中文5600字
毕业论文外文翻译
所在学院：
专业：
班级： 08财管/国贸x班
学号：
姓名：
指导教师：
2014 年 11 月 3 日
译文：
题目：新型贸易壁垒下的浙江纺织业国际化进程
一、技术性贸易壁垒
“技术性贸易壁垒”(Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT)又称“技术性贸易措施”，是一国或地区以维护其基本安全，保障人类及动植物的生命及健康安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由，通过颁布法律、法令、条例，制定技术标准与技术法规、合格评定程序、包装和标签的要求、产品检疫、检验制度，运用于国际贸易当中，提高进口产品的技术要求，增加进口难度，起到保护本国相关企业利益的作用。安全标准、卫生标准、包装标准和信息技术规定构成了技术性贸易壁垒的四大要素。发达国家通过颁布一些有关产业技术的标准来限制发展中国家的货物进入该国，如：美国的机械工程师协会标准(ASME)；日本的《药品法》《、化妆品法》；欧盟拟定的有关电子电器产品的电磁兼容标准等。而这些安全法则均高于发展中国家对本国采取的行业标准和法律要求。据不完全统计，2012年有23.9%的出口企业受到国外技术性贸易措施不同程度的影响，损失达到685亿美元，企业新增成本280.2亿美元，比2011年增加20.6亿美元，贸易损失呈逐年递增的状态。其中，浙江省由技术壁垒造成的直接损失额为64.5亿美元，占全省出口总额的2.87%。
二、绿色壁垒
绿色贸易壁垒(Green Barriers to Trade, GBT)是指一个国家以保护人类健康和经济协调发展为借口，对外国商品进口专门设置以限制进口、保护本国供给为目的，带有贸易歧视和限制的贸易壁垒。绿色壁垒实质是技术贸易壁垒的新发展，目前，国际上采用的类型主要有：绿色技术标准、绿色关税制度、绿色市场准入制度、绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度、绿色反补贴等。此类壁垒是客观存在于国际贸易中的，无论各个国家的主观目的如何，绿色壁垒本身是与环境保护和可持续发展密切相联的。而近年来绿色环保主义思想的形成以及各国对节能减排的需要，使绿色壁垒具有极好的隐蔽性,因而成为新贸易保护主义最好的“护身符”。2010年上半年，欧盟的非食品类快速预警系统(RAPEX)累计召回245项纺织服装产品，同比增幅达109%，其中中国产纺织服装产品为133项，同比增长102%，占召回总数的54%；美国消费品安全委员会(CPSC)召回纺织服装产品达46项，其中产地为中国的共有27项，占59%。窒息、化学危险是对华纺织品服装召回的主要原因。
三、社会贸易壁垒
社会贸易壁垒(Social Barriers)也称为蓝色壁垒，是由社会条款而来，指
社会条款中的劳动者环境和生存权利为理由而采取的贸易限制措施，是把劳工标准和贸易保护相挂钩的产物。社会条款并不是一个单独的法律文件，而是对国际公约中有关社会保障、劳动者待遇、权利和劳动标准等方面规定的总称。社会贸易壁垒主要有六种表现形式：对违反国际公认劳工标准国家的产品征收附加税；限制或禁止严重违反基本劳工标准的产品出口；以劳工标准为由实施贸易制裁；跨国公司的工厂审核(客户验厂)；社会责任工厂认证；社会责任产品标志计划。社会贸易壁垒最典型的代表是SA8000标准，是从IS09000质量管理体系及IS014000环境管理体系演绎而来的道德规范国际标准，由美国经济优先权委员会(简称SAI)制定并实施。中国作为“世界工厂”，主要以劳动密集型产业为主，各企业间为争抢订单，要求员工超时作业的现象较为普遍，而这恰恰为发达国家通过社会贸易壁垒来抑制中国产品进口找到了理由。近年来，沿海地区有8000多家企业接受过跨国公司SA8000的认证审查，已有一些企业因未通过审查而流失了订单业务；而有50%的跨国公司和外资企业表示，如果实行SA8000标准将考虑重新与中国企业签订采购合同。
四、浙江纺织服装业的状况分析
（一）现状分析
纺织工业是国民经济传统支柱产业和重要的民生产业，在繁荣市场、扩大出口、吸纳就业等方面发挥着重要作用。早在1995年，中国就达到并一直保持世界第一大纺织品服装出口国的地位，而从2002年起纺织品出口配额的陆续取消，更为中国纺织品服装业的出口带来了推波助澜的效应。据海关总署数据显示，2012年纺织品服装累计出口2549.2亿美元，全年增长2.8%，其中服装出口增幅超过纺织品。服装出口1591.4亿美元，增长3.9%，纺织品出口957.8亿美元，增长1.2%。中国纺织品服装出口量占全球总出口量的三成。但近年来，纺织品服装业由于在产品设计、生产到回收的过程中对环境影响的设置没能达到发达国家的要求；产业技术上没能达到发达国家的标准；劳动者劳动环境及权利待遇等未符合相应的要求：出口至欧美的纺织品服装产品屡次遭到召回，损失惨重。数据显示，2012年纺织品服装出口总额同比仅增长3.3%，增幅为近几年最低。
（二）遭遇壁垒的内、外因分析
1、内因分析
(1)技术及生产设备落后，产品生产力不强。浙江是纺织服装业的重要出口地，2012年全省纺织品服装出口598.46亿美元，出口额占全国23.45%，居全国之首。由于浙江地少人多的原因所致，浙江纺织服装企业多以小规模的家族企业为主，由于产品技术含量低、附加值低、创新能力弱等因素直接导致出口的产品存在“五多五少”的现象，即：大路货多，品牌少；中低档多，高档少；粗加工
多，精加工少；普通加工多，深度加工少；衣着用品多，产业用品少。其次，由于是家庭式企业，在管理模式上也相对较为落后，对相应的国家政策和国际政策所作出的反应较慢，往往碰到了问题才去解决问题，对行业政策的动向缺乏主动性。再次，由于机器设备相对落后，生产效率不高，企业只能从产品的数量上取胜，员工加班现象普遍存在，有些企业甚至全天候运作，周末无休。
