geology [ d?i'?l?d?i ] n. 地质学
biosphere [ 'bai?sfi? ] n. 生物圈atmosphere [ '?tm?sfi? ] n. 大气圈ecosphere [ 'i:k?u,sfi? ] n. 生态圈
airborne [ '??b?:n ] a. 空运的,空中传播的
silt [ silt ] n. 淤泥
El Nino厄尔尼诺
oscillation [ ,?si'lei??n ] . n. 振动,动摇,变动彷徨
lithosphere [ 'liθ?sfi? ] n. 岩圈hydrosphere [ 'haidr?sfi? ] n. 水圈extraterrestrial [ ,ekstr?t?'restri?l ] a. 地球(或其大气圈)外的
oceanography [ ,?u?i?'n?gr?fi ] n. 海洋学hydrology [ hai'dr?l?d?i ] n. 水文学landslide [ 'l?ndslaid ] n. 山崩anthropogenic [ ,?nθr?p?'d?enik ]a. 人为的mitigate [ 'mitigeit ] v. 缓和
adverse [ '?dv?:s ] a. 不利的
sequester [ si'kwest? ] . vt. 使...隔绝methane [ 'meθein ] n. 甲烷
mineral [ 'min?r?l ] n. 矿物a. 矿物的
crystal [ 'kristl ] a. 晶体的n. 水晶
crystalline [ 'krist?lain ] a. 水晶(般)的,透明的fossilize [ 'f?silaiz ] v. 使成化石变成化石mineralization [ 'min?r?l'zei??n]n. 矿化,使含矿物
quartz [ kw?:ts ] n. 石英
phlogopite [ 'fl?g?pait ] n. 金云母
mica [ 'maik? ] n. 云母
olivine [ ,?li'vi:n ] n. 橄榄石,黄绿
serve to 对……有用
jumble [ 'd??mbl ] v. 搀杂,混杂n. 混杂, 混乱crystalline [ 'krist?lain ] a. 水晶(般)的,透明的polymorph [ 'p?lim?:f ] n. 多形体,同质异像体graphite [ 'gr?fait ] n. 石墨
diamond [ 'dai?m?nd ] n. 金刚石distinctively [ dis'ti?ktivli ] ad. 区别地, 特殊地
pyrite [ 'pai?rait ] n. 黄铁矿
intergrown [ ,int?'gr?un ] a. 互生; 交生; 共生cleavage [ 'kli:vid? ] n. 解理
muscovite [ ,m?sk?'vait ] n. 白云母ingredient [ in'gri:di?nt ] n. 成分,因素metallic [ mi 't?lik ] luster n.金属光泽vitreous [ 'vitri?s ] a. 玻璃的,似玻璃的resinous [ 'rezin?s ] a. 树脂的,树脂质的pearly [ 'p?:li ] luster: 珍珠光泽
greasy [ 'gri:si, 'gri:zi ] a.油腻的,滑溜溜的,泥泞的
corundum [ k?'r?nd?m ] n. 刚玉
chromium [ 'kr?umj?m ] n. 铬
ruby [ 'ru:bi ] n. 红宝石
titanium [ tai'teinj?m, ti- ] n. 钛
sapphire [ 's?fai? ] n. 蓝宝石
opaque [ ?u'peik ] a. 不透明的
treak [ stri:k ] n. 条痕
hematite [ 'hem?tait ] n. 赤铁矿
galena [ g?'li:n? ] n. 方铅矿
magnetite [ 'm?gnitait ] n. 磁铁矿
silicon [ 'silik?n ] n. 硅
silica [ 'silik? ] n. 二氧化硅
silicate [ 'silikit ] n. 硅酸盐
orthoclase [ '?:θ?ukleis ] n. 正长石
silica tetrahedron 硅氧四面体
pyroxene [ pai'r?ksi:n ] n. 辉石
enstatite [ 'enst?tait ] n. 顽辉石
amphibole [ '?mfib?ul ] n. 角闪石
n. ['bai?tait ]黑云母
muscovite [ ,m?sk?'vait ] n. 白云母ferromagnesian [ ,fer?um?g'ni:??n ] a. 含铁和镁的n. 铁镁矿物
augite ['?:'d?ait ] n. 普通辉石,斜辉石hornblende [ 'h?:nblend ] n. 角闪石
