微生物英文名词解释

/kech/wswx/cn/test/shiti.htm华中农业大学微生物试题集（仅参考）*不做重点*Section 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology1Archaea ：a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from Bacteria2Bacteria ：a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from Archaea 3 Chromosome：a genetic element carrying genes essential to cell function4DNA ：deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material of cells and some viruses 5 Enrichment culture：a method for isolating microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions6 Enzymes ：protein catalysts that function to speed up chemical reactions7 Eukaryote：a cell possessing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles8Genetics ：heredity and variation of living organisms9Microorganism ：a microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell cluster, including the viruses10 Plasmid：a small genetic element that exists separately from the chromosome 11Pure culture ：a culture containing a single kind of microorganism12Spontaneous generation ：the hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter13Aseptic ：technique methods for maintaining sterile culture media and other sterile objects free from microbial contamination during manipulations14Cell ：the fundamental unit of living matter15Cytoplasm ：the fluid portion of a cell, bounded by the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus (if present)16Ecology ：the study of organisms in their natural environments17 Entropy：a measure of the degree of disorder in a system; entropy always increases in a closed system18Eukarya ：all eukaryotic organisms19Evolution ：change in a line of descent over time leading to the production of new species or varieties within a species20Metabolism ：all biochemical reactions in a cell21 Pathogen：a disease-causing microorganism22 Prokaryote：a cell lacking a nucleus and other organelles23 RNA：ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis as messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA24 Sterile：absence of all living organisms and virusesSection 2 Cell Biology1Antigen-Binding Cassette transporter ：a membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source to drive the transport event, one binds the substrate on the outside of the cell, and one functions as the transport channel through the membrane2Chloroplast ：the chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms3 Cytoplasmic：membrane the permeability barrier of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the environment4 Eukaryote ：a cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles5Gas vesicles ：gas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and coriferring buoyancy on cells6 Gram-positive：a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells7Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)：lipid in combination with polysaccharide and protein forming the major portion of the cell wall in gram-negative Bacteria8 Mitochondrion (mitochondria)：an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells in which respiration and energy generation occurs9Nucleus：a membraned-enclosed structure in cells of Eukarya that contains the genetic material, arranged in chromosomes10 Flagellum：Peptidoglycan ：a polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats of acetylglucosamine and acetylmuramic acid with the latter in adjacent layers cross-linked by short peptides11 Peritrichous：in reference to flagellation pattern; flagella located in many places around the surface of the cell Phototaxis movement of an organism toward light12 Prokaryote：a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and that usually has a single circular DNA molecule as its chromosome13 Ribosome ：small particles composed of RNAs and proteins that function in protein synthesis14Chemotaxis ：movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from (negative) a chemical gradient15Chromosome ：a DNA molecule, usually circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function16Endospore：a highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated cell produced by certain gram-positive Bacteria17 Flagellum ：a long, thin cellular appendage capable of rotation in prokary otic cells and responsible for swim-ming motility18 Gram-negative：a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall contains relatively little peptidoglycan but contains an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules19 Group translocation：an energy-dependent transport process in which the substance transported is chemi-cally modified during the transport process20 Magnetosomes：particles of magnetite (Fe3O4) organized into nonunit membrane-enclosed structures in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic Bacteria21 Nucleoid：an aggregated state of the circular chromosome of prokaryotic cells22 Organelle：a unit membrane-enclosed structure found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells23Periplasm ：a gellike region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative Bacteria24 Poly-P-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)：a common storage material of prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer of P-hydroxybutyrate or another 3-alkanoic acid25 Protoplast ：an osmotically protected cell whose cell wall has been removedSection3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms1 Acid fastness：a property of Mycobacterium species in which cells stained with the dye basic fuchsin resist decolorization with acidic alcohol2Chemolithotrophs ：organisms able to oxidize inorganic compounds as energy sources3 Consortia：two or more-membered association of prokaryotes, usually living in an intimate symbiotic fashion4Enteric bacteria ：a large group of gram-negative rod-shaped Bacteria characterized by a facultatively aerobic metabolism5 