(2)企业环保意识淡漠，技术法规和标准缺乏。浙江的纺织服装业多数仍旧处于劳动密集型的粗放式模式，技术相对落后、污染严重、资源浪费严重等现象比较普遍。人们对于环境保护的认识还不够，没有采取足够的措施，一部分企业为了减少成本而将工业污水直接排入河道中。纺织品的生产从原料的采购到加工以及废弃物的处理等方面，都没有顾及到环境和人类的健康。同时，企业对生态纺织品的研究、生产和发展重视不够，很少有企业关心ISO14000国际环保标准体系的认证，取得“绿色通行证”的企业就更少了。
(3)政府职能落后，缺乏统一的行业标准。浙江纺织品服装企业在进出口贸易中缺乏通畅的信息捕捉、信息分析和信息传递系统，不能及时了解国外市场动态，一旦遭遇贸易摩擦更是无所适从。预警机制的缺乏、技术人才的稀缺、应对措施的迟缓都使企业在出口贸易中处于被动地位。此外，缺少与国标准接轨的强制性标准，国家、地区、行业各有一套标准体系，与发达国家相比，的标准体系相对比较混乱，容易产生虽有据可循，却不知依照哪个循的现象。
2、外因分析
(1)出口市场过于集中。美国、欧盟和日本是纺织服装产品的主要出口国。而这三大国家即是提倡新型贸易壁垒的积极倡导者。出口市场过于集中，出口迅速增长，让浙江纺织服装出口的市场风险过于集中。发达国家劳动成本过高，中低档纺织品的竞争力必然低于发展中国家，为了保护本国同类产品，以技术、环境保护为由对发展中国家的进口产品设置贸易障碍已成事实，如日本规定进口的婴儿服装中甲醛含量为零，而甲醛在的服装加工过程中仍被普遍使用。
(2)贸易顺差长期存在且金额较大。从上世纪90年代开始，对外贸易长足发展，出口依存度和外贸依存度逐年上升。据统计，2011年进出口贸易顺差达1551.4亿美元，其中前9个月，纺织服装贸易顺差是全国贸易顺差的1.64倍。面对如此巨额的贸易逆差，美国、日本和欧盟必然采取相应措施，设置各种贸易壁垒以减少进口冲突。
五、启示
（一）加强环保意识，构建绿色供应链管理模式
企业要克服绿色壁垒，必然先要解决环境保护问题，而企业要解决环境问题，一方面要技术改造和创新，另一方面又应该采用先进的管理理念，建立绿色供应
链管理模式。通过绿色采购、绿色生产、绿色设计、绿色物流、绿色回收的“绿色供应链管理模式”来减少企业在生产过程中对环境的破坏，同时，也减少纺织服装产品上残留的化学品对产品的危害。
(二)加快与国际标准接轨，加强国际认证
当前国际贸易中与环境有关的认证工作主要有ISO14000环境质量标准体系认证和绿色标志认证。ISO14000S是应对绿色壁垒的有效武器，获得ISO14000认证的企业表明其具有一定的环境竞争力，通过认证的企业可以使其产品对环境无害提供一些间接证据，还可获得良好的企业形象，提高其国际竞争力。
(三)调整产业结构，加强企业自主创新
要想走出国门，走向世界，纺织服装生产企业应该逐渐从劳动密集型的低附加值加工类企业转向拥有自主创新能力，能够打造自主品牌，掌握自主知识产权的高附加值出口企业。多数纺织服装企业现在主要从事贴牌生产，来料加工和来样加工，企业从中获取的利润很少。只有通过树立自己的品牌，打造属于自己的产品，才能提高企业的国际认知度，从而提高其国际竞争力。
(四)发挥行业协会的作用
发达国家的行业协会发展的比较早，行业组织机构也比较完善，这些行业机构为企业的发展提供了必要的信息。也应建立相应的行业协会，及时收集国际贸易相关政策信息，掌握行业动态，加速专业人才的培养，充分发挥行业协会的咨询服务功能，帮助企业量身订做符合其自身的国际贸易摩擦解决方案。
原文：
Zhejiang textile industry internationalization process under the new trade
barriers
1、Technical barriers to trade
"TBT" (Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT), also known as "technical trade measures," is a country or region to maintain its basic security, to protect life and health and safety of humans and animals and plants, protect the environment, prevent fraud, ensure product quality and other grounds, through the enactment of laws, decrees, regulations, development of technical standards and technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, packaging and labeling requirements, product quarantine, inspection system, used in international trade among the imported products to improve the technical requirements imports increased difficulty, play a role in protecting the interests of their own related businesses. Safety standards, health standards, packaging standards and IT provisions constitute the four elements of technical barriers to trade. Developed