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英语四级语法总结

英语四级语法总结
英语四级语法总结

四级语法讲义

一:时态:所谓得"时态",就就是时间+状态。谓语动词得时态见下表:

1.主动形式

2.被动形式

一般过去时??所有得过去

用?一般现在时表示现在与将来

现在完成时?现在完成与将来完成

一.非谓语动词

一.不定式:

一)不定式得常考形式:

1)一般形式:He decided to workharder inorder tocatch up with the others、

被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavierwork to do、

语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)完成形式:He pretended notto have seen me、

被动形式:The bookis said to have been translated into many languages、

语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前

二)不定式常考得考点:

1)不定式做定语----将要发生

2)不定式做状语----目得

3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe、

三)不定式得省略

1)感官动词 see,watch, observe,notice, lookat, hear,listen to, smell,taste,feel

+ do表示动作得完整性,真实性;

+doing表示动作得连续性,进行性

I saw himworkin the garden yesterday、

昨天我瞧见她在花园里干活了。(强调"我瞧见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday、

昨天我见她正在花园里干活。(强调"我见她正干活"这个动作)

?感官动词后面接形容词而不就是副词:The cake tastesgood;It feelsfortable、

2)使役动词 have bidmake let等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I‘d like to have John do it、

I havemy package weighed、

Paul doesn’t have to bemade to learn、

3)help help sbdo help sb to do help do help todo

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:

want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do ,permit sb to do,enablesbto do

force sb to do、 be more likely to do love to dowarn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do、begin to do 、start to do

五) 有得时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom(oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to;be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort

to; sink to; be usedto;bealternative to;be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto、

三、need/want 后得-ing形式具有被动得意思。其中,want不太常用。

He needs(a lot of) encouraging、

二、动名词: 具有动作性特征得名词

1)

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starvingtroops is necessary、

一)动名词得形式:

一般形式:I don't like yousmoking、

完成形式:Iregret not having taken your advice、

被动形式:This question is far from being settled、

二) 动名词常考得点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词与不定式中,做为介词得宾语就是动名词

3)动名词得否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词得宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语、

Iwould appreciate_______ back this afternoon.

A.you to call B.you call C.youcalling D.you're calling(Key:C your calling 也对)I regret not having taken youradvice、

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate; defer; delay; deny;detest; discontinue;dislike; dispute; enjoy;it entails; escape; excuse;explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive;can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves;keep; it means; mention; mind;miss;it necessitates; pardon; postpone;practice;prevent;recall; report; resent; resist;risk; su ggest; understand、、、

另外还有一些接-ing形式得常用说法:

it's no good;it's no/little/hardly any/ use;it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it'sworthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there'sno point in;there's noth ing worse than; what'sthe use/point、、、

5有些词后加不定式与动名词均可

remember,forget, try,stop, go on,cease, mean后面用不定式与-ing形式,意义截然不容。

Iremembered to post the letters、(指未来/过去未来得动作)

I remembered posting/having postingthe letters(我记得这个动作)

forgot与remember得用法类似。

I regret toinformyou that…我很遗憾地通知您…

I regrettedhavingleft the firmafter twenty years、为了"二十年前得离

开"而遗憾。

try to努力You really must try to overe your shyness、

try–ing试验Try practicing five hoursaday、

I mean to go, but my fatherwould not allow me to、[打算、想]我想去,但我父

亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power、[意味着]赠加工资意味

着增加购买力。

prefer得用法:

我宁愿在这里等。

I prefertowait here、(所以啊,您不介意得话,我就等下去。)

I preferwaiting here、(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)

I preferswimming to cycling、(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

3 分词:

,过去分词被动状态

现在分词得形式:

1)一般式: Do you see the mantalking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式:Not having madeadequate preparations, they failed、 (发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, thescript seems perfect、(发生谓语动词之

前且表示被动)

过去分词

1)过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared、

2)过去分词得进行形式:You'll findthe topic being discussed everywhere、(强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰得成分就是这些非谓语动词得逻辑主语。她们

之间得一致关系——主动还就是被动,往往就就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意得就是分词与她前面得逻辑

主语之间得主动被动得关系。

二:虚拟三:虚拟语气

情态动词所表达得可能性程度:must/can't → should/shouldn't → might/may(not)

另外两个"类情态词得形式:"need/needn't; haveto/don't have to

?最自然得虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)

本质上就是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时"虚拟语气"得产生往往就是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"(而现在却还没有……)

(本来可以……,本来能……)

I should go!(… but I'm still here!)?(一般)

I shouldbe working now!??(进行)

I should have practiced more (than I did)!???(完成)

我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。)

I shouldn't dream away my timetoo much! (完成得否定)

(actuallyIdid dream away my timetoo much!)