feldspar [ 'feldspɑ: ] n.长石
microcline [ 'maikr??klain ] n. 微斜长石metamorphic [ ,met?'m?:fik ] a. 变化的sedimentary [ sedi'ment?ri ] a. 沉积的plagioclase [ 'pleid?i?ukleis ] n. 斜长石striation [ strai'ei??n ] n.条纹
granite [ 'gr?nit ] n.花岗岩
gneiss [ nais ] n. 片麻岩
igneous [ 'igni?s ] a. 火的,似火的,火成的magma [ 'm?gm? ] n. 岩浆
lava [ 'lɑ:v? ] n. 熔岩
aphanitic [ ,?f?'nitik ] a. 隐晶质的
phaneritic [ f?n?'ritik ] a. 显晶质的porphyritic [ ,p?:fi'ritik ] a. 斑岩的, 斑状的phenocryst [ 'fi:n?krist, 'fen?- ] n. 斑晶groundmass [ 'gra?ndm?s ] n. 基质porphyry [ 'p?:firi ] n. 斑岩
scoria [ 'sk?:ri? ] n. 火山渣
pyroclastic [ ,pai?r??'kl?stik,,pi- ] n. 火成碎屑物a. 火成碎屑物的
mafic [ 'm?fik ] a. 镁铁质的
felsic [ 'felsik ] a.长英质的
left over 多余物
tuff [ t?f ] n. 凝灰岩
breccia [ 'bret?? ] n. 角砾岩
obsidian [?b'sidi?n ] n. 黑曜岩
pumice [ 'p?mis ] n. 浮石, 浮岩
shard [ ?ɑ:d ] n. 碎片
rhyolite [ 'rai?,lait ] n. 流纹岩
welded tuff 凝灰溶岩
conchoidal [ k??'k?idl ] a. 贝壳状的
plutonic [ plu:'t?nik ] a. 深成岩的
ultramafic [ ,?ltr?'m?fik ] a. 超基性的peridotite [ ,peri'd?utait ] n. 橄榄岩pyroxenite [ pai'r?ksinait ] n. 辉岩
basalt [b?'s?:lt] n. 玄武岩
gabbro [ 'g?br?u ] n. 辉长岩基性岩
andesite [ '?ndi.zait ] n. 安山岩
diorite [ 'dai?rait ] n. 闪长岩
metamorphism [ ,met?'m?:fiz?m ] n. 变态, 变形, 变质, 变质作用
alteration [ ,?:lt?'rei??n ] n. 改变, 变更
dike [ daik ] n. 岩脉,岩墙
sill [ sil ] n. 岩床
batholith [ 'b?θ?liθ ] n. 岩基
aureole [ '?:ri?ul ] n. 接触变质带
sillimanite [ 'silim?nait ] n. 矽线石
chlorite [ 'kl?:rait ] n. 绿泥石
epidote [ 'epid?ut ] n. 绿帘石
shale [ ?eil ] n. 页岩, 泥板岩
spotted slate 斑点板岩
fault [ f?:lt ] n. 断层
mylonite [ 'mail?u,nait ] n. 糜棱岩
lamination [ ,l?mi'nei??n ] n. 分层
pulverize [ 'p?lv?raiz ] v. 磨成粉, 粉碎
smear [ smi? ] v. 涂, 擦上,抹擦使变模糊staurolite [ 'st?:r?,lait ] n. 十字石
andalusite [,?nd? 'lu:sait ] n. 红柱石
kyanite [ 'kai?,nait ] n. 蓝晶石
polymorph [ 'p?lim?:f ] n. 多形体, 同质异像体
foliate [ 'f?ulieit ] a. 叶理状的
slate [ sleit ] n.板岩
foliation [ ,f?uli'ei??n ] 页理
gneiss [ nais ] n. 片麻岩graphite [ 'gr?fait ] n. 石墨
phyllite [ 'filait ] n. 千枚岩
glossy [ 'gl?si ] a. 光滑的,有光泽的
schist [ ?ist ] n. 片岩
impart [ im'pɑ:t ] v. 给予
schistosity [ ?is't?siti ] n. 片理
schistose [ '?ist?us ] a. 片岩的,片岩质的,片岩状的
conspicuous [ k?n'spikju?s ] a. 显着的,显而易见的