by enacting some of the technical standards for industrial goods from developing countries to restrict access to the country, such as: American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards (ASME); Japan's "Drug Law", "Cosmetic Act"; the EU elaborated on electronic electromagnetic compatibility standards and other electrical products. These safety rules are higher than in developing countries to take on their own industry standards and legal requirements. According to incomplete statistics, in 2012 China has 23.9 percent of export enterprises by foreign technical trade measures varying degrees of impact, the loss reached $ 68.5 billion, the additional cost businesses $ 28.02 billion, an increase of $ 2.06 billion more than in 2011, trade was gradually lost increasing state. Among them, the direct losses amounted Zhejiang Province, caused by technical barriers to $ 6.45 billion, accounting for 2.87 percent of the province's total exports.
2、Green barriers
Green Trade Barriers (Green Barriers to Trade, GBT) is a country in order to protect human health and economic development coordination as a pretext for foreign goods imported specifically set up to restrict imports to protect domestic supply for the purpose of trade discrimination and restrictions with trade barriers. Green Barrier essence is a new development technical barriers to trade, at present, the type used internationally are: green technology standards, green tariff system, green market
access system, green packaging system, green quarantine system, green countervailing like. Such barriers are objective in international trade, regardless of the subjective purpose of each country, green barriers themselves with environmental protection and sustainable development are closely linked. In recent years, the formation of green ideology and national needs for energy conservation, green barriers make excellent concealment, and thus become the new trade protectionism best "amulet." The first half of 2010, the EU's Rapid Alert System for non-food (RAPEX) cumulative recall 245 textile and clothing products, an increase of 109%, of which the domestic textile and apparel products to 133, an increase of 102%, accounting for 54 total recall %; US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recall of textile and apparel products amounted to 46, of which a total of 27 Chinese origin, accounting for 59%. Asphyxia, chemical hazards is the main reason for China's textile and apparel recall.
