Unit 1 Page 22
The?growth?of?intercultural?communication?as?a?field?of?study?is?based?on? a?view?of?history?that?clearly?demonstrates?people?and?cultures?have?been?tro ubled?by?a?persistent?inability?to?understand?and?get?along?with?groups?and?s ocieties?removed?by?space,?ideology,?appearance,?and?behavior?from?their?own. ?What?is?intriguing?about?many?of?human?civilization's?failure?is?that?they?ap pear?to?be?personal?as?well?as?global.?The?story?of?humankind?is?punctuated? with?instances?of?face-to-face?conflicts?as?well?as?international?misunderstandin g--major?and?minor?quarrels?that?range?from?simple?name-calling?to?isolationi sm?or?even?armed?conflict.?
It?is?obvious?that?increased?contact?with?other?cultures?and?subcultures?mak es?it?imperative?for?us?to?make?a?concerted?effort?to?get?along?with?and?to?t ry?to?understand?people?whose?beliefs?and?backgrounds?may?be?vastly?differe nt?from?our?own.?The?ability,?through?increased?awareness?and?understanding ,?to?peacefully?coexist?with?people?who?do?not?necessarily?share?our?lifestyles? or?values?could?benefit?us?not?only?in?our?own?neighborhoods?but?could?be?t he?decisive?factor?in?maintaining?world?peace.?
纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为?举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为?一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多?挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的?误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。?
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有?着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方?式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平?的决定性因素。
Unit 2 Page 60
Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows??through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society.
Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean.
If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be. It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in sitting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.
文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申?这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的?DOS?或者?Unix?或者?“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信?息。?用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它?我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的?共同特征。?
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因?而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物?是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的?特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验?之含义的相似阐释。?
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化?就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什?么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。?文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。
Unit 3 Page 96
Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values.
Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Culture values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Culture values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that culture value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different behaviors under similar circumstances.
虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化?之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观?
文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和?错
误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为?之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什?么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是?举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一?种习得的规则体系。?
跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或?不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价?值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境?中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。
Unit 4 Page 141
When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication.
Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other people mean. There is no way around this.When someone says something, we must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources: (1) the language they have used, and (2) our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances.
Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means------whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication
In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.
我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们?通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一?定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。?
语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别?无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：?（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人?们通常会说些什么。?
语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。换言之，?语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？?
首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际便会有比较好的?效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意?的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球?不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。
Unit 5 Page 175
Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different age, different ethnic and different cultural groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it mire difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.
In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable. People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what other mean, when we are communicating about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretations.
It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the same families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals they communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. He asked her what her would like to have for her birthday-she can ask foe anything. Unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels best about the situation if he is told quite directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.
由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个?人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群?体成员所表达的意思。?
在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与来自世界各地?不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。?当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在?交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。?
就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思，原因是男?性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。?他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最
想要的却是男人可以凭直?觉就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者?倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要?的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。
Unit 6 Page 215
Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it’s a little difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communications as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all. What we want to do here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which cannot be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding of each other.
Of course we have to emphasize the importance of communication also takes place without the writing, and yet we should also realize that much communication also takes place without the use of words. The way a person dressed for a meeting may suggest to other participants how he or she is prepared to participate in it. In fact, we can use virtually any aspect of our behavior or our presentation which others can perceive as a means of communication.
非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。然而，一般来说，很
难知道?言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。有些非言语交际方式，例如点头，总是?伴随着言语，而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。另一
方面，像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常?常是没有任何言语成分的。我们在这里想做
的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意，即人类交?往的许多方面都依赖于那些不
能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。?
