智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统
'智能建筑'和'智能家居'技术的概念
智能领域的建筑，智能家居，建筑管理系统（房屋管理中心）包含了一个巨大的各种技术，各地商业，工业，体制和住宅楼宇，包括能源管理系统和建设控制的功能，建设管理系统的核心是'智能建筑'的概念，其目的是为了控制、监测和优化建设服务，例如，照明;加热;安全，闭路电视及警报系统;存取控制;视听和娱乐系统;通风，过滤和气候控制等;甚至产品的考勤控制和报告（尤其是工作人员的运动和供货）潜在的这些概念和周边技术是巨大的，和我们的生活正在发生变化的影响，从智能建筑的设计与发展对我们的生活和工作环境的影响，对设施的规划和设施管理，也是潜在的巨大的。任何设施管理人员考虑楼宇发展或网站的搬迁也应考虑所带来的机会智能建筑技术及概念。这项免费的概要文章是由一家总部设在英国的首席专家加里米尔斯提供，他在智能建筑，智能家居，以及大厦管理系统都有非常熟练以及高超的水平。智能建筑物和建筑管理系统在20世纪70年代已经在工业界开始应用，从制度和管制使用的自动化生产过程和管理植物的生长。发达国家智能建筑在80年代概念和应用软件的发展和标准化，使智能楼宇的技术和系统，可以在以住宅和商业部门之间转让。
智能建筑-控制理论
智能建筑的本质，建设管理系统和智能建筑是在控制技术，使服务一体化，自动化和优化的所有服务和设备提供服务和管理环境的建设。
可编程逻辑控制器（PLC），形成了原来的基础上的控制技术。
后来的事态发展，在商业和住宅的申请，是基于分布式智能的微处理器。稍后这些技术的采用和发展，让各种网站的建设和服务得以优化，往往高产显着并且降低成本和节省大量能源。有很多方法，其中建设服务的建筑物内可以得到控制，下降大致可分为二的方法类型：
文献来自：Intelligent building，2005年第8期
?基于时间 -提供暖气或照明服务等，只有在需要时
?基本参数的优化-经常使用的名词，代表环境方面的服务，如温度的空间加热或照度的照明。
暖气-基于时间的控制
基于时间的控制，可以用来打开和关闭供暖系统（和/或热水）在预先选定的时期（一天，一周等）。优化参数：无论任何条件下，控制，确保建设达到预期的温度，开始入住。
暖气-优化基于参数（温度）控制的例子
?温度控制：保护对冻结或霜冻保护一般涉及运行供暖系统水泵和锅炉，当外部温度达到了一套水平（0 ° C时）。
?补偿系统：当室外温度下降，将控制流温度，在加热电路相对外部温度。
这将提供一个上升的电路流温度。
?散热器恒温阀：这些意义上的空间温度在一个房间内和节流阀的流量相关，所以通过装上散热器或变换器控制。
?比例控制：涉及交换设备，并自动关闭，以规管输出。
?其他的方法可以包括恒温器，红外传感入住的（被动式红外线感应器），用户手册和控制。
照明控制方法
不同的控制系统的存在，再次基于时间的控制和优化基于参数的情况下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是必需的。
?区域：灯开关就相应的使用和布局的照明领域，如果只有一小部分，为了避免照明一大片，它需要轻亮。
?时间控制：开关和关闭自动在每个区域，以预设的时间表，轻损耗。
?被动式红外线（红外）入住遥感：在地区是被侵入的间歇，入住传感器可以用来表明是否或没有任何人是当前和切换轻或关闭。
轻一级的监测：这包括调光开关或人工照明，以维持一个轻的水平来衡量一个光电。
建设管理系统和智能建筑-节约能源
直到最近几年，能源效率一直是大厦的业主和投资者比较低的优先和低限度的考虑。但是，随着急剧增加的和认识能源使用的关注和进步，符合成本效益的技术，能源效率正在迅速成为一部分房地产管理，设施管理和运作策略的概念，现在也作出重大大举进入国内住宅建筑部门。
照明，节约能源的最多可以有75 ％的原电路的负荷，它代表5 ％的能源消费总量的住宅和商业部门。
节约能源的潜力，从水加热，冷却，或热水的生产，最多可以有10 ％，代表多达7 ％的能源消费总量的国内住宅及商业部门。
经验研究表明，在奥地利的潜在加热和冷却可节省的能源是高达30 ％，在公共建筑物。甚至让事实，即建筑物所使用的研究可能已被那些有特别高的能源用量，这个数字是一个令人印象深刻的一个。（资料来源： eu2分析和市场调查，欧洲的建筑技术在中环及中东欧国家-g opa）
建设管理系统和智能建筑-环境和温室气体的好处
减少对温室气体排放量的依赖和相关的减少能源的使用。
智能建筑和楼宇管理系统的技术直接有助于减少能源的使用，在商业，工业，体制和国内住宅部门。
在短期内，智能楼宇和适当的应用管理系统的建设有利于环境。
立法和环境标准，卫生和安全规定，和全球趋势对改善室内空气质量标准，都是显着的办法，并提供一个连续认可的需要-建设管理系统和智能建筑技术。
政府的措施在世界各地也有强劲的发展，并通过大厦管理系统的技术。例如，英国碳信托允许增强资本免税额（非洲经委会），以作抵销对税务关于能源效率的制度，从而使储蓄的30 ％左右，为所有能源相关的建设管理系统和智能楼宇设备，以及相关的安装和设计成本。
建设管理系统和智能建筑-市场趋势
仔细解释，是必要的。在英国，通过控制技术进入新的建设和翻新的主要行业是比较高的：估计在数年前的英国市场的建设管理控制系统的新建和主要翻新，所有部门，建议通过市场（如在1994年-源u k1评估英国能源的R TD，越- 1994）：
?暖气控制70 ％。
?热水系统控制的90 ％。
?空调控制80 ％。
不过，根据欧洲委员会的记录多达90 ％的现有的建筑物已不适用或无效的管制，其中有许多需要完成的整修控制系统。
此外传统的控制系统停止短期自动化智能建筑的全部功能。一个重要的因素是人类所需的最优秀的有效运作，即使控制系统正确地指明和安装。
鉴于典型的装置和设备经常存在的问题，为建设占用（住宅）或经理（商业）的使用情况操作是否正确和正确的运作是至关重要的有效的结果。
教育用户，改善系统的设计方便用户，并提供有关指示和信息都是至关重要的，使理论转化为实践，并实现潜在的效益和节省。
建设管理系统和智能大厦-的实际利益
能源的有效的制度，平衡建设的电灯，日光和机械系统以谋求最大利益。
加强照明设计是一个多电器布局。它必须考虑的需要及附表占用，季节和气候的日光变化，及其对建筑物的机械系统的影响。
照明系统
加入日光到建设是一个方法，以达到能源效益的设计。自然日光'收获' ，可以使人们更快乐，更健康，更具生产力减少需要的电灯，大量的金钱可以节省能源。几乎每一个商业大厦是一个潜在的节能项目，如电力照明系统，可设计为暗灰色，与供货的日光。高达75 ％的照明能源消耗可节省。此外，通过减少电灯照明，并尽量减少太阳能热增益，控制的照明还可以减少建筑物的空调负荷。
机械系统
暖通空调系统和控制措施，包括应用分配制度的空气进入工作区，是机械零件的建筑物，影响热舒适性。这些系统必须共同努力，提供建筑的舒适度。而不是通常的一部分的美学大厦，他们是至关重要的其业务和乘员的满意度。
头号办公室投诉，是因为工作场所是太热，人数第二的是办公室太冷。
很多人应付加入的球迷，空间加热器，涵盖了喷口，投诉，进行'恒温战争'与他们的合作工人，或者干脆离开办公室。住户可以驱车前往分心，试图调整舒适，其空间。不适当的温度，湿度，通风，室内空气品质也有重大影响的生产力和健康。当我们热舒适我们更好地开展工作，店更长的时间，放松，呼吸更容易，我们的注意力集中越好。
为了提供一个舒适和健康的室内环境建设机械系统必须：
?提供一个可接受的水平，温度和湿度和安全防范，气味和室内空气污染物。