3、The social barriers to trade
Social Barriers to Trade (Social Barriers), also known as blue barriers are coming from social terms, refers to a social clause in trade restrictions laborers environment and the right to life taken as a reason is to protect labor standards and trade linked product. Social clause is not a separate legal document, but rather on social security, treatment of workers rights and labor standards and other aspects of the provisions of international conventions in general. Social Barriers There are six main forms: in violation of international labor standards nationally recognized impose surtax; restrict or prohibit the serious violations of basic labor standards exports; to impose trade sanctions on the grounds of labor standards; multinational factory audit (customer audits); Social Responsibility factory certification; product labeling program of social responsibility. The most typical representative of the social barriers to trade is the SA8000 standard, from the ethics of international standards IS09000 quality management system and environmental management system IS014000 interpretation comes from the American Council on Economic Priorities (referred SAI) to develop and implement. China as a "world factory", mainly in labor-intensive industries, competition among companies for orders requiring overtime work phenomenon is more common, and this is precisely found for developed countries to curb Chinese imports through social barriers to trade reasons. In recent years, China's coastal areas have received more than 8,000 multinational companies SA8000 certification review, there are some companies did not pass the review due to lost business orders; while 50% of multinational companies and foreign companies said that if the implementation of
SA8000 will consider re-signed a purchase contract with Chinese companies.
4、The analysis of the situation of Zhejiang Textile & Garment Industry
4.1 Situation analysis
Textile industry is a traditional pillar industry of the national economy and an important livelihood industry in the prosperity of the market, expanding exports, creating jobs, and played an important role. Back in 1995, China has maintained a position reached and the world's largest exporter of textiles and clothing, but from 2002 onwards the abolition of textile export quotas, Chinese textile and garment exports more brought fueling effect. According to Customs data show that in 2012 China's total textile and apparel exports of $ 254.92 billion, annual growth of 2.8%, which exceeds the textile and garment export growth. Garment exports 159.14 billion US dollars, an increase of 3.9 percent, textile exports 95.78 billion US dollars, an increase of 1.2%. China's textile and apparel exports accounted for total global exports of three percent. But in recent years, China's textile and garment industry due to product design, production process is set to reclaim the environmental impact did not meet the requirements of developed countries; industrial technology could not meet the standards of developed countries; the working environment and the rights of workers Treatment and so did not meet the appropriate requirements: textile and apparel exports to Europe have been repeatedly recalled product losses. Data show that in 2012 China's total textile and apparel exports grew only 3.3 percent, the lowest increase in recent years.
4.2 Within the encounter barriers, external analysis
4.2.1 The internal analysis
(1) technology and production equipment behind, the product is not strong productivity. Zhejiang is an important exporter of textile and garment industry, in 2012 the province's textile and apparel exports 59.846 billion US dollars, with exports accounting for 23.45 percent, ranking first in the country. Due to the densely populated Zhejiang reasons caused textile and garment enterprises in Zhejiang mostly small-scale family businesses, mainly due to the low technological content and low added value, innovation capability is weak and other factors led directly to the export of products exist "over five five less "phenomenon, namely: popular and dependable, less brand; middle and low, less upscale; rough, less finishing; general machining, less deep processing; clothing supplies, less industrial supplies. Secondly, because the family business on the management model is also relatively backward reaction to appropriate
national and international policies have made slow, often encounter the problem before going to solve the problem, the lack of trends in industrial policy initiative. Again, due to the relatively backward equipment, production efficiency is not high, companies can only win from the number of products, overtime is widespread, and some companies even 24/7, 7 days a week.
