are what they have to deal with but culture differences are what they encountered. ” Wang Zuoliang said [9]. It is also the reason that we should study the ancient Chinese culture now. Secondly, translator should master the writer?s created aim, train of thought and what he
really wants to transfer by studying the writer?s life, works, mentality and the background. As a culture man firstly, the translator has their culture traits or the pre-structure in his sub consciousness. The translator is also based on the limited experience and knowledge when they are transacting, which could cause misunderstanding and limitation. This point is also decided the relativity of the translatability. Thirdly, translator should grasp the degree that the reader accepting their way of re-expressing the source culture. It has much more operational meaning for translation. Yang Xiaorong indicated that “Acce ptability has much more important meaning because it is related to the translatability which is the important problem in translations closely. Plenty of things that seemed untranslatable are the things that unaccepted by readers at a time” [10]. “纸老虎” was translated into “paper tiger” have been accepted by English readers and even gathered into the English vocabulary but not affected by political reasons. However, the translation of “龙”, which was translated into dragon, haven?t been accepted by lots of English readers. Because the culture connotation of the two words is too difficult to be accepted by them even to cause their repellent minds. The reader?s acceptability is dynamic. It developed with the developing of the culture broadcasting and the degree of culture communication. “Crocodile tears” can be translated into “假慈悲” or “猫哭耗子” using the method of free translation. It may be surprising if we translate it into “鳄鱼的眼泪”. But we have accepted it as a vivid imagination today. As an intercultural action, translation is also accelerated the transferring of untranslability into translatability.
2.4.Translating Criterion and Cultural Equivalence
The very notion of translation assumes the existence of some language-neutral concept, which can be communicated to some degree in both the source and the target languages. This basic assumption, however, has been challenged more than once in linguistic and philosophical grounds. The philosopher Quine, for example, claimed that translation is possible only to the extent that there is identity across the linguistic systems of the source and target languages [11].
The main argument of scholars who question the possibility of translation has been that language and culture are intrinsically connected and thus cultural
diversity makes translation impossible. If language is considered as the product of a particular society, which inextricably links language and thought, then the re-expression of thought in another language is at best an interpretation, but not a translation. Nida and Taber, who discussed the notion of “dynamic equivalence” in biblical translation, maintain that while translation must aim at to the source text “the response of receptors to the target text can never be identical to the response of receptors to the source text for the cultural and historic setting are too different [12].
The language we speak determines our ways of thinking and conceptualizing. In its strongest form, this linguistic determinism would suggest that we are, in fact prisoners, of the language we speak and incapable of conceptualizing in categories other than those of our native language. However, the very fact that people are capable of learning a second language to a higher degree of competence and fluency considerably weakens the hypothesis. And translators are in fact, successful in relaying meaning form one language into another.
Sager makes the important point that “all the arguments for and against the possibility can be reduced to a question of the scope of the definition of the concept of translation [13]. Sager points to a resolution of the dilemma: he denies the possibility of an abstract ideal translation, and refers instead to translatability as relative concept: translation may be optimal for particular user groups, for particular concept: for particular purposes, and for particular historical situations. If translatability is recognized as relative concept, it is now possible to speak of degrees of translatability as defined by existence of units of equivalence between the source and target languages at different levels of analysis. In the translation example, we see that indeed it is very often the ease that while complete translatability does not exist at “equivalence” may nevertheless exist at a “higher” level of linguistic and semantic analysis.
3.Conclusion
Judging from the above examples in the perspective of Chinese-Western comparative culture, we could infer that classical culture is both translatable and untranslatable at different levels. The binary opposition between the translatability
and untranslatability of culture is thus deconstructed. On the level of word, sentence, passage and even text and to the extent of content and basic meaning, the ethnic culture is translatable. Yet since classic Chinese poetry in particular is characterized by polysemy, symbolism, frequent use of artistic images, anecdotes and allusion (which are often rather subtle and ambiguous even to Chinese readers without the prerequisite knowledge of history and poetic cultivation), it is untranslatable: the translated version is bound to lose something, especially its beauty in form and in sound when it is translated into English [14]. In other ways, absolute equivalents can never be reached although relative equivalents can be achieved at different levels depending on the cultural capacity, aesthetic attainment and skills of the translator. Exclusively translator can never deal with culture-related problems since their main responsibility is to operational issues, but they can, at least, call attention to their factor[15]. We can only approach such equivalence but it will never be complete. Perhaps that is due to the huge difference in culture and convention between China and the West. In this respect, the present article is just an attempt to narrow the cultural gap and approach the truth.