Heliobacteria：anoxygenic phototrophs containing bacteriochlorophyll g6Heterocyst ：a differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation but not oxygenic photosynthesis7Homofermentative ：in reference to lactic acid bacteria, producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product8 Methylotroph ：an organism capable of oxidizing organic compounds that do not contain carbon-carbon bonds; if able to oxidize CH4, also a methanotroph9 Purple nonsulfur bacteria：a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriochlorophylls a or b that grow best as photoheterotrophs and have a relatively low tolerance for H2S10 Prostheca ：an extrusion of cytoplasm often forming a distinct appendage, bounded by the cell wall11 Pseudomonad：member of the genus Pseudomonas, a large group ofgram-negative, obligately respiratory (never fermentative) Bacteria12 Spirochete ：a slender, tightly coiled gram-negative prokaryote characterized by possession of axial filaments used for motility13 Sulfate-reducing bacteria ：a large group of anaerobic Bacteria that respire anaerobically with SO42- as electron acceptor, producing H2S14 Carboxysomes ：polyhedral cellular inclusions of crystalline ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO), the key enzyme of the Calvin cycle15Chlorosomes ：cigar-shaped structures bounded by a nonunit membrane and containing the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll (c, d, or e) in green bacteria and Chloroflexus16 Cyanobacteria ：prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs that contain chlorophyll a and phycobilins but not chlorophyll b17 Green bacteria：anoxygenic phototrophs containing chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll c, cs, d, or e as light-harvesting chlorophyll18 Hyperthermophile：an organism with a growth temperature optimum of greater than 80oC19Heterofermentative ：in reference to lactic acid bacteria, capable of making more than one fermentation product20 Methanotroph ：an organism capable of oxidizing methane (CH4)21 Nitrifying bacteria：chemolithotrophs capable of carrying out the transformation NH3?NO2- or NO2-?NO3-22 Prochlorophyte ：a prokaryotic oxygenic phototroph that contains chlorophyllsa andb but lacks phycobilins23 Proteobacteria ：a major lineage of Bacteria that contains a large number of gram-negative rods and cocci24Purple sulfur bacteria ：a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriochlorophylls a or b and characterized by the ability to oxidize H2S and store elemental sulfur inside the cells (or in the genus Ectothiorhodospira, outside the cell)25 Stickland reaction ：fermentation of an amino acid pair in which one amino acid serves as an electron donor and a second serves as an electron acceptor Section4 Eukaryotic Microorganisms1Ameboid movement ：a type of motility in which cytoplasmic streaming moves the organism forward2Chloroplast：the photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic phototrophs3 Conidia：asexual spores of fungi4Flagellates ：a group of protozoa characterized by motility driven by the whiplike action of one or more long,thin appendages called flagella5 Hydrogenosome：an organelle of endosymbiotic origin present in certain anaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms that functions to oxidize pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate, along with the production of one ATP6 Molds：filamentous fungi7Phagocytosis ：a mechanism for ingesting particulate food in which a portion of the cell membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell8 Slime molds：nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and that aggregate to form fruiting structures (cellular slime molds) or masses of protoplasm (acellular slime molds)9 Yeasts：unicellular fungi10Chitin ：a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine commonly found in the cell walls of algae and fungi11 Ciliates：a group of protozoa characterized by rapid motility driven by numerous short appendages called cilia12 Eukarya ：all eukaryotic organisms13Fungi ：nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell walls14 Mitochondrion：the respiratory organelle of eukaryotic organisms15 Mushrooms ：filamentous fungi that produce large, often edible structures called fruiting bodies16 Protozoa ：unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls17 Sporozoa ：nonmotile parasitic protozoaSection 5 Viruses1Bacteriophage：a virus that infects prokaryotic cells2Lysogen：a bacterium containing a prophage3Oncogene：a gene whose expression causes formation of a tumor4Plus (positive)-strand nucleic acid ：an RNA or DNA strand that has the same sense as the mRNA of a virus5Provirus (prophage)：the genome of a temperate virus when it is replicating with, and usually integrated into,the host chromosome6Reverse transcription：the process of copying information found in RNA into DNA7Transformation ：a process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell (but see alternative usage in Chapter 9)8Virulent virus：a virus that lyses or kills the host cell after infection; a nontemperate virus9Minus (negative)-strand nucleic acid：an RNA or DNA strand that has the opposite sense of (is complementary to) the mRNA of a virus10Plaque：a zone of lysis or cell inhibition caused by virus infection of a lawn of sensitive cells11Prion：an infectious agent whose extracellular form may contain no nucleic acid12 Retrovirus：a virus whose RNA genome has a DNA in-termediate as part of its replication cycle13Temperate virus ：a virus whose genome is able to replicate along with that of its host and not cause cell death in a state called lysogeny14 Virion：the complete virus particle; the nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and in some cases other material15Virus：a genetic element containing either RNA or DNA that replicates in cells but is characterized by