(2) corporate environmental awareness apathy, lack of technical regulations and standards. Most of Zhejiang's textile and garment industry is still in the extensive mode of labor-intensive, technology is relatively backward, pollution, waste of resources and serious phenomenon is relatively common. People for Environmental awareness is not enough, there is no adequate measures are taken, some enterprises in order to reduce costs and industrial sewage directly into the river. Textile production from procurement of raw materials to processing and waste disposal areas, etc., are not taken into account the environment and human health. Meanwhile, research on the ecological textile enterprises, production and development seriously enough, very few companies concerned ISO14000 international environmental standards system certification, to obtain "green pass" enterprise even less.
(3) The functions of the government behind the lack of uniform industry standards. Zhejiang textile and garment enterprises in the import and export trade, the lack of clear information capture, information analysis and information delivery system, can not keep abreast of foreign market dynamics, once encountered trade friction is at a loss. The lack of an early warning mechanism, the scarcity of technical personnel, slow response measures are so that enterprises in a passive position in the export trade. In addition, the lack of standards in line with the country's mandatory standards, a set of standards for each country, region, industry, compared with developed countries, China's standard system is relatively chaotic, although according prone to follow, but I do not know what pursuant through phenomenon.
4.2.2 The external analysis
(1) The export market is too concentrated. US, EU and Japan is a major exporter of textiles and clothing products. And these three countries that is an active advocate of promoting new trade barriers. Export market is too concentrated, the rapid growth of exports, let Zhejiang textile and garment export market risk is too concentrated. Developed labor costs are too high, middle and low competitiveness of textile necessarily lower than in developing countries, in order to protect their own similar products, technology, environmental protection, trade barriers set up by imported
products has become a reality for developing countries, such as Japan provisions baby clothing imports formaldehyde content is zero, while formaldehyde is still widely used in the country's garment processing.
(2) persistent and large trade surplus amount. From the beginning of the 1990s, the rapid development of China's foreign trade, export dependence and dependence on foreign trade increasing every year. According to statistics, in 2011 China's foreign trade surplus reached $ 155.14 billion, of which the first nine months, the textile and apparel trade surplus was 1.64 times the national trade surplus. Faced with such a huge trade deficit, the US, Japan and the EU is bound to take appropriate measures to set up trade barriers in order to reduce imports conflict.
5、Implications
5.1 To strengthen environmental awareness, build a green supply chain management
Enterprises to overcome the green barriers, must first solve the problem of environmental protection and enterprises to solve environmental problems, technological transformation and innovation on the one hand, on the other hand should adopt advanced management concepts, establish a green supply chain management. Through green procurement, green production, green design, green logistics, green recycling "green supply chain management mode" to reduce the company in the production process of the destruction of the environment, while also reducing the textile and clothing products to the residual chemicals products hazards.
5.2 Accelerate with international standards, strengthen international certification
The current international trade environment-related work mainly ISO14000 environmental certification quality standard certification and green logo certification. ISO14000S is an effective weapon to deal with green barriers, access to ISO14000 certified company indicated that it has a competitive environment, you can make it environmentally friendly products provide some indirect evidence, but also to get a good corporate image through the certification of enterprises, improve their international competitiveness.
5.3 Adjusting the industrial structure, strengthen independent innovation
To go abroad, to the world, the textile and garment manufacturing enterprises with independent innovation capability should gradually from labor-intensive, low value-added processing enterprises turn, be able to build their own brands, master proprietary high-value export enterprises. Most of the textile and garment enterprises are now mainly engaged in OEM production, processing and sample processing, rarely
profits from acquisition. Only by establishing their own brand, to create their own products in order to enhance international awareness of enterprises, thereby enhancing its international competitiveness.
5.4 Action played guild
Industry associations developed relatively early development, industry organizations are more perfect, the industry body for the development of enterprises to provide the necessary information. China should also establish appropriate industry associations, timely collection of international trade-related policy information, grasp industry trends, speed up the training of professionals, full of industry associations consulting services to help companies tailor their own compliance with international trade friction to solve program.
毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES 抛光瓷砖 学院材料科学与工程 专业复合材料与工程 班级复材0802 学生 学号20080103114 指导教师 二〇一二年三月二十八日
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002) POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES C. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. Yuan Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology, Guangzhou 510090, P.R. China ABSTRACT Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability. Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheel
目录 摘要 (2) 关键词 (2) 一、引言 (2) 二、绿色贸易壁垒概述 (3) 1、绿色贸易壁垒的概念 (3) 2、绿色贸易壁垒形成和发展的原因 (3) 3、绿色贸易壁垒的形式 (4) 4、绿色贸易壁垒的特点 (4) 三、绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 ..................................... 错误！未定义书签。 1、对我国外贸的积极影响 (5) 2、对我国外贸的消极影响 (5) 四、我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策 (6) 六、结语 (7) 参考文献 (7)
关于绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响的文献综述 摘要： 绿色贸易壁垒由于具有表面上的合理性以及隐蔽性等特点，成为当今国际贸易领域行之有效的贸易保护手段之一。这引起了我国众多学者的关注，他们从绿色贸易壁垒的概念、形式、特点入手，对绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响进行了研究，分析绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口市场范围，出口商品结构，出口贸易增长速度，经济效益和国际贸易关系的影响。并针对我国出口贸易面临绿色贸易壁垒日益增多的现实状况，提出我国外贸应对全球绿色贸易壁垒的对策。本文将众多学者的观点进行了梳理，并进行了一定的评论。 关键词：绿色贸易壁垒出口经济措施 Abstract：Green barriers on the surface as a reasonable and hidden features, to become effective in today's international trade is one means of trade protection. This has led to the concern of many scholars in China, they are from the concept of green trade barriers, form, features start on the green trade barriers on China's foreign trade was studied to analyze the green range of trade barriers on China's export market, export commodity structure, exports trade growth, economic efficiency and international trade relations. And green for China's export trade is facing increasing trade barriers, the reality of the situation, put forward China's foreign trade measures to address global green trade barriers. This will be the point of view of many scholars of the sort, and make some comments. Key Words：Green trade barrier；Export Economy；Measures 一、引言 进入21世纪，人们的消费观念有了前所未有的变化，对绿色产品显示出了旺盛的需求。随着工业化进程的加快，世界经济得到了高速发展，但是随之而来是环境的破坏，环境污染问题日渐突出。绿色壁垒是20 世纪环保浪潮的产物，初衷在于保护环境和人类安全。但伴随着全球一体化的进程，国际贸易迅速发展，国家间的贸易竞争也更加激烈，而关税壁垒和非关税壁垒受到了严格限制。在这种情况下，既可以保护环境，又可以保护国内产品和市场的绿色壁垒被越来越多的国家采用，成为一种新型的非税壁垒形式。绿色壁垒作为一种“合法”的贸易壁垒，越来越多地影响到国际贸易的正常进行。为了保护国内环境和市场，发展我国相关产业，更好地维护我国利益，寻找跨越绿色壁垒的方法成为当务之急。因此，本文将众多学者对绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响
Thermoelectric Properties of n -Type Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5Segmented Thermoelectric Material SEJIN YOON,1JUN-YOUNG CHO,1HYUN KOO,1SUNG-HWAN BAE,1SEUNGHYUN AHN,1GWI RANG KIM,1JIN-SANG KIM,2and CHAN PARK 1,3,4 1.—Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Seoul National University,Daehak-dong,Gwanak-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 2.—Electronic Materials Research Center,Korea Institute of Science and Technology,Wolgok 2-dong,Seongbuk-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 3.—Research Institute of Advanced Materials,Seoul National University,Daehak-dong,Gwanak-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 4.—e-mail:pchan@snu.ac.kr To investigate the effects of segmentation of thermoelectric materials on performance levels,n -type segmented Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5thermoelectric material was fabricated,and its output power was measured and compared with those of Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5.The two materials were bonded by diffusion bonding with a diffusion layer that was $18l m thick.The electrical conductivity,Seebeck coef?cient,and power factor of the segmented Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5sample were close