hornblende [ 'h?:nblend ] n. 角闪石amphibolite [?m 'fib?lait ] n. 闪岩
exposure [ iks'p?u?? ] n. 暴露
migmatite [ 'migm?tait ] n. 混合岩discernible [ di's?:n?bl,-'z?:- ] a. 可辨别的Mosaic [ m?'zeiik ] a. 镶嵌的equidimensional [ ,i:kwidi'men??n? ] a. 等形体的
prismatic [ priz'm?tik ] a. 柱状的
marble [ 'mɑ:bl ] n. 大理石
hornfels [ 'h?:nfels ] n. 角页岩
anthracite ['?nθr?sait] n. 无烟煤
sediment [ 'sedim?nt ] n. 沉淀物
outcrop [ 'autkr?p ] n. 露出,露头
bedding [ 'bedi? ] n. 层理
strata [ 'streit? ] n. 地层
stratification [ .str?tifi'kei??n ] n. 分层, 层理weathering [ 'wee?ri? ] n. 风化
erosion [ i'r?u??n ] n. 腐蚀, 侵蚀
clast [ kl?st ] n. 碎屑
gravel [ 'gr?v?l ] n. 碎石
detritus [ di'trait?s ] n. 碎石、碎屑、瓦砾detrital [ di'trait?l ] a. 碎屑的
boulder [ 'b?uld? ] n. 砾石
sorting [ 's?:ti? ] n. 分选
mass-wasted 块体运动
till [ til ] n. 冰积物
rhythmic layering 韵律层
varve [ vɑ:v ] n. 纹泥, 季候泥
slurry [ 'sl?:ri ] n. 泥浆
turbulent [ 't?:bjul?nt ] n. 湍流
limestone [ 'laimst?un ] n. 石灰岩
saline [ 'seilain, s?'lain ] a. 含盐的, 咸的conglomerate [ k?n'gl?m?rit ] n. 砾岩siltstone [ 'siltst??n ] n. 粉砂岩
arkose [ 'a:k?us ] n. 长石砂岩
graywacke [ 'greiw?k ] n. 硬砂岩
lithification [ ,liθifi'kei??n ] n. 石化作用evaporite [ i'v?p?,rait ] n. 蒸发岩,蒸发盐halite [ 'h?lait ] n. 岩盐
borax [ 'b?:r?ks ] n. 硼砂
phosphorite [ 'f?sf?rait ] n. 磷灰石, 磷矿phosphate [ 'f?sfeit ] n. 磷酸盐
apatite [ '?p?tait ] n. 磷灰石
photosynthesis [ .f?ut?u'sinθ?sis ] n. 光合作用
chert [ t??:t ] n. 燧石
peat [ pi:t ] n. 泥炭
facies [ 'fei?i,i:z ] n. 相
terrain [ 'terein ] n. 地带, 地域, 地形
delta [ 'delt? ] n. (河流的)三角洲
eolian [ i'?uli?n ] a. 风积的
Aeolus [ 'i:?ul?s ] n. 风神
loess [ 'l?uis ] n. 黄土
estuary [ 'estju?ri ] n. 河口, 江口
offshore [ '?(:)f??: ] ad. 向海面
fluctuate [ 'fl?ktjueit ] v. 变动, 上下, 动摇dormant [ 'd?:m?nt ] a. 睡眠状态的, 静止的viscous [ 'visk?s ] a. 粘的,有粘性的,粘性的viscosity [ vis'k?siti ] n. 粘度, 粘性incandescent [ .ink?n'desnt ] a. 白热的, 发白热光的 ,辉耀的
manifestation [ .m?nifes'tei??n ] n. 显示, 证明
lobated [ 'l?ubeitid ] a. 分裂的, 有裂片的, 叶状的
spatter [ 'sp?t? ] cone 寄生熔岩锥
glob [ gl?b ] n. (可塑性物质的)一团
blob [ bl?b ] n. 小圆块
pahoehoe [ pɑ:'h?ui,h?ui ] n. 绳状熔岩
aa 块状熔岩流
joint [ d??int ] n.节理
polygonal [ 'p?lig?nl ] a. 多角形的, 多边形的rhinoceros [ rai'n?s?r?s ] n. 犀牛
lapilli [ l?'pilai ] n. 火山砾