Bibliography:
[1] M. McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man[C]. London:
Routledge& Kegan Paul, 1997:171-172.
[2] 王斌. 翻译与概念整合[M]. 上海：东华大学出版社，2004: 78-79.
[3] Lustig and J. Koester. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication
across Cultures[C]. New York: Longman，1999.
[4] Hofstede. Cultures and Organizations: International Differences in
Work-Related Values [M]. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980.
[5] Anthony Pym and Horst Hurk. Translatability[A]. Mona Baker. Rontledge
Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 上海外语教育出版社, 2004: 273-276.
[6] 姚小平. “Logos 与‘道? ”[J]. 《外语教学与研究》，1992（1）.
[7] Jin Di and Nida E.A. On translation[M]. Beijing: China Translation
Publishing House.
[8]左飙.论翻译的可译性[A].英汉语比较与翻译.1. 上海外语教育出版社,
2000:185-198.
[9] 王佐良，翻译中的文化比较[A]. 胡文仲，文化与交际. 外语教学与研究
出版社，1994.
[10] 杨晓荣, 小说翻译中异国情调的再现原则[J]. 外语研究, 1989（4）.
[11] Quine，Williard V. Word and Obiect[A].( New York: Jone Wiley and Sons,
Cambridge: MIT 1960.).
[12] Nida, Eugene A. and Charles Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
[M]. (United Bible Societies) Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982.
[13] Sager J.C. Language Engineering and translation: Consequences of
Automation [M]. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1993.
[14] 王宁. Toward a Translation Study in the Context of Chinese-Western
Comparative Culture Studies[A].文化与翻译. 2. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003:37-51.
[15] 李运兴. Cultural factors in the inter-cultural translation[A].文化与翻译. 2.
中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003:184-196.
英语论文开题报告范文 ----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是小编收集整理的范本，欢迎您借鉴参考阅读和下载，侵删。您的努力学习是为了更美好的未来！ 英语论文开题报告范文一： function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are