to the average of the values for Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5.The output power of Bi 2Te 3was higher than those of PbSe 0.5Te 0.5and the segmented sample for small D T (300K to 400K and 300K to 500K),but that of the segmented sample was higher than those of Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5when D T exceeded 300K (300K to 600K and 300K to 700K).The output power of the segmented sample was about 15%and 73%higher than those of the Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5samples,respectively,when D T was 400K (300K to 700K).The ef?ciency of thermoelectric materials for large temperature differences can be enhanced by segmenting materials with high performance in different temperature ranges. Key words:Thermoelectric material,segmented thermoelectric material, Bi 2Te 3,Pb(Se,Te),output power INTRODUCTION Many studies have focused on improving the energy conversion ef?ciency of thermoelectric materials for their potential use in power-generation and cooling systems.The ef?ciency of a thermoelectric material is characterized by its dimensionless ?gure of merit [zT =(S 2r T )/j ,where S is the Seebeck coef?cient,r is the electrical conductivity,and j denotes the thermal conductivity].1 The upper limit of the ef?ciency (g ?g c ??????????????? 1tzT p à1 =???????????????1tzT p t1àg c h i ,where g c =D T /T hot is the Carnot ef?ciency,and zT is the average zT over the temperature range)is determined by the temperature difference D T ,2,3which means that better energy conversion can be expected with the use of a larger D T .Most thermoelectric materials,how-ever,have high zT over a very limited temperature range,indicating that most thermoelectric materials cannot effectively utilize such a large D T .High ther-moelectric energy conversion ef?ciency can be obtained when a large D T can be used,which can only be realized by using a thermoelectric material with high zT value across a broad temperature range.Materials with large average zT values over a wide temperature range have to be used to convert large amounts of energy from a large D T .Connection of materials with high zT values in different tempera-ture ranges,forming a segmented thermoelectric (Received May 10,2013;accepted October 14,2013;published online November 27,2013) Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS,Vol.43,No.2,2014 DOI:10.1007/s11664-013-2869-4ó2013TMS 414
商务英语专业毕业论文参考题目（教师选题） 一、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务英语函电翻译技巧 3、商务英语信函的语体分析 3、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 4、商务英语学习方法探究 5、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 6、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 7、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 8、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异 9、商务谈判中的语言艺术 10、商标名称的翻译与策略 11、广告英语的分类与分析 12、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用 13、商务英语听力策略研究 14、商务英语写作问题研究 15、商务英语考试技巧研究 16、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 17、The Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of China’s Export Goods 18、The Advantages and the Disadvantages of China’s Cheap Labor in Its Foreign Trade 19、Multinational Corporations Help China Develop Its Economy 20、Export and Import Are Equally Necessary to China 二、 1、初析英文广告句式结构及修辞的功能 2、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言
