一、Basic elements
1.节奏：一重读音节与一或个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配，有规律地反复出现。
2.轻重读：凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，分为重读与轻读。
3.节奏：重读音节和轻读音节，按一定模式配合，反复再现，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain,
And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.
这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。
4.音步：某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。
5.音部数：一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数。
二.常见的音步类型（轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”）
根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同，可划分不同的音步类型，节奏自然也不同。最常见的音步类型有以下四种：
1.抑扬格（iamb, iambic）
若一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重
2. 扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）
若一音步中有两个音节，前者为重，后者为轻。
Present │mirth has │present │laughter
Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew
3.抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）
抑抑扬格含三个音节，即轻——轻——重。
The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold,
And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;
And the sheen│of their spears│was like stars│on the sea,
When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.
4.扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）.
重——轻——轻
Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.
抑抑格（pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格（spondee[/sp :ndi]）
以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的，就称此诗为抑扬格诗。现代兴起的一些自由诗（Free verse），不受这些格律的限制。
三、诗行（line）
1.一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子。
英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写，但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子，不一定能表达一个完整的意思。有时一行诗正好是一句
（end-stopped line结句行），有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子（run-on line跨行句）。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
前两行是end-stopped line，后两行是run-on line。
2.诗行的长短以音步数目计算：（Meter步律）
英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步至五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行很少，最常见的是四音步、五音步的诗。
一音步诗：monometer
二音步诗：dimeter（two feet）
三音步诗：trimeter（three feet）
四音步诗：tetrameter （four feet）
五音步诗：pentameter
六音步诗：hexameter
七音步诗：heptameter
八音步诗：octameter.
3.格律（meter）
一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律。
You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come:
Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home.
此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambic pentameter）。
4. Metrical patterns（格律的形式）
Iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步(John Milton, Paradise Lost)
Dactylic hexameter 扬抑抑格六音步(Homer, Iliad)
Iambic tetrameter 抑扬格四音步
Trochaic octameter扬抑格八音步
Anapestic tetrameter抑抑扬格四音步(Lewis Carroll, Don Juan) Alexandrine（also known as iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步）
四、压韵（Rhyming schemes 韵式）
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1.全韵与半韵（full rhyme and half rhyme）。
2.尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)
尾韵：押在诗行最后一个重读音节上。
行内韵：诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵。Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
3.阳韵与阴韵（masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme）
阳（单）韵：所押韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上。
如：late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.
阴（双）韵:押韵押在两个音节上，后一音节非重读音节。
如：lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.
看下面一节诗：
I am coming, little maiden,
With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,
With the blossom for the tree.
前两行押女韵，后两行押男韵。
五、Poetic forms 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行(line)组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有：
英雄双韵体（Heroic Couplet）
英国诗歌之父乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)在其著作《坎特伯雷故事集》( The Canterbury Tales)中采取的诗体形式。诗行以五步抑扬格为基本节奏，每两行压韵，铿锵有力，被称为“英雄双韵体”。
十四行诗Sonnet
韵体诗rhymed verse
自由诗Free Verse
长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和情感。
无韵诗（blank verse）
有固定节奏，多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的。
注意：无韵诗不同与自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。
六. Poetic genres（诗歌的体裁）
1) Narrative poetry
2) Epic poetry
3) Dramatic poetry
4) Satirical Poetry
5)Lyric poetry （抒情诗）
6)Verse fable（寓言诗）
7)Prose poetry （散文诗）
七、Figure of speech
Simile明喻Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻Metonymy 借喻，转喻
Synesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉Personification 拟人
Hyperbole 夸张Parallelism 排比, 平行
Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法Paradox 隽语Pun 双关
Allegory 讽喻,比方Irony 反语Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
Oxymoron矛盾修辞
八、诗歌赏析
Song On May Morning
Now the bright morning star, Day’s harbinger,C omes dancing from the east, and leads with her T he flowery May, who from her green lap throws T he yellow cowslip and the pale primrose.H ail, bounteous May, that dost inspire M irth, and youth, and warm desire!W oods and groves are of thy dressing;H ill and dale doth boast thy blessing.T hus we salute thee with our early song A nd welcome thee, and wish thee long.