英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However,little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has(have)been less done on... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to) Previous research(studies,records)has(have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated,underestimated misleaded thus,these previous results are inconclusive,misleading,unsatisfactory,questionable,controversial.. Uncertainties(discrepancies)still exist... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However,data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to aim to have to provide more documents
论文关键词：大众传媒；负面影响；文化批判 论文摘要：大众传媒像一把双刃剑，它积极构建了文化，却又在一定程度上对大众文化产生一些负面影响。这种影响表现为大众传媒有构筑新的文化屏障和话语霸权倾向，有消解文化艺术的个性与深度倾向，有销蚀大众精神活力倾向和一定程度上破坏文化多样性的倾向。 这是一个被大众传媒包围的时代，无所不在的媒体时时处处影响着我们的生活。作为走向全球化、信息化的重要标志，大众传媒已经成为一种难以拒绝的强大力量，正在由表及里地变革着我们的社会面容，制衡着文化。现代传媒为当代社会文化的传播作出了不容置疑的贡献:它借助于科技优势大大拓展了文化空间;它改变了文化的机制，造就了文化产业;它带来了一场真正意义上的文化革命，创造了知识民主时代，赋予了每个人获得知识的同等权利;它使得社会大众成为精神文化价值观建构的积极参与者，使大众文化得以迅速崛起;其设置议题的功能、其在娱乐消遣方面的优势，使之具有了对社会的协调作用等等。可以说，大众媒介在前所未有的广度和深度上积极建构着大众文化。 但同时，大众传媒给文化生产并通过文化生产给社会也带来了不容忽视的负面影响。大众传媒自身的复杂性使之不可避免地在构建大众文化的同时，也在无形地消解着文化。对其进行“吹毛求疵”式的文化批判的根据就在于“哲学的真正社会功能在于它对流行的东西进行批判。……这种批判的主要目的在于，防止人类在现存社会组织慢慢灌输给它的成员的观点和行为中迷失方向。”对之进行文化的审视与批判，有助于我们更好地利用传媒建构文化，协调社会。 大众传媒对文化的负面影响首先表现为存在构筑新的文化屏障和话语霸权倾向。所谓文化屏障，是指大众传媒在促成文化传播的同时，有意无意地阻隔了平等的传播。从这个角度
成都理工大学英语专业 学士学位论文（设计）学术标准及基本规范 学分：8分执笔人：丁启红、李珊审订人： 一、学士学位论文（设计）的目的 英语专业学士学位论文（设计）是本专业毕业生在教师的指导下，综合运用本学科所学基础理论和专业知识，对本学科中某一学术问题，做出较全面系统的归纳、论证和分析的一个重要教学环节。该过程主要完成以下任务： 1.综合检验学生所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能； 2.系统培养学生综合运用所学知识，对英语语言和文学以及与英语语言相关的社 会、经济、政治、文化等问题，进行独立分析和解决实际问题的能力； 3.培养学生的创新意识和创新能力，使学生获得科学研究的基础训练； 4.培养学生形成正确的设计思想、理论联系实际的工作作风和严肃认真的科学态 度； 5.进一步提高学生英语语言运用能力和计算机操作能力，以及社会调查、文献资 料查阅和文字表达等基本技能。 总之，这一环节的根本目的在于培养和检验学生四年来的科学态度、观察能力、分析思考能力和最基本的学术训练水平，以及英语的实际综合运用能力。 二、学士学位论文（设计）的选题 （一）选题原则 英语专业毕业论文选题应符合“培养知识面广、有创新思维的外向型、应用型、复合型高级英语专门人才”的目标要求，能体现人才培养水平与质量。 题目来源包括指导教师科研题目、教师拟定、学生自拟。选题范围包括英语语言学研究、英美文学研究、翻译研究、英语国家社会与文化研究、英语教学研究，以及专门用途英语研究（如经贸英语、法律英语、新闻英语、科技英语等）。 学生应结合自己的兴趣与特长选择论文题目，做到一人一题。 （二）选题类型与主要研究设计内容 本专业选题类型主要包括理论研究和应用研究两种： 理论研究类论文主要就某一理论问题充分展开正面论证，阐述自己的理论见解。论文的关键在于有论有述，述论结合，论大于述。选题方向和内容主要涉及西方文论、美学、比较文学、文学史、翻译史、翻译理论、语言哲学等方面。 应用研究类论文主要是运用所学理论和知识来分析和解决某一实际问题。论文侧重 1