It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)

I may/might/could have finished!??(完成)

一些常见得句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 常常被省略掉

o suggest, advise,propose, remend, plan;

o demand, order, direct, arrange, mand, decide;

o require, request;

o think,expect, believe, insist, suspect、

由于她们得含义中包含"建议,假设,应该"这类得含义,所以,由她们引起得从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成得虚拟语气。

这些动词(以及她们得名次形式,分词形式)引起得从句还有其她得变形:

主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion isthat…

Theonly suggestion that、、、

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

一些形容词引起得表语从句中,也会有同样得情况

?important; necessary; essential

It'snatural ; strange; incredible??that

apity; a shame; no wonder

?由lest, for fear that, incase引起得从句中多使用should

?表达与事实相反

1与现在相反:使用[过去时]:

I wish I werenot here!?(一般现在→一般过去)

Suppose we were not here、

He loved me as if I were his own son、?(一般现在→一般过去)

HopeI weren't always losingthings!?(现在进行→过去进行)

If only/IfIhadn't beenthere! (现在完成→过去完成)

What if I hadn't been waiting righthere! (现在完成进行→过去完成进行)

常考句型:It's (high) time(that)…;would rather (that)…

,只能表达对现在得瞧法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。

2、与过去相反:过去完成时;

How niceit is if Ihad past the test!

How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!

3、与将来相反?将来得事情没有发生,所以只能推测。

If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stayone day more、

不过,由于可以用be to表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也就是CET-4得常考语法点。

?虚拟条件句

o if 部分,做一个与事实相反得假设(所以只有一般过去与过去完成);

o主句部分,这就是表示基于这个假设得推测,,少数情况下使用could/might/may。

o注意:两个部分之间,就是有逻辑关系,而在两部分得谓语动词时态上,没有必然得联系。

?注意,虚拟条件句中得if可以省略,造成were/had提前,产生倒装。

?隐含得非真实条件

What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?

How could I be happy withoutyou?

除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。

o由in order that,so that引起得从句,肯定得时候可以使用may/might; can/could;

否定得时候,多用shouldn't;

owhoever, whatever,no matter what引起得从句中,多用may+

情态动词得基本用法及其区别

最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词得基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确

理解与掌握情态动词得基本用法十分重要。情态动词得用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境与

句子之间意义上得细微差别来考查学生对情态动词得理解与掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握

它们得基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置得语境来分析句子之间所体现得特殊关系。下面就近几年来

高考试题中出现得情态动词得考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。

一、用“情态动词+have+done”结构表示对过去动作得推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去得时间状

语给以暗示。情态动词得这一用法可以用“对立统一”来概括。

1.当试题得前句与后句在动作与意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作与时间上就是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样得试题。常见得结构有:

musthave done:

表示对过去动作得肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can’

t/couldn’t have done

疑问式为Can/Could、、、have done﹖。

could /might havedone:表示对过去发生得动作得可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。如:

1)My sister met him at theGrand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he

_____ your lecture.

A.couldn’t have attended

B.needn’t have attended

C.mustn’t have attended

D. shouldn’t have attended

本题选A。

2) Jack ____yet,otherwise hewould have telephoned me.

A. mustn’thave arrived

B. shouldn’t have arrived

C.can’t have arrived

D. need not have arrived (C)

2.当试题得前后句在动作与意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but,however,

instead”等词来表示过去得动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样得试题。这种结构常见得有:

should have done /oughtto have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should nothavedone / ought notto havedone:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。

need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:

3) I was really anxious about you. You _____homewithout a word.