注释：m orning star: 启明星、太白星、长庚星等。早晨在东方出现。晚上在西方出现，叫长庚，英文作“evening star”.。同是一颗星，即Venus。h arbinger [/ha: bind ]先导，先兆primrose [/primroz] 樱草花，
报春花。B ounteous [/baunti s] 慷慨的o f thy dressing：dressed in thy fashion D ost：第二人称现在时单数。即do D oth: 一般用于第三人称单数，但弥尔顿也常常用于复数。在他的作品中很常见。著名英语专家陆佩弦总结弥尔顿的语言特点，其中一条就是“singular verb for plural subject”。此种情况在莎士比亚的作品中也不时能遇见。L ong: long life.形式分析：抑扬格穿插扬抑格（7、8两行是扬抑格，女韵，显得十分轻快）。韵式为aa，bb，cc，dd，ee。N ow the │bright mor│ning star, │ Day’s har│binger,C omes dan│cing from │the east, │ and leads │with her T he flowe│ry May, │who from │her green │lap throws T he ye│llowcow│slip and │the pale│ primrose.H ail, boun│teous May, │that dost │inspire M irth, │ and youth, │and warm │desire!W oods and
│groves are │of thy │dressing;H ill and │dale doth│boast thy
│blessing.T hus we│ salute │thee with │our ear│ly song A nd wel│come thee, │and wish │thee long.
参考译文：晶莹的晨星，白日的先驱，她舞蹈着从东方带来娇侣，百花的五月，从绿色的怀中撒下金黄色的九轮花和淡红的樱草花。欢迎，富丽的五月啊，你激扬欢乐、青春和热情的希望；林木、树丛是你的装束，山陵、溪谷夸说你的幸福。我们也用清晨的歌曲向你礼赞，欢迎你，并且祝福你永恒无边！
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
《再别康桥》英汉语版本及诗歌赏析Saying Good-bye to Cambridge Again By Xu Zhimo 再别康桥 徐志摩 Very quietly I take my leave As quietly as I came here Quietly I wave good-bye To the rosy clouds in the western sky 轻轻的我走了 正如我轻轻的来 我轻轻的招手 作别西天的云彩 The golden willows by the riverside Are young brides in the setting sun Their reflections on the shimmering waves Always linger in the depth of my heart 那河畔的金柳 是夕阳中的新娘 波光里的艳影 在我的心头荡漾 The floating heart growing in the sludge Sways leisurely under the water In the gentle waves of Cambridge I would be a water plant 软泥上的青荇 油油的在水底招摇 在康桥的柔波里 我甘心做一条水草 That pool under the shade of elm trees Holds not water but the rainbow from the sky Shattered to pieces among the duckweeds Is the sediment of a rainbow-like dream 那榆荫下的一潭 不是清泉,是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间 沉淀着彩虹似的梦 To seek a dream? Just to pole a boat upstream To where the green grass is more verdant Or to have the boat fully loaded with starlight And sing aloud in the splendour of starlight 寻梦？撑一支长蒿 向青草更青处漫溯 满载一船星辉 在星辉斑斓里放歌
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
Amy Lowell (No great achievements ) 1.Leading advocate for Image 2.Majory works: John Keats约翰济慈传(研究济慈的经典著作之一) A Dome of Many Glass 彩色玻璃大厦Sword Blades and Poppy Seed剑刃与罂粟花籽Men, Women and Ghosts 男人、女人和幽灵Pictures of the Floating World浮世图Legends传奇 Robert Frost 1.4 times (Pulitzer Prize for Poetry) 2. American national poet 3. American unofficial laureate Poet 4.新英格兰诗人 5.首先在英国赢得诗誉 6.