浅谈广告英语的修辞语言学基础 【摘要】为了实现广告的特殊的劝说功能,广告商用尽各种策略,修辞则是其中重要策略之一。修辞作为一门劝说的艺术能帮助广告商实现其预期的目标。文章从心里语言学的角度,探讨多种修辞格运用的语言学基础。 【关键词】广告英语;修辞格;语言 当今社会广告无处不在,作为引进国外科学技术和介绍国内产品的一座桥梁,广告英语也愈来愈被人们关注。由于广告的劝说功能,使得广告英语在文体方面具有特色。为了能够成功地劝说受众,能激起大众的兴趣以期最终采取购买行为。广告商运用各种策略,而运用修辞格则是其中策略之一。修辞是一门劝说艺术,一种可以控制或改变他人信念乃至行为的工具、技巧或手段。各种修辞格的运用使得广告能更具说服力。 心理语言学是通过研究语言和言语,从而进一步了解心智的本质和结构的科学。广告商运用了多种修辞格使得广告能产生较好的效果,本文将以此为基点,探讨其心理语言学基础。 一隐喻 隐喻研究源远流长,有人说,隐喻是一种修辞格;有人说,隐喻是一种范畴错置。本文将把隐喻作为一种修辞格来看待。Carroll (1999∶145) 指出,隐喻的理解首先要从心理词汇(lexicon) 中提取消息,选择适当的那部分意义,最后识别本体与喻体之间的关系。束定芳(2000∶17) 指出,隐喻中的喻体对说话者或听话者来说要比本体更为熟悉。而在两者发生互动反应时,通常是更为熟悉的事物的特点和结构被影射到相对陌生的事物上,因而喻体可以帮助认识本体的特点和结构,因而也具有了认知的功能。由此可看出,隐喻中喻体与本体的相似性应该说是构成隐喻的基础,对于不能很好地直接地表达出的意义,运用隐喻也就更易被理解。 1) High Efficiency Our Big Bird can be fed even at night2) Kodak is Olympic color 第一则为法国货运航空公司的广告标题。公司的班机被比作随时待命的巨鸟,而货物则是喂“鸟”的食物。如果用“Our planes Pair lines ”代替“Our Big Bird”,那么标题显得平淡无特色,喻体“Big Bird”的运用能使人们产生诸如雄鹰展翅等很多的联想! 使得广告更生动。第二则是柯达彩色相片的广告,喻体“Olympic”首先给予受众是“最好”的直觉,且会联想到运动场上角逐激烈,瞬息万变,精彩的刹那本不易捕捉,但柯达则能快速、精确地把这些灿烂瞬间拍摄下来。 二双关 一般来说,人们为了清楚地表达自己,常常要避免歧义,但歧义并不都是只有负面影响,如果正确地利用,适当的控制则能使歧义产生很好的语言效果。广告商运用的多是词义双关而非句法双关。Carroll (1999∶123 —125) 指出,在语句的理解过程中,歧义的多种意义暂时都激活,但歧义的主要意义和上下文会很快消除歧义性。当上下文和歧义词主要意义都指向同一方面:即都偏向同一主要意义,那么词汇的歧义性对语句的理解不会有何影响,在这种情况下似乎第二种意思都不被激活。因此,在歧义不会影响语句理解的前提下,而且其双关意义被受众解读后能留下深刻印象,不难看出广告商为何如此青睐双关修辞格。
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
影视音乐的特点与发展趋势 影视音乐是大众文化的重要组成部分,其实质是一种消费文化,现代影视艺术传播大众化走向趋势越来越显著,体现出"快餐式"、商品化、技术化、组织化、机械复制、标准化、偶像崇拜、娱乐化的特点,它消除了传统文化的批判性特征,偏离了精英文化崇尚的人文理想,值得我们警醒。 随着社会的发展、人们观念的转变和思想的进一步解放，中国影视从一本正经到影视音乐观众，只用了不到10年的时间，全国上下一片风风火火的“影视音乐节目”掀起了影视浪潮。随着娱乐风的越刮越强，大众传媒的娱乐功能引起了政府更多的关注和利用。影视音乐节目进行了认识，从如何坚持以人为本，以科学发展观来指导中国的娱乐节目，使其真正成为一种能满足广大人民群众精神文化需求而又让人喜闻乐见的节目形式。然而，有些人却为此投机取巧，把影视音乐变成纯媚俗取悦大众的工具，其发展方向仅仅考虑的是生钱效应。 当前的影视音乐正逐渐成为影视艺术的重要构成元素，音乐与影视有机的融合成为一个艺术整体。但很多情况下都存在着对传统的背离与叛逆。用虚假的需要和解决方法替代真实的需要和解决办法。