?创造意识的可居住性，通过空气流动，通风和轻微的温度变化。
?让乘员，可以控制和修改条件，以符合个人喜好。
阻力大厦管理系统和智能建筑技术
?“我们的楼宇已具能源效益的” 。（是整个建筑的节能，抑或是业主，限制他的重点，以公用地方及毛额租用空间？）
?“我们宁愿设备与最低的成本时，首先装修租客空间” 。（是否规范有任何的想法谁承担增加的经营成本，这样的策略呢？）?“我们需要一个为期两年的简单的回馈或更少” 。（这是仍然是现实，鉴于该回报率对货币市场是从字面上了其中的十分之一是什么这是20年
前？）
?“住户支付所有的能源成本，并会得到所有的储蓄” 。（请勿住户真的支付所有的能源，还是只能源超过预先设定的基准年或牺牲停止？）?“我们正在出售的建设” 。（我们是否应该承担，然后降低营运开支和收获增加资产价值并不重要？）
智能家居
建设管理系统为住宅的申请
与广泛采用数字技术将有一场深刻变革，我们如何与他人沟通。甚至如何，在我们的家园，我们商店进行服务，接收新闻，管理我们的财政状况，了解世界，并开展业务，管理资源，寻找娱乐，当我们进入老年并保持独立性和自主性。
这些活动的日益发生在家庭中。作为我们的看法，银行，商店，大学，社区和城市的变化反应的新技术，使建筑建立管理制度，正在成为一个不平凡的新的重要性。
因为它存在的今天，家庭不能满足这些需求，或利用新的机会所造成的社会和技术的变化。大多数人住的空间不能满足他们的需要。
直到最近，大多数房屋被有线仍略多于主要电子电路，数电话线，和几个电视电缆。时代变了。电器及保安系统承办商经常安装低压电缆通信网，这就是广泛的智能家居或'智能家居系统。
服务和设备，利用这些网络包括：安全;家庭影院和娱乐;电话，门电话和内部通信;个人电脑及互联网网络;监视摄像头;车道的车辆传感器;沟通恒温;摩托窗口百叶窗和窗帘;输入系统;和灌溉系统。
智能家园
智能家居'是另一种的任期为1智能化住宅的建设，或一个智能家居。几年前，这些概念很少考虑未来和幻想。现在他们的现实。这些条款是现在常用来定义一个居住使用控制系统的整合居住的各种自动化系统。
整合民政系统，使它们能够互相沟通，通过控制系统，从而使单一的按钮和语音控制同时在预先编程的情景或经营模式下控制各种家用系统。
发展智能家居系统，集中讨论如何在家及其相关技术，产品和服务应该演变，以最好地满足面临的机遇和挑战的未来。的可能性和排列是无止境的。这里是一些例子：
智能家居示例1
情况下，如'我家'可引发迫切的一个按钮上的一个关键环远程控制从您的车辆作为你的做法的车道上。控制系统接收的关键环远程控制的命令。这将触发预先编程的函数序列。例如出发，把对照明在车道，车库，走廊，和厨房。然后解除武装的保安系统，打开车库门，打开进入室内车库门，调整暖气，以预设的温度，并轮流对整个内部音响系统播放你最喜爱的CD ，同时你可以洗澡。
控制系统编程，以满足特定用户的需求，开创了连续自动操作的家用系统，在回应一个按钮命令的基础上，形势和或时间。
智能家居，例如案例2
在上午07时30分，你要清醒的声音，你最喜爱的CD中发出的背景;灯在您的卧室开关'，让您醒来在自己的时间。该楼下闯入者警报系统是激活的。在
厨房的咖啡机轮流上作出饮料。地面的窗帘和百叶窗打开;毛巾加热器在浴室宽慰毛巾。你甚至还没有起床。
Intelligent buildings design and building management systems
Overview of 'intelligent buildings' and 'intelligent homes' technologies
The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems (BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls. The function of Building Management Systems is central to 'Intelligent Buildings' concepts; its purpose is to control, monitor and optimise building services, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability). The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives are changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments. The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense. Any facilities managers considering premises development or site relocation should also consider the opportunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts. This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, and Building Management Systems. The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970's, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances. The concepts and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980's, enabling transferability of the technology and systems to the residential and commercial sectors.
Intelligent buildings - control theory
The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) formed the original basis of the control technologies.
Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on 'distributed-intelligence microprocessors'.
The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building services within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types:
?Time based- providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required, and
?Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting.
Heating - time-based control
Time-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when occupancy starts.
Heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control examples
?Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temper ature reaches a set level (0°C).
?Compensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops.
?Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted.
?Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output.
?Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIR's (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control.
Lighting control methods
Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required.
?Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only
a small part of it needs light.
?Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to
a preset schedule for light use.
?Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly.
Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savings
Until recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.
For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors.
Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors.
Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA)
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefits
Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.
Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.
In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.
Legislation and environmental standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies.
Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - market trends
Careful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994):
?Heating controls 70%.
?Hot water system controls 90%.
?Air conditioning controls 80%.
However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.
Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.
Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.
Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits
Energy-effective systems balance a building's electric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit.
Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the building's mechanical systems.
Lighting systems
Adding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Natural daylight 'harvesting' can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a building's air conditioning load.
Mechanical systems
The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction.
The number one office complaint is that the workplace is too hot. Number two is that it's too cold.
Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting 'thermostat wars' with their co-workers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their space. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better.
In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must:
?Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants.
?Create a sense of habitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature variation.
?Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit individual preferences.
Resistance to building management systems and intelligent buildings technology
?"Our buildings are already energy-efficient." (Is the whole building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased spaces?)