当然,?我们不能不强调口语和书面语交际的重要性，然而我们也必须意识到许多
交际的发?生并不使用语言。一个人出席会议时的穿着会可能是暗示其他与会者，他或她打算如何参与?会议。事实上，我们能运用我们行为或表现的任何方面来
和他人进行交际。
Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world This is still powerful in today’s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural con tact and that of any time in the past Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one’s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to
Unit 2 Passage A 1. 中国的核心价值与儒家思想有关，儒家思想的道德准则是对人际关系中道德品质的总结，孔子就用它来夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。”在两千多年的封建统治时期，统治阶级用这五伦来处理每件事，这就形成了一个分级的社会，即臣忠于君，子孝于亲的社会。 2. 在英国文艺复兴时期，人们开始强调人的尊严以及现实生活的重要性。他们提倡人不仅有享受美好生活的权利，更要具备完善自己和创造奇迹的能力。这就是人文主义的基本理念。自那以后，人们开始尊重人性，随即有发展出了我们今日称之为“自由”的思想，即民主。 3. 以美国为例，优秀的个人价值观就是独立、努力以及生活成功、个人成就与乐于助人三方面实现平衡。就社会价值观而言，美国人在这6方面领先：言论自由、个人自由、个人权利、公开争论、独立思考和。而中国的价值观则提倡努力工作、尊重学习、诚实守信、独立自由和持久忍耐。亚洲人值得推崇的6个社会价值观是社会有序、和谐一致、政府问责、开拓思路、言论自由和尊重权威。 4. 与美国人不同的是，东亚人通常更尊重权威，赞誉社会有序，可与他们一致的是亚洲人也尊重新观念，政府问责及言论自由。 5. 中西方文化的不同与个人主义和集体主体文化密不可分。 6. 个人主义就是人们注重个体、强调个体需要。一般来说，西方文化倾向于个人主义。 7. 集体主义文化即把自身当作是集体（家庭、单位、部落、国家）的一员，一般认为集体的需要高于个体。大多数亚洲文化，包括中国在内，倾向于集体主义。 8.个人主义是指在一个社会里个人权利是首要的。大多数西方人士认为每个人都有自己独立的身份和人格，这应该得到认可并强化。因此，如果不理解个人主义，则无法理解西方的文化和西方人。唯有理解了个人主义，我们才能明白西方人对家庭、友谊和隐私的看法。个人主义的核心是追求个人利益和成就，作为一项社会的基本品质，它被高度地重视，并被人们真心铭记和认真领会。 9. 在基督教的传统文化中，个人主义不但对彼此重要，而且对社会对上帝都重要。个人主义从他们的祖先那里传承下来，因而对西方人而言，个人主义不是自私而是正直。他们如此重视个人主义，以至于他们认为如果有人不去实践个人主义，那就是错的行为。“自助者天助”，从这句谚语我们可以看出西方人对个人主义的态度。可是对中国人来说，个人主义是贬义词，是利己主义，它就意味着自私的人品和散漫的纪律。 10.传统的中国信条，尤其是儒家思想，欣赏集体主义。它强调群体合作，强调个体的成功归功于单位、组织或社团全体成员的共同努力。中国人认为为了集体而牺牲个人利益是非常高尚的品质，继而谦逊待人、善解人意的品质也受到高度赞扬。 11. 让我们从这两个事例来看文化的基本差异：学校 学校的组织形式可以看出集体主义和个人主义文化的差异。例，中国的中学、甚至大学，学生通常群体组合，他们被编成班，所有同班同学学习同一课程。相反，美国高中和大学的学生都是个体的组合，他们通常根据自己的兴趣至少选择几门课程，因此他们经常到不同的班级上不同的课，也没有类似中国的“班” 12. 另一个集体主义和个人主义区别的例子就是宴会。比如，在中国，宴会通常是大家围坐在一起享受美食或观赏节目，有的观看，有的会亲自参与节目。相反，美国典型的宴会就是鸡尾酒会。在晚会中大家成双成对，或三五成群一起聊天，间或走动走动，换换聊天对象。 13.下面是西方个人主义文化和集体主义文化更具体的区别。
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。
《跨文化交际学概论》读后感 AP0802325 钟欣奕 在学习《跨文化交际》这门课程和看完《跨文化交际学概论》这本书之前，我对“跨文化交际”的认识是：两个来自不同国家的人、组织或是国家之间的交流和沟通就是跨文化交际，而同一个国家的两个不同地区的文化的交流并不是跨文化交际。因为我认为既然是“‘跨’文化”，那这两种文化之间的差异应该是很大的，有非常不一样的文化来源和文化背景，有不一样的发展历程和演变过程，形成了两种很不一样的文化内涵。比如，美索不达米亚平原和幼发拉底河孕育的文化、黄河孕育的文化都是各有各的特点。随着经济的发展，交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，跨文化交际成了人们的需求，成为经济全球化和“地球村”的需求。 但是，《跨文化交际学概论》这本书中的第一部分第一章中提到：任何两份人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。这让我对“跨文化交际”有了一种新的认识。 有些学者就认为，跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异探讨。地区之间文化的差异，特别是在饮食方面还是比较明显的。在肇庆一些地方，番薯和南瓜是很少被当做是一道菜，更多的是当早餐或者是相当于正餐的米饭，但是同属广东，有一些地方又偏爱“蒜炒南瓜”。又比如，在我的家乡—海南，人们很爱吃生芒果，吃法也很特别：有的人会蘸盐吃，但更多人，包括我，更喜欢蘸调料吃，这种调料是用酱油、白砂糖、海南灯笼椒、或虾酱调制而成的。我周围的朋友都觉得这种吃法很奇怪，无法想象竟然用水果蘸酱油吃。不过我们当地人觉得味道还挺不错的。 正所谓“隔行如隔山”，每种行业之间虽然有互通的知识，但是之间的差别还是挺大的。对大多数学习文史类的人来说，理工科的公式换算简直就是“鬼画符”一样难懂。具体来说，要一个只专长与计算机编程的人去欣赏充满意境、“形散神聚”的散文，也是一件很难的事情。
Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides
1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture
第一部分绪论：跨文化交际与跨文化交际学 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解:有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、
阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。主流文化-主流文化-亚文化-地区文化-小群体文化（不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化） 三、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70 年代，影响最大的书籍Samovar&Richard《跨文化交