虚假的需要是物质的需求，无限刺激我们的消费欲望，表面上是让我们投其所好，实际上是在束缚着我们的创造力和辨别力！使我们并没有成为具有独立人格的自由人。相反，他们并不想创造出一种新的文化来替代主流文化，而只是试图通过创造一种新的生活方式来表达自己对主流文化的不满，进而改造之。随着社会个性化和民主化程度的提高，影视观众需要的不仅仅是单项的、传统的传播形式，更需要多元化、多层次的传播形式。影视音乐节目正是顺应了这一趋势，运用多元化的传播理念和表现手法在精彩纷呈的影视节目中逐步占据重要位置。 如今，影视音乐已经成为影视和音乐创作活动中不可缺少的重要组成部分，从而引起了它的创作者和欣赏者的广泛关注。著名作曲家凭借《卧虎藏龙》的电影音乐拿到了奥斯卡最佳原创音乐奖，他的《英雄》，《夜宴》等一系列电影音乐也都在社会和音乐界产生了重大的反响。影视音乐是在中国音乐文化植根于中华民族的沃土，继承了五千年的文明传统，形成了丰厚的社会底蕴，具有“天人合一”的哲理基础，“气盛化神”的审美追求和“立像尽意”的崇高境界，中国的音乐文化具有海纳百川的胸怀，近现代的音乐电视发展是以学习西方音乐文化为起点的，经过多年的磨合，电视音乐文化的民族性和时代性，融会贯通，实现了一种完美的统一。一个新的文化时代的演进是一个继承传统，再攀新高的创造过程，创造一种属于未来的新的影视音乐文化，是中国影视音乐文化的发展趋势。以此，些许可以这么说，影视音乐是伴随着影视艺术的发展而逐渐发展和成熟起来的一种艺术形式，受到越来越多欣赏者和爱好者的钟爱。 与此同时，商业制度是这个时代无所不包、无所不管的最大制度，影视音乐的矛头所指的就是它。正是由于商业制度无所不包、无所不管，故所以才有影视音乐的兴起与发展均受制于它。市场借助由音乐家（生产）、影片（流通）、公众（消费）构成的商业体制施加它对影视音乐的影响，即“影视音乐这种现象的广泛传播，完全凭借经济手段”。现代社会是一个崇尚风格传播与个性传播的社会，对于那些个性鲜明，独具特色的影视音乐家的创作及导演和摄影师的制作，在牵动着无数观众的目光。正因为这样，影视音乐不可能对维持自身存在与发展
（工作规范）中国传媒大学本科毕业论文(设计创作)工作手册
中国传媒大学 本科毕业论文（设计、创作） 工作手册 中国传媒大学教务处编印 2006年3月 目录 壹、指导思想 (2) 二、组织管理 (2) 三、对指导教师的要求 (3) 四、对评阅教师的要求 (4) 五、对学生的要求 (4) 六、过程要求 (4) 七、答辩要求 (7) 八、评分要求 (7) 九、中期检查 (9) 十、总结 (9) 十壹、基本规范及格式要求 (10) 十二、附件 (14)
中国传媒大学本科毕业论文（设计、创作）工作手册 为使本科毕业论文（设计、创作）管理工作进壹步科学化、规范化，同时也便于教师执行和查阅，根据《中国传媒大学本科毕业论文（设计、创作）管理办法》和《中国传媒大学本科毕业论文（设计、创作）管理办法的补充规定》特制定本手册，作为对毕业论文（设计、创作）工作的基本规范要求，各学院也可根据专业特点和需要拟定更为具体的实施细则。 壹、指导思想 （壹）毕业论文（设计、创作）的基本教学目的是培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能，提高分析和解决实际问题的能力，于实践中培养学生勇于探索的创新精神，严肃认真的科学态度和严谨求实的工作作风，增强对所学专业的热爱，提升团队精神和个人责任感。 （二）毕业论文（设计、创作）应从各专业的培养目标出发，体现专业性、时代性、规范性的特点，具有壹定的深度和广度，有利于学生得到全面的训练，培养学生实践能力、创新能力和独立工作能力。 （三）根据我校学科特点，兼顾不同专业具体要求，毕业论文（设计、创作）的管理按照统壹要求和分类指导相结合的原则。 二、组织管理 （壹）教务处 1．制定学校毕业论文（设计、创作）的有关制度和规定。 2．负责组织对毕业论文（设计、创作）质量进行评估和检查。 3．负责组织对毕业论文（设计、创作）工作的总结，组织经验交流。 （二）学院 1．根据学校的统壹部署，制定本学院毕业论文（设计、创作）管理实施细则和工作的计划，且报教务处备案。 2．成立本单位毕业环节各关联组织且有效开展工作。 3．组织落实本学院毕业论文（设计、创作）的具体工作，且对各环节进行检查、考核。 4．根据学校毕业论文（设计、创作）的管理办法，结合专业特色，制定本学院各专业的具体评分标准（如毕业环节包括论文、设计、创作、演出等多项内容，应明确各部分于成绩评定中所占比重）。 三、对指导教师的要求 （壹）指导教师的条件
Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.