conduit: [ 'k?ndit ] n. 管道
abrupt [ ?'br?pt ] a. 突然的
vicinity [ vi'siniti ] n. 邻近,附近
focus [ 'f?uk?s ] n. 震源
epicenter [ 'episent?(r) ] n. 震中
amplitude [ '?mplitju:d ] n. 振幅
hose [ h?uz ] n. 水管, 橡皮软管
vigorous [ 'vig?r?s ] a. 有力的
flip [ flip ] vt. 掷, 弹, 轻击bounce off [ bauns ] 弹离
love wave 洛夫波
Rayleigh [ 'reili ] n. 瑞利波
exhibit [ ig'zibit ] v. 呈现
retrograde [ 'retr?ugreid ] a. 后退的,倒退的elliptical [ i'liptik?l ] a. 椭圆的
seismograph [ 'saizm?grɑ:f ] n. 地震计seismogram [ 'saizm?gr?m ] n. 震动图triangulation [ trai.??gju'lei??n ] n. 形成或分成三角(关系)
intensity scale 烈度表
Modified Mercalli Scale 修订麦加利地震烈度表
isoseismal [ ,ais??'saizm?l ] a. 等震线的n. 等震线
Richter magnitude scale 里氏震级Paleozoic [ p?li?'z?uik ] a. 古生代的Mesozoic [ .mes?u'z?uik, .mez- ] a. 中生代的plowed up 挖掘
Gondwana succession 冈瓦纳演替Gondwanaland [ g?nd'wɑ:n?l?nd ]n. 冈瓦纳大陆
Laurasia [ l?:'rei??, -?? ] n. 劳亚大陆amphibian [ ?m'fibi?n ] a. 两栖类的 n. 两栖动物
reptile [ 'reptail ] a. 爬行类的n. 爬行动物Mesosaurus n. 中龙属
hop [ h?p ] n. 单脚跳, 跳跃,飞行v. 单脚跳, 跳跃, 跃过
persuasive [ p?'sweisiv ] a. 有说服力的crumple up 起皱
calve [ ka:v ] v. 分离
reconcile [ 'rek?nsail ] v.使一致, 使和谐, 使满足
adherent [ ?d'hi?r?nt ] n. 追随者, 拥护者dogged [ 'd?gid ] a. 顽固的, 顽强的asthenosphere [?s'θen?sfi: ? ] n. 软流圈isostasy [ ai's?st?si ] n. 地壳均衡说, 地壳均衡, 均衡现象
mohorovicic discontinuity 莫霍不连续面mobility [ m?u'biliti ] n. 可动性, 变动性
fold [ f?uld ] n. 褶皱
rug [ r?g ] n. 毯子, 地毯,
bunch up [ b?nt? ] 聚成一团
crinkle [ 'kri?kl ] n. 皱纹
syncline [ 'si?klain ] n. 向斜
anticlines [ '?nti,klain ] n. 背斜
limb [ lim ] n. 翼
halves [ hɑ:vz ] n. 二等分
intersect [ .int?'sekt ] v. 惯穿, (和...) 相交, 交叉
recumbent [ ri'k?mb?nt ] a. 侧卧的
plunging fold 倾伏褶皱
zigzag [ 'zigz?g ] a. 曲折的, 锯齿形的
dome [ d?um ] n. 穹隆
bulge [ b?ld? ] n. 胀, 膨胀，v. 凸出, 使...膨胀virtually [ 'v?:tj??li ] a. 几乎, 差不多，ad. 实际上，事实上
dramatic [ dr?'m?tik ] a. 引人注目的,给人深刻印象的
fault [ f?:lt ] n. 断层
marked [ mɑ:kt ] a. 有记号的, 显着的, 醒目的fault plane断层面
strike [ straik ] n. 走向
dip [ dip ] n. 倾斜
slippage [ 'slipid? ] . n. 滑移,滑动
strike-slip faults 走向滑动断层，走向平移断层
dip-slip faults 倾向滑断层
hanging wall 上盘
footwall [ 'f?tw?:l ] n. 下盘
normal faults 正断层
reverse faults 逆向断层
thrust faults 冲断层
depression [ di'pre??n ] n. 沉降
graben [ 'grɑ:b?n ] n. 地堑