having an extracellular stateSection 6 Nutrition and Metabolism1Activation Energy energy the energy required to bring substrates to the reactive state2 Anabolism：the sum total of all biosynthetic reactions in the cell3 Catabolism：biochemical reactions leading to the production of usable energy (usually ATP) by the cell4 Chemoorganotroph ：an organism that uses organic chemicals as energy sources (electron donors)5 Coenzyme ：a small nonprotein molecule that participates in a catalytic reaction as part of an enzyme6 Culture medium ：an aqueous solution of various nutrients suitable for the growth of microorganisms7 Electron acceptor：a substance that can accept electrons from some other substance, thereby becoming reduced in the process8 Enzyme：a protein that has the ability to speed up (catalyze) a specific chemical reaction9 Free energy ：(G) energy available to do work10 Phototroph ：an organism capable of using light as an energy source11 Reduction potential ：the inherent tendency (measured in volts) of a compound to donate electrons12Siderophores ：iron chelators that can bind iron present at very low concentrations13 Aerobe ：a microorganism able to use O2 in respiration14 Autotroph ：an organism capable of biosynthesizing all cell material from CO2 as the sole carbon source15 Chemolithotroph：an organism that uses inorganic chemicals as energy sources (electron donors)16 Citric acid cycle ：a cyclical series of reactions resulting in the conversion of acetate to two CO217 Complex medium：a culture medium composed of digests of chemically undefined substances such as yeast and meat extracts18 Defined medium ：a culture medium whose precise chemical composition is known19 Electron donor：a substance that can donate electrons to some electron acceptor, thereb y becoming oxidized in the process20 Fermentation：anaerobic catabolism in which an organic compound serves as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and in which ATP is produced by sub-strate-level phosphorylation21 Oxidative phosphorylation：the production of ATP at the expense of a proton motive force formed by electron transport22Proton motive force ：an energized state of the membrane resulting from the separation of charge and the elements of water (H+ versus OH?) across the membrane23Respiration ：the process in which a compound is oxidized with O2 or an O2 substitute functioning as the terminal electron acceptor, usually accompanied by ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation24 Substrate-level phosphorylation ：production of ATP by the direct transfer of a high energy phosphate molecule from a phosphorylated organic compound to ADPSection 7 Microbial Growth and Growth Control1 Acidophile：an organism that grows best at low pH2 Alkaliphile ：an organism that grows best at high pH3Batch culture ：a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume4 Compatible solute：a molecule that is accumulated in the cytoplasm for adjustment of water activity but that does not inhibit biochemical processes5 Extremophile：an organism that grows optimally under one or more chemical or physical extremes, such as high or low temperature or pH6 Generation time：the time required for a population of microbial cells to double7 Halophile：a microorganism that requires NaCI for growth8 Lag phase：a period preceding the exponential growth phase when cells may be metabolizing but are not yet growing9 Mesophile：an organism that grows best at temperatures between 20 and 45oC10 Psychrophile：an organism with a growth temperature optimum of 15oC or lower and a maximum growth temperature below 20oC11 Stationary phase：the period immediately following exponential growth when the growth rate of the population falls to zero12Viable ：capable of reproducing13 Aminoglycosides ：a group of antibiotics, including streptomycin, containing amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds14 Antibiotic resistance ：the acquired ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of an antibiotic to which the microorganism is usually sensitive15Antiseptic ：antimicrobial agents that are sufficiently nontoxic to be applied on living tissues16β-Lactam antibiotics：a group of antibiotics, including penicillin, that contain the four-membered heterocyclic β-lactam ring17 Bacteriostatic：inhibits bacterial growth18 Decontamination：treatment that renders an object or inanimate surface safe to handle19 Disinfection：the process of eliminating nearly all pathogens, but not all microorganisms, from inanimate objects or surfaces20 Inhibition：the reduction of microbial growth because of a decrease in the number of organisms present or alterations in the microbial environment21 Lysis：loss of cellular integrity with release of cytoplasmic contents22 Semisynthetic penicillin ：a natural penicillin that has been chemically altered23 Tetracycline：an antibiotic characterized by a four-mem-bered naphthacene ring24 Aerobe：an organism that can use O2 in respiration; some require O2 for growth25 Anaerobe ：an organism that cannot use O2 in respiration and whose growth may be inhibited by O226 Chemostat：a device that allows for the continuous culture of microorganisms in which both growth rate and cell number can be controlled independently27 Exponential growth：growth of a microorganism where the cell number doubles within a fixed time period28 Facultative：with respect to O2, an organism that can grow in either its presence or absence29Growth ：an increase in cell number30 Hyperthermophile：a microorganism that has a growth temperature optimum of 80oC or greater31 Lysis：loss of cellular integrity with release of cytoplasmic constituents32 Microaerophile：an aerobic organism that can grow only when oxygen tensions are reduced from that in air33Psychrotolerant ：an organism capable of growth at low temperatures but whose growth temperature optimumis above 