通过整理,在写英语论文过程中,主要注意的有以下几点: 第一.对于初写英语论文的人来讲.最好不要对原中文论文进行直译. 在谈到这个观点时,唐教授一再强调初写英语论文一定要"抄",也就是说搜集一些类似的国外高级刊物的英语论文,在这些论文中找到要表达相似意思的英文句子,使用它的句型.这样写出来的论文更适合外国人的思维方式.也能让外国人更容易理解.同时也更容易被SCI,EI检索. 他还说,按这种方式写过5篇论文左右,一些地道的英语表达方式就可以熟练的记住了. 第二.在写英语论文之前,首先要确定你要投什么样的期刊.其实投中文期刊论文也是这样的.举个很简单的例子,前几天,我有一个同学,写了一篇用数学问题解决纺织工程问题的论文.导师指导他说:"如果你想投到<<纺织学报>>,在写论文时,在内容上就应该对一些数学知识作详细的说明,而纺织知识可以作粗略的介绍,但如果你想投到<<应用数学>>期刊,那就应该对纺织的一些基础知识作详细的说明!".因此,投不同类型的期刊有不同的写作手法.这样可以提高论文的录用率. 第三.要想写出被SCI/EI检索的文章一定要多花功夫在标题和摘要上.这也许是大家都知道的.外国人更注重创新,只要你觉得自己的观点有创新点,就不要怕不会被外文收录.还有一句话我还记忆忧新:"做很少人做的研究领域,做难的研究领域".这样的文章很容易被录用. 第四.中国有句古话:"熟读唐诗三百首不会作诗也会吟."在写英语论文之前,做大量的阅读是必要的.但最好应该去读那些英语是母语国家学者写的论文.但是,必须注意的是.无论是硕士还是博士,永远应该把专业放在第一位,英语是放在第二位.英语只是一种工具.只是一种帮助你科研的工具. 第五.写英语论文时,不要使用外国人没有使用过的句型.即使这样的句子在语法上没有问题.但是外国人就是看不懂.也就相当于是一个病句.也许这种"病句"对你考CET有用,其实学英语口语也是这样的.在练英语口语时,希望朋友们记住:"讲外国人从来没说过的英语,即使语法没有问题,也是错的."我国著名语言学家说过:"想学好一门外语,首先要学好其文化!"
从《非诚勿扰》看大众传媒 在这个学期的《大众媒体与大众文化》课程的学习中，所以说是收获丰富，在老师精彩的讲解下，作为学生的我可谓受益匪浅，在活跃的课堂气氛中，我懂得了很多的有关当今媒体的一些现状，同时也了解了我们现在身边接触的各种各样的新闻传播途径的特点。这次的论文，我就以现在的三大媒体——平面媒体、电视媒体以及网络媒体对当下内地火红相亲节目《非诚勿扰》的报道态度，节目定位等方面，分析三大媒体的不同之处。 首先，《非诚勿扰》是江苏卫视一档适应现代生活节奏的大型婚恋交友节目，为广大单身男女提供公开的婚恋交友平台，精良的节目制作和全新的婚恋交友模式得到观众和网友广泛关注。新节目的互动形式将完全突破过去传统的交友方式，完全体现新时代男女的婚恋观。节目中有24位单身女生以亮灯和灭灯方式来决定报名男嘉宾的去留，经过“爱之初体 验”“爱之再判断”“爱之终决选”“男生权利”等规则来决定男女嘉宾的速配成功。 而这样的一档相亲节目，因为马诺、马伊咪、赵贤伟等嘉宾大胆、出位的言谈，成为了内地最火红的娱乐节目，也在中国各媒体的宣传下，激起了社会的巨大反响。节目带出了很多当今社会的敏感问题，同时也在一定程度上反映了社会的一些现状。 一、平面媒体 我们先由传统的平面媒体说起，平面媒体，是报纸、杂志等传统媒体通过单一的视觉、单一的维度传递信息，相对于电视、互联网等媒体通过视觉、听觉等多维度的传递信息，而称作平面媒体，电视、网络等称作立体媒体。平面媒体和立体媒体没有严格的定义，只是从信息传递、传播的维度和方式上区分的。而平面媒体（尤其是报纸）的主要受众为一些思想比较保守，年龄介乎于35岁以上的年龄层，以及一些对国家时政比较关心的人士。 而对于《非诚勿扰》，平面媒体更多是有一种以两种观点双管齐下的方式进行评述，以一方认可《非诚勿扰》对现今社会价值，另一方批评《非诚勿扰》对现今社会价值观的歪曲的两种不同说法结合，相对折衷地阐述《非诚勿扰》对社会的影响，其报导的手法相对其余两种媒体来得更为客观，而且言辞相对比较保守，尽量务求以中肯的方式面对读者。这正好反映了作为传统媒体代表的平面媒体，在处理潮流话题的严谨性和作为一个以文字为主的媒体的保守。 综上所述平面媒体的特点： 优点 1. 可随时阅读，不受时间限制，不会如电视或电台节目般错过指定时间报导的讯息； 2. 互相传阅，读者人数可以是印刷数的几倍； 3. 即使阅读或理解能力较低的人，亦可相应多耗时间，吸收报章的讯息； 4. 因特网崛起，网上版报纸的传阅力较传统印刷品报章强。 缺点 1. 受截稿及出版因素影响，不能提供最新资讯以及即时更正讯息； 2. 纸张过多带来携带及传阅的不便； 3. 图片和文字在电视和电台的影音片段的比较下震撼力和感染力比较低。 二、电视媒体 电视媒体，作为《非诚勿扰》这类相亲型节目的始作俑者，对于相亲节目强大的炒作能
My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1