?"We prefer the equipment with the lowest first cost when fitting out tenant space." (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?) ?"We need a two-year simple payback or less." (Is this still realistic, given that the percentage return on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?)
?"Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings." (Do tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or expense stop?)
?"We're selling the building." (Should we assume then that lowering the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?)
Intelligent homes
Building management systems for residential applications
With the widespread adoption of digital technologies there will be a profound change in how we communicate with others. Even how, in our homes, we shop for goods and services, receive news, manage our finances, learn about the world, and, conduct business, manage resources, find entertainment, and maintain independence and autonomy as we enter old age.
These activities increasingly take place in the home. As our perception of banks, shops, universities, communities, and cities change in response to new technologies, so home building management systems are taking on an extraordinary new importance.
As it exists today the home cannot meet these demands or take advantage of new opportunities created by social and technological changes. Most people live in spaces poorly tailored to their needs.
Until recently, the majority of homes were wired with little more than the main electrical circuits, a few phone lines, and a few TV cables. Times have changed. Electrical and security system contractors routinely install low voltage communication network cables for a wide range of intelligent home or 'smart home' systems.
Services and equipment that utilise these networks include: security; home theatre and entertainment; telephones, door-phones and intercoms; PC and internet networks; surveillance cameras; driveway vehicle sensors; communicating thermostats; motorized window blinds and curtains; entry systems; and irrigation systems.
Smart homes
'Smart home' is an alternative term for an intelligent residential building, or an intelligent home. A few years ago these concepts weer considered futuristic and fanciful. Now they are reality. These terms are
now commonly used to define a residence that uses a control system to integrate the residence's various automation systems.
Integrating the home systems allows them to communicate with one another through the control system, thereby enabling single button and voice control of the various home systems simultaneously, in pre-programmed scenarios or operating modes.
The development of smart home systems focus on how the home and its related technologies, products, and services should evolve to best meet the opportunities and challenges of the future. The possibilities and permutations are endless. Here are some examples:
Smart home example scenario 1
A scenario such as 'I'm Home' could be triggered by pressing one button on a key-ring remote-control from your vehicle as you approach the driveway. The control system receives the key-ring remote-control's command. This will then trigger a pre-programmed sequence of functions. For example starting by turning on the lighting in the driveway, garage, hallway, and kitchen. It then disarms the security system, opens the garage door, unlocks the interior garage entry door, adjusts the heating to a preset temperature, and turns on the whole-house audio system playing your favourite cd, whilst drawing you a bath.
The control system is programmed to meet specific user requirements, initiating sequential automatic operation of the home systems, in response to 'one button' commands based on the situation and or time.
Smart home example scenario 2
At 7:30am and you awake to the sound of your favourite cd playing in the background; the lights in your bedroom switch on; 'fading up' to allow you to wake up in your own time. The downstairs intruder alarm system is de-activated. In the kitchen the coffee machine turns on to make a drink. The ground floor curtains and blinds open; the towel heater in the bathroom warms the towels. And you haven't even got up yet.
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
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毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
Circuit breaker 断路器 Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipm ent, can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n normal and special conditions breaking current (such as sho rt circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。 rent). For example, air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, interf erence circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability o f the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中， breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the followin g grades: a 电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit break er, compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six s ulfur hexaf
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港
摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型
第一章绪论 由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。 探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。 图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图 图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。 肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：供配电系统 文献、资料英文题目：POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ABSTRACT The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distribution
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations
外文翻译 DC GENENRATORS 1. INTRODUCTION For all practical purposes, the direct-current generator is only used for special applications and local dc power generation. This limitation is due to the commutator required to rectify the internal generated ac voltage, thereby making largescale dc power generators not feasible. Consequently, all electrical energy produced commercially is generated and distributed in the form of three-phase ac power. The use of solid state converters nowadays makes conversion to dc economical. However, the operating characteristics of dc generators are still important, because most concepts can be applied to all other machines. 2. FIELD WINDING CONNECTIONS The general arrangement of brushes and field winding for a four-pole machine is as shown in Fig.1. The four brushes ride on the commutator. The positive brusher are connected to terminal A1 while the negative brushes are connected to terminal A2 of the machine. As indicated in the sketch, the brushes are positioned approximately midway under the poles. They make contact with coils that have little or no EMF induced in them, since their sides are situated between poles. Figure 1 Sketch of four-pole dc matchine The four excitation or field poles are usually joined in series and their ends brought out to terminals marked F1 and F2. They are connected such that they produce north and south poles alternately. The type of dc generator is characterized by the manner in which the field