(NMET2001)

A. mustn’t leave

B. shouldn’t have left

C. couldn’t have left

D.needn’t leave

“本不应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选B。

4)I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.(NMET’94)

A. had to write it out

B. must have writtenitout

C.shouldhave written it out

D.ought to write it out

由句中得连词but可知前后句之间就是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。

二、考查情态动词基本用法之间得比较与辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体得语境来考查考生对那些最常见得情态动词得基本用法得理解与掌握,因此在做这样得试题时应认真分析语境中所含得实际意义,并结合情态动词得基本含义与用法做出正确得选择。

5) —Is John ing by train﹖

—He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car.

A. must

B. can

C. needD.may

mustn’t 表示“禁止、不准”;cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。

6) —I hearyou’ve got a set ofvaluableAustralian coins.______I

have a look﹖

—Yes, certainly.

A. Do

B. May C. Shall D. Should

分析语境可知这就是在征求对方得许可,may表示“允许、可以”,语气比较委婉shall常用于第一、三人称作主语得疑问句中,表示征求对方意见与指示,如果此空用shall,则意为“要(我)瞧一下吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。

7)Mr Bush is on timefor everything.How ____ itbethat he was late for the opening ceremony﹖

A. canB.should C. may D.must

must be表示肯定得猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选A。

8)—Areyou ing to Jeff’s party﹖

—I’mnot sure. I ____ go tothe concert instead.

A. must B. would C. should D. might

由题意与下句中得“I’m not sure”

可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,might可以用来表示一种比较委婉得可能性判断,故本题选D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time.

A. would B. could C. might D.should

分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去得某种能力;C 项只表示语气上得可能性,与题意不符。故本题选B。9)Johnny, you____ play with the knife,you ____ hurtyourself.

A.won’t; can’t

B. mustn’t; may

C.shouldn’t;must D. can’t; shouldn’t

mustn’t 表示“不可以;禁止”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选B。

10) —Will you stay for lunch﹖

—Sorry,______.My brother is ing tosee me.

A. I mustn’t

B. I can’t

C. I needn’t

D. I won’t

分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来瞧我”,所以“不能留下”,因此对别人得邀请或要求应给予礼貌得拒绝。A 项表示“禁止”;C项表示“不必要”;而D项表示“不会”,均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如: —Could Iborrow your dictionary﹖

—Yes,of course you _____.

A. might B. will C.can D. should(C)

11)—When can I eforthe photos﹖I needthem tomorrow afternoon.

—They _____be readyby 1200.

A. can B. should C. might D. need

该题考查情态动词should得基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选B。又如:

12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone____ get out.( A. had toB. would C.couldD. was able to

该题考查了could与be able to得区别,二者都可表示过去时间得能力,但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本题选D。

13) —Shall I tell John about it﹖

—No,you _____. I’vetold himalready.

A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D.shouldn’t

情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示“没有必要了”,故本题选A

三、一致关系

一)主谓一致

1. 主谓一致(与插入语无关) ?1主谓得分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略得定语从句分隔。2定语从句中得主谓一致:?3随前一致:

n、 + together withn2

aswell as ?including ?alongwith

with / of ?acpanied with / by

4就近原则:n1 or n2 +v(就近原则)

either n1 or n2 ?5可数n1 and可数n2+v(pl)

不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)

例外:war and peace is…war and peace就是一个整体

但就是如果主语表示得就是同一个概念,同一人,同一事得时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构得特征就是and连接得两个词只有一个冠词。

The ironand steel industryis very important to our country、

The head master and mathematical teacheris ing、

The head master and themathematical teacherare ing、

类似得还有:law and order bread and

butter black and white

To love and to be loved is …

A lawyer and a teacher are…?A lawyer and teacher is …

6随后原则:not A but B / not only A but also B+v、(与B一致)

7百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent ?of+n1+v、(由n1决定)

8倒装结构得主谓一致:

a)There be +n 由名词决定动词

b)Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:

Among / Between…+系动词+n、(由名词决定动词)