A STUDY ON DIFFERENCES IN MARKETING STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY WULIANGYE AND MAOTAI by 拼音姓名 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION for Joint Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Program between Tianjin University of Technology (TUT), Tianjin City, P. R. China and Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, B. C., Canada May 28, 2012
摘要白酒在中国具有悠久的历史 关键词：白酒竞争营销策略
ABSTRACT Wine has a long history in China, and has always been famous for its superb brewing process, the unique taste and legendary culture. However, in recent years, the market share of wine has gradually declined. The competition in the wine industry is becoming increasingly intense. MAOTAI and WULIANGYE are two well-deserved giants of Chinese wine industry and have made great success doing business. Comparing their marketing approach, there are a lot of differences. Recently, the major consumers are gradually aging. In the coming decade, the after eighties and nineties will become the major force of consumption. To change the fate of wine, companies must improve marketing methods to adapt to modern society and the needs of new generation of customers. Referring to the related theory, this thesis will focus on analyzing the differences of marketing strategy and method between MAOTAI and WULIANGYE. Recommendations for the current wine market have also been proposed for companies in this industry to learn from. Key Words: Wine Competition Marketing Strategy
关于英语教学的论文汇总四篇 下面是 范文一 岁月寥寥，转眼又到了岁末，期末考试也已临近。面对考试，大多数学生都会手忙脚乱，对于应考更是毫无头绪。尤其是处于中小学过渡期的七年级学生，第一次参加中学的全县统考，虽有信心，但还是有些慌乱，因为要复习的科目多，内容杂，要求高，复习的时间又有限，有的甚至不知从何入手。复习，是我们巩固知识的重要环节，是减慢知识阶段遗忘的有效手段，是学生自信走进考场的重要保证。所以，要做好英语复习，仅靠”汗水＋时间”是不够的，复习必须讲究效率。为提高复习的针对性和有效性，我觉得要指导学生做到以下几点： 第一，明确复习目标，避免平均用力。复习目标要明确，重点突出，统筹兼顾，疏而不漏，分段集中，环环相扣。要指导学生对复习内容进行分类，哪些内容已经掌握，点到为止，哪些内容还一知半解，还需多下功夫，对不会的要认真从头学，对已会的和要会的要做到心中有数。 第二，夯实基础知识，熟练基本技能。基础知识是培养基本技能的载体，而掌握基本技能又是学习基础知识的目的和归宿。因此，在复习过程中，可以指导学生复习教材抓词句，单项复习抓语法，阅读写作不放松。要善于在听、说、读、写等技能的训练中巩固所学的语言知识。如：复习单词和重点句子时，不妨把听力、口语练习结合