20oC34 Thermophile：an organism whose growth temperature optimum lies between 45 and 80oC35 Xerophile：an organism that is able to live, or that lives best, in very dry environments36Antibiotic ：a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism37 Antimicrobial agent：a chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms38 Autoclave：a sterilizer that destroys microorganisms with temperature and steam under pressure39 Bacteriocidal：kills bacteria40 Chemotherapeutic agent：an antimicrobial agent that can be used internally41 Disinfectant：an antimicrobial agent used only on inanimate objects42 Growth factor analog ：a chemical agent that is related to and blocks the uptake of a growth factor43Interferons ：host-specific antiviral proteins, produced by virus-infected cells, which prevents viral infection of neighboring cells44 Pasteurization：destruction of all disease-producing microorganisms or a reduction in the number of spoilage microorganisms45 Sterilization：the killing or removal of all living organisms and their viruses from a growth mediumSection 8 Microbial Genetics1Auxotroph ：an organism that has developed a nutritional requirement through mutation2 Diploid：a eukaryotic cell or organism containing two sets of chromosomes3 Electroporation：the use of an electric pulse to induce cells to take up free DNA 4Genetic map：the arrangement of genes on a chromosome5 Genotype：the precise genetic makeup of an organism6 Mutagens：agents that cause mutation7 Mutation：an inheritable change in the base sequence of the genome of an organism8 Plasmid：an extrachromosomal genetic element that has no extracellular form9 Recombination：the process by which parts or all of the DNA molecules from two separate sources are exchanged or brought together into a single unit10Selection：placing organisms under conditions where the growth of those with a particular genotype will be favored11Transformation：transfer of bacterial genes involving free DNA (but see alternative usage in Chapter 8)12Conjugation：transfer of genes from one prokaryotic cell to another by a mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact and a plasmid13Transposon ：a type of transposable element that carries genes in addition to those involved in transposition14Gametes：in eukaryotic organisms, the haploid germ cells resulting from meiosis15 Genome：the total complement of genes of a cell or a virus16 Haploid：a cell or organism that has only one set of chromosomes17Mutant：an organism whose genome carries a mutation18 Phenotype：the observable characteristics of an organism19 Point mutation：a mutation that involves one or only a very few base pairs20 Screening：any of a number of procedures that permit the sorting of organisms by phenotype or genotype, but allow the growth of those possible21 Transduction：transfer of host genes from one cell to another by a virus22Transposable element：a genetic element that has the ability to move (transpose) from one site on a chromosometo anotherSection 9 Microbial Ecology1Acid mine drainage ：addic water containing H4SO4 derived from the microbial oxidation of iron sulfide minerals2Bacteroid：morphologically misshapen Rhizobium cells inside a leguminous plant root nodule; can fix N23Barophilic：an organism that grows best when placed under a pressure greater than 1 atm4 Biofilm：colonies of microbial cells encased in slime and attached to a surface5 Black smoker：an extremely hot (250-350oC) deep-sea hot spring emitting both hot water and various minerals6 Ecosystem：a community of organisms and their natural environment7FISH ：fluorescent in situ hybridization8Hydrothermal vent ：a deep-sea warm or hot spring, Infection thread in the formation of root nodules, a cellulosic tube through which Rhizobium cells can travel to reach and infect root cells9 Interspecies hydrogen transfer：the production and subsequent consumption of H2 by different groups of microorganisms that interact closely during anaerobic catabolism10 Lichen：a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium) living in symbiotic association11 Microenvironment：the immediate environmental surroundings of a microbial cell or group of cells12Optical tweezers ：a laser microscope able to trap single cells and remove them from a cell mixture13Primary producer ：an organism that uses light to synthesize new organic material from CO214Reductive dechlorination ：removal of Cl as Cl? from an organic compound by reducing the carbon atom from C?Cl to C?H15Root nodule：a tumorlike growth on plant roots that contains symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria16 Ti plasmid：a conjugative plasmid present in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that can transfer genes into plants17Anoxic：？18Xenobiotic ：a totally synthetic product not naturally occurring in nature19Barotolerant ：an organism that can grow under elevated pressures but that grows best at atmospheric pressure20 Biogeochemistry：study of biologically mediated chemical transformations21 Cometabolism：metabolism of a compound in the presence of a second organic compound, which is used as the primary energy source22 Enrichment culture：a means of obtaining cultures of microorganisms from a natural environment by using highly selective culture methods23 Guild：a population of metabolically related microorganisms24In situ：in the environment25 Leaching：solubilization and removal of metals from an ore by microbial attack 26Microbial plastics：biodegradable polymeric materials obtained from microorganisms that have properties similar to those of synthetic plastics27 Mycorrhiza：a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant28Oxic：？29 Pyrite：a common iron-containing ore, FeS230Rhizosphere：the region immediately adjacent to plant roots31Rumen：the first vessel in the multichambered stomach of ruminant animals in which cellulose digestion occurs。