9The+adj得主谓一致:

a)当表示“一类人”,

b)当表示某一抽象概念时

The good isalways attractive、

10 Todo/doing/主从+vs

*More than one+n

many a +n、? a day or two

二)、倒装

1 全部倒装

就是只将句子中得谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时与一般过去时。常见得结构

有:Up went the plane=the plane went up、

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, e, go, lie,run。

2)表示运动方向得副词(back, down,off, up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动得动词。

注意:1)上述全部倒装得句型结构得主语必须就是名词,如果主语就是人称代词则不能倒装。Herehe es、Away they went、2) 谓语动词就是be得时候,不能倒装。Here it is、Here y

ou are、

3)形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装

*typical of characteristic of ? *coincidingwith + n

4) 表示地点范围得介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装?In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there?*常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath ?

常考得系动词:be lieexist remain rest

部分倒装

1. 否定 adv位于句首,引起倒装:not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, ?seldom, rar

ely, no sooner…than?1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装

2) only+状语位于句首

only +ad、 eg: recently ?prep、短短语eg: in recently years

3) 在比较级结构中,than后面可以倒装,也

从句 eg: when clause ?only一个词本身不倒装?

可以不倒装。

部分倒装就是指将谓语得一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中得谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则

需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

?1)Neither, nor,so 表示前面句子得共同否定或者肯定,产生倒装,一般主动词提前,谓语动词得其她部分就

4)as /though引导得让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词,实义动词提前)。

as〔让步〕虽然,尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though强〕。

Successful ashe is,heis not proud、她虽成功,却不骄傲。

Women as she is, she'severy brave、

Tryhard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily、

注意:A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B)句首就是实义动词,其她助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语

与状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

5)其她部分倒装

a)so…that 句型中得so; such… that句型中得such位于句首时,需倒装。

So frightened was hethat he did not dare to move an inch、

b)在某些表示祝愿得句型中:May you all be happy、

c)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had,should等词,可将if 省略,把were, had,

should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。WereI you,I wouldtry it again、

四、复合句

从句可分为:

?名词性从句→主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

?形容词性从句→定语从句

?副词性从句→状语从句

?常考得关系代词:that;which; who/whom/whose; where;when;what; as。

?常见得同位语从句现行词(that之前得抽象名词):fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…

?常用得引导词

o时间状语从句:while; when;before; whenever; as;after;till; until; since;

once; ever since;as/solong as;as soon as; no sooner…than; hardl

y… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant;on (the point of) doing…

o地点状语从句:where; wherever

o原因状语从句:because;since;as; seeing that;considering that; now that;

in that; for fear that;lest;owing to the fact that; because ofthe f

act that; due to the fact that…

o方式状语从句:as; as if;as though; how; save that…

o比较状语从句:as; than; as… as;not so…as; hardly… than;

o结果状语从句:so that; so… that;such…that;so asto…

o条件状语从句:if;unless; incase; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that…、o让步状语从句:though; although; even if;even though; whether; as; however;no matter(what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; grante

d that;regardless of the factthat…

o目得状语从句:that; so that;in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…

定语从句:

which 引导得定语从句结构

1)which就是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语得句子,

在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语

2)in which+完整得句子

which在定语从句中作in得宾语,所以不能作后面句子得主语

3)名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I have fivebooks three of which are borrowed from Mary、

4)介词+which +to do其功能相当于定语从句。

The key with which to openthe door is lost、

5)定语从句得省略结构:

1. 如果that/which在定从中作宾语,可以省略、

sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt ?→s+vt+n+s+v ? s+vt+n1+n2+vt ?*当做题

6)时,若发现两个名词在一起,但就是似乎连不上,则一定省略that / ?which,则动词为vt,做谓语。?

定从得特殊省略

the way (in which) +句子?the reason (why that)+句子均为完整句

the time (that / when)+句子?Ido remember the first time (that

省) I ever heard the sweetest voice inthe world、

7)定从得主系省略(主+系可同时省)

By the time省that+句子,句子。?

即:which be , who be , that be可同时省

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语得方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件:

第一、特定得状语从句引导词:althoughthough even though when while if as 第二、从句主语与主句主语必须保持一致;

第三、从句得谓语必须就是be动词,主语与be动词同进同出,

声明:本资料由 STUGD、收集整理,转载请注明出自、stugd、

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