4、商务英语发展现状浅祈 5、商务英语翻译技巧 6、商务英语函电中的文化因素初探 7、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践 8、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用 9、中英文广告标题的共同点 10、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题 11、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示 12、商务英语翻译标准初探 13、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧 14、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略 15、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点 16、英文广告的特点及翻译 17、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色 18、浅议国际贸易的几点理论创新 19、高职高专商务英语专业教学模式探讨 20、商务英语翻译技巧 21、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析 22、礼貌原则在商务英语信函写作当中的应用 三、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 3、商标名称的翻译与策略 4、商务谈判中的语言艺术 5、商务谈判的文化障碍 6、商务英语课程设置的探讨 7、商务谈判中英语的重要性 8、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 9、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突
陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献 陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路 摘要 通常情况下，创新在行业中发挥的作用是至关重要的。以往学者专门讨论在技术上更新兴的产业（例如，汽车和药品）。但在传统和成熟的行业上，如纺织品和陶瓷产业，往往被忽视。本文在英国陶瓷产业技术创新中的作用纠正这种让失衡。回顾以往的和当前的创新，根据同行业中的案例分析，其中包括用突出创新和技术创新取得成功的例子。 1.英国陶瓷行业的一个简史 陶瓷，定义为无机非金属材料，陶瓷派生于的希腊扎罗斯，大致翻译为烧土。著名陶艺家乔赛亚·韦奇伍德，托马斯·明顿和斯波德乔赛亚在18世纪在英国斯塔福德郡成立了陶器联盟，合并成为特伦特河畔斯托克。这个地区由于其当地丰富的粘土窑煤是最适合陶瓷生产。这些资源在1777年在特伦特和默西运河畔有力的助力了英国陶瓷产业的初期成长。 2. 创新和新技术的作用 可以说，英国陶瓷产业已亲眼目睹了两个技术创新和新技术革命。当第一个陶工在特伦特斯托克河畔开始他们的陶瓷生产，迅速地由一个工艺作坊转变为一个行业。这个传统陶瓷行业的初始生产（即，餐具，瓷砖，
砖和卫生洁具行业）带来了创新的主要问题即生产的连续性，制造一个杯子，砖瓦如前所述。为了应对这种革命性的生产经营单位产生了，这个先行者就是韦奇伍德。许多行业经过了长时间的巩固，直到二十世纪中叶，陶瓷产品的制造很难再从200年来的生产发生改变。 今天，新技术的重要性对英国的陶瓷生产与日俱增。与其他产品的出现（例如，玻璃和塑料）和国外市场的竞争增加，需要新的技术提供更快的生产和更高的质量是非常重要的。这种创新活动关注的大多数是陶瓷产品生产更快，更便宜，更可靠和更耐用。提高机械化水平成了瓷砖、卫生洁具和餐具制品生产厂家的重要工作。陶艺工业生产商的理想是在机器的一端放入原材料，在机器的另一端成品就出来了。 3. 研究和技术组织（RTO）的作用 实时系统和研究协会是专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，是一家创新技术的生成和扩散的私营公司。一个RTO通常代表一个技术型行业并建立在提供技术服务的公司成员的基础上。其独特的地位，使他们更加了解其特定的行业或部门，这使得他们在该部门的创新提供理想的经纪人机制，要求和需求。他们与监管机构，以及企业的合作，也让他们占尽地利，并提供他们的行业技术创新的驱动力。致力于陶瓷行业的陶瓷技术研究所（RTO）是成立于1948年，它为所有陶瓷企业提供广泛的服务（例如，咨询，测试和技术支持），其中包括传统陶瓷精粹文化和先进的陶瓷技术。陶瓷技术的协助和创新，是组织成员之间的主要凝聚力，可以促进企业间合作研究、开发新技术和有利于技术转让项目，提高公司的资金和管理能力。 还有就是，试图改善这种商业意识，在同行业中的证据。发展各种工
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。 而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯
拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
中文2500字 本科毕业设计翻译 学生姓名：***** 班级：*****班 学号：***** 学院：材料科学与工程学院 专业：材料成型及控制工程 指导教师：***** 副教授 2011年3月25日
Section 4 – Die Design and Construction Guidelines for HSS Dies General Guidelines for Die Design and Construction Draw Dies Higher than normal binder pressure and press tonnage is necessary with H.S.S. in order to maintain process control and to minimize buckles on the binder. Dies must be designed for proper press type and size. In some cases, a double action press or hydraulic press cushion may be required toachieve the necessary binder forces and control. Air cushions or nitrogen cylinders may not provide the required force for setting of draw beads or maintaining binder closure if H.S.S. is of higher strength or thickness. Draw beads for H.S.S. should not extend around corners of the draw die. This will result in locking out the metal flow and cause splitting in corners of stamping. D raw beads should “run out” at the tangent of the corner radius to minimize metal compression in corners, as shown in figure 16 on page 47. Better grades of die material may be necessary depending on the characteristics of the HSS, the severity of the part geometry, and the production volume. A draw die surface treatment, such as chrome plating, may be recommended for outer panel applications. Form and Flange Dies Part setup in form and flange dies must allow for proper overbend on all flanges for springback compensation. Springback allowance must be increased as material strength increases; 3 degrees for mild steels, but 6 degrees or more
中文3100字，2000单词，1.1万英文字符 出处：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41. 原文 Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export. Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China 1. Introduction The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high