旧瓶装新酒 Famous Poems：North of Boston波士顿以北 The Road Not Taken未选择的路 Mending Wall修墙 Fire and Ice火与冰 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林畔小驻（most famous） The Gift Outright全心全意的奉献（出席肯尼迪就职典礼时）Sherwood Anderson 1.Major works: Winesburg, Ohio小镇畸人（the most famous）(half individual tales, half long novel form)(characterized by a casual development, complexity of motivation, and an interest in psychological process.)(an important work of experimental fiction set in a small-town environment.) Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的迈克逊的儿子（it is the first work but not successful）(containing the psychological themes of inner lives of Midwestern villages, the pursuit of success and disillusionment.)(characterized by a casual development, complexity of motivation, and an interest in psychological process) The Triumph of egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利及其他 Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他 A Story-Teller’s Story讲故事人的故事(autobiographical) Marching Men 2.In 1921 Anderson received the first Dial Award for his contribution to American literature. 3.many subsequent writers, such as Hemingway and Faulkner, were influenced by his style. 4.威廉·福克纳指出，Anderson是他们那一代美国作家之父，体现着美国创作的传统。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
我好似一朵流云独自漫游 华兹华斯（英1770——1850） 我独自漫游！像山谷上空 悠悠飘过的一朵云儿， 蓦然举目，我望见一丛 金黄色的水仙，缤纷茂密； 在湖水之滨，树荫之下， 在随风摇弋，舞姿潇洒。 连绵密布似繁星万点 在银河上下闪烁明灭， 这一片水仙，沿着湖湾 排成延续无尽的行列； 一眼便瞥见万朵千株， 摇颤着花冠，轻盈飘舞。 湖面的涟漪也迎风起舞， 水仙的欢悦却胜似涟漪； 有了这样愉快的伴侣， 诗人怎能不心旷神怡！ 我凝望多时，却未曾想到 这美景给了我怎样的珍奇。 从此，每当我倚榻而卧， 或情怀抑郁，或心境茫然， 水仙呵，便在心目中闪烁—— 那是我孤寂时分的乐园； 我的心灵便欢情洋溢， 和水仙一道舞蹈不息。 希腊古瓮颂 你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子， 受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育， 呵，田园的史家，你竟能铺叙 一个如花的故事，比诗还瑰丽： 在你的形体上，岂非缭绕着 古老的传说，以绿叶为其边缘； 讲着人，或神，敦陂或阿卡狄？ 呵，是怎样的人，或神！在舞乐前 多热烈的追求！少女怎样地逃躲！ 怎样的风笛和鼓谣！怎样的狂喜！
听见的乐声虽好，但若听不见 却更美；所以，吹吧，柔情的风笛； 不是奏给耳朵听，而是更甜， 它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲； 树下的美少年呵，你无法中断 你的歌，那树木也落不了叶子； 卤莽的恋人，你永远、永远吻不上， 虽然够接近了－－但不必心酸； 她不会老，虽然你不能如愿以偿， 你将永远爱下去，她也永远秀丽！ 呵，幸福的树木！你的枝叶 不会剥落，从不曾离开春天； 幸福的吹笛人也不会停歇， 他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜； 呵，更为幸福的、幸福的爱！ 永远热烈，正等待情人宴飨， 永远热情地心跳，永远年轻； 幸福的是这一切超凡的情态： 它不会使心灵餍足和悲伤， 没有炽热的头脑，焦渴的嘴唇。 这些人是谁呵，都去赶祭祀？ 这作牺牲的小牛，对天鸣叫， 你要牵它到哪儿，神秘的祭司？ 花环缀满着它光滑的身腰。 是从哪个傍河傍海的小镇， 或哪个静静的堡寨山村， 来了这些人，在这敬神的清早？ 呵，小镇，你的街道永远恬静； 再也不可能回来一个灵魂 告诉人你何以是这么寂寥。 哦，希腊的形状！唯美的观照！ 上面缀有石雕的男人和女人， 还有林木，和践踏过的青草； 沉默的形体呵，你象是“永恒” 使人超越思想：呵，冰冷的牧歌！ 等暮年使这一世代都凋落， 只有你如旧；在另外的一些 忧伤中，你会抚慰后人说： “美即是真，真即是美，”这就包括 你们所知道、和该知道的一切。 查良铮译 西风颂