起来；复习句式时，要尽可能回顾教材中单词出现的语境，并仿造句子。还要要求学生掌握一定的听、说、读、写的技巧，并找相关的材料，做到有针对性的练习。 第三，变换复习方式，保持复习热情。在复习过程中，可以让学生用利于自己的方式复习，有些同学要么读写，要么做题。以外，还可以建议学生尝试其它的复习方式，如画单元知识树，可以相互讨论和抢答，同桌之间相互问答，小组内展开比赛、睡前小结和反思等。这样学生不仅不会产生复习疲劳，厌倦复习课，还会在一定程度上增强学生的复习兴趣，最终达到事半功倍的效果。 第四，重温作业考卷，做实查漏补缺。阅读作业和考卷，进行全方位的总结和反思，好的方面继续发扬，不当之处要及时制定补救措施，尤其要仔细阅读错题集，对易错题要特别关注，再次敲响知识警钟，避免类似的错误重犯，这样才会在不断改善的过程中稳步前进。 第五，间插综合训练，以考代练。练习是复习过程的重要内容，只有通过练习才能进一步巩固深化所学知识，否则，复习的质量就会受影响。要根据复习时间和复习内容，间插做几套模拟试题，了解考试的命题思路，熟悉各种题型的特点，帮助学生找出自己知识、技能的缺漏，以便及时进行查漏补缺，同时可以强化阅读和写作。 第六，做好心理调节，轻松备考。对于自感压力太大的同学要耐心地给他的心理“减负”，使其能在平静宽松的氛围中进行有序的复习，较好地完成学习任务；对于没有任何心理压力，还没进入复习状态的同学给予一定的压力，使其在压力之下也能较好地投入到紧张
论教育与网络合一的趋势与意义 摘要：信息化时代与大众媒体发展的背景下，如何进行教育创新是每个时代必研究的课题。本文将围绕教育与大众媒体结合的新模式进行分析，将详细讲诉教网合一这一趋势的例子与现实意义。 关键词：教网合一大众媒体创新传统教育 21世纪是一个信息化的时代，网络及其信息化技术在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用，渗入在人们的工作、生活等各方面。在教育的教学领域中，计算机网络的应用，以其灵活、开放、便捷等不可比拟的优势，迅速成为新一代教育领域的重要组成部份，对教育产生了巨大影响。 一．传统教育模式与教网合一的新模式 众所周知，传统的教育以大多以班级为单位，老师系统地教授教科书上的知识，学生系统地在笔记本上记录，系统地按照老师传授的方式思考。传统的教育模式大多注重知识的传授和灌输，而对方法注重不够，致使学生处于一种被动接受知识的位置。而现在所提倡的教育与网络结合是指以现代教育思想和学习理论为指导，充分发挥网络的各种教育功能和丰富的网络教育资源优势，以学习者为中心的一种教育方式。 二．传统教育模式的弊端 之所以提倡教育与网络结合，是因为传统教学有它的局限性。传统的教育模式一般都是板书教学与投影教学相结合。传统的板书教学存在不少的弊端，首先，板书信息量有限，课堂上写板书虽然直观上能提高学生的专注力，但因为书写的地方有限，往往不能全面直观的表达出老师想要传达的信息，传递出来的信息是有限的。第二，上课书写板书花费时间多，40分钟的课堂时间不能够充分的得到利用，同时老师一边讲课一边板书会分散了注意力，影响了教学质量。第三，板书没有保存
性，一般上完一节课之后就要把板书擦掉了，这样，老师的资料便得不到保存，而且同学们上课记笔记也可能不够时间、记不全。不仅如此，有些老师板书潦草，并不是所有同学都能看得懂，而且坐的方位不同，或者视力稍差的同学会看不清楚。以上列举的板书教学问题都是的的确确存在的。 至于投影教学，虽说一定程度上缓解了板书教学的不足，但仍然存在着很大的上升空间。投影的工作原理是一台主机连接投影仪，通过投影的方式将主机的内容播放出来，由于很多学校的主机没有连接到互联网，所以老师必须在讲课之前就先把资料拷贝好在主机上，而且受主机系统和操作软件的制约，可能只能播放一定的资料内容。网络资料的形式也是五花八门的，并不是所有内容都能在校园主机上读出，更有些处于知识产权的考虑，有些资料或视频只能够在线观看。这些弊端也影响了教学质量。 三．教育与网络相结合的新模式 而现在，一个基于网络的以“学生为中心”的教学模式正冲击着传统的教学模式，必将成为新世纪的主流教学模式。网络为教育提供了集合声、像、动画等功能的多媒体工具，具有多媒体化、信息化和互动性的优势，带来了传统教育从行为到观念的改变。 网络与教育结合能一定程度上改善传统教育模式的弊端。首先，网络上存在的信息是海量的，可以找到各种各样你需要的有用的信息，课堂上不应该只局限于老师讲什么，学生吸收什么，因为老师的智慧也是有限的。这时候我们便需要借助互联网，寻找发现更多的知识，同时也会带来更多的便捷与趣味。试想一下，当你在上地理课的时候，老师在讲芬兰极光，无论老师讲得有多逼真或者书上图片有多漂亮，都不如网上一段视频讲解来得更直观和更震撼。以上是体验信息量的巨大，而存储量大则体现在与老师能将所有资料放在邮箱上共享，画质感比板书好看，而且资料齐全，保存时间也相对比较久。其次，通过多媒体的应用，更会增强老师与学生的互动性。无论是对于一些数据的统计还是一些匿名投票，运用网络都会比较方便快捷。由此可见，网络给教育方式带来了多样化，不再是传统的课堂班级式、集体化的教育方式，学生始终处于被动的学习环境中，无法满足人的个性需要。网络下的教育方式是集体化和个人化的有机结合，学生可以利用网络参与各个类型的讨论，对感兴趣的问题进行自由讨论和发言，相互争论，形成思想上的碰撞。网络技术应