horst [ h?:st ] n. 地垒
erosion [ i'r?u??n ] n. 腐蚀, 侵蚀
temperate [ 'temp?rit ] a. 温和的, 适度的thaw [ θ?: ] n. 融雪v. 使融解, 暖和
tandem [ 't?nd?m ] n.串联
pry [ prai ] v. 用杠杆撬开
aerate [ 'ei?reit ] v. 充气, 让空气进入
squirrel [ 'skwir?l ] n. 松鼠
gopher [ 'g?uf? ] n. 北美地鼠
litter: [ 'lit? ] n. 垃圾
solution: [ s?'lju:??n ] n. 溶解
oxidation [?ksi'dei??n ] n. 氧化
hydration [ hai'drei??n ] n. 水化
hydrolysis [ hai'dr?lisis ] n. 水解
aqueous [ 'eikwi?s ] a. 水的, 水成的bicarbonate [ bai'ka:b?nit ] n. 重碳酸盐terrane [ t?'rein, 'terein ] n. 岩层
droplet [ 'dr?plit ] n. 小滴，小水珠toll [ t?ul ] n. 代价, 损耗
monument [ 'm?njum?nt ] n. 纪念碑，界标，测量固定标志桩
hematite [ 'hem?tait ] n. 赤铁矿
limonite [ 'laim?,nait ] n. 褐铁矿
susceptible [ s?'sept?bl ] a. 易受影响的monolithic [ .m?n?'liθik ] a. 独石的, 完全统一的, 整体的
spall [ sp?:l ] v. 打碎,弄碎
chronology [ kr?'n?l?d?i ] n. 年代学decipher [ di'saif? ] v. 译解
piece [ pi:s ] v. 结合
spatial [ 'spei??l ] a. 空间的
illuminate [ i'lju:mineit ] v. 阐释,说明uniformitaranism n. 均变论, 将今论古法horizontality [ ,h?riz?n't?l?ti ] n. 水平状态superposition [ .sju:p?p?'zi??n ] n. 重叠, 叠合, 重合
readily [ 'redili ] ad. 不迟疑地, 迅速地, inclusion [ in'klu:??n ] n. 包含
xenolith [ 'zen?liθ ] n. 捕虏岩
The principle of faunal succession 生物层序律
definite [ 'definit ] a. 明确的, 一定的unconformity [ '?nk?n'f?:miti ] n. 不整合nonconformity [ 'n?nk?n'f?:miti ] n. 岩性不整合
subtle [ 's?tl ] a. 微妙的 , 不明显的disconformity [ k?n'f?:miti ]n. 假整合
tan [ t?n ] a. 黄褐色的
mudflow [ 'm?dfl?u ] n. 泥流
creep [ kri:p ] n. 爬, 蠕动
virtually [ 'v?:tj??li ] ad. 几乎, 实际上, a. 几乎, 差不多
regolith [ 'reg?liθ ] n. 表土(风化层)
implant [ im'plɑ:nt ] v. 深植, 灌输, 嵌入
slant [ slɑ:nt ] v.(使)倾斜, 歪向n.倾斜
thaw [ θ?: ] n.解冻v. 使融解, 暖和
nudge [ n?d? ] n. 轻推，引起注意
solifluction [ ,s?li'fl?k??n, ,s??- ] n.泥流, 泥流作用, 融冻泥流
permafrost [ 'p?:m?fr?(:)st ] n. 永久冻结带, 永久冻土
waterlogged [ 'w?:t?l?gd ] a. 浸满水的
slump [ sl?mp ] n. 暴跌 v. 猛然掉落
plummet [ 'pl?mit ] n. 铅锤, vi.垂直落下
intact [ in't?kt ] a.完整无缺的, 原封不动的, 完整的
precede [ pri(:)'si:d ] v. 在...之前, 优于, 较...优先
exfoliation [ eks,f??li'ei??n ] n. 剥落(除鳞,分层)
crescent [ 'kresnt ] n. 新月, 月牙a. 新月形的scarp [ skɑ:p ] n. 悬崖, 陡坡
clayey [ 'kleii ] a. 粘土的
consistency [ k?n'sist?nsi ] n. 稠度
sparsely [ 'spa:sli ] ad. 稀少地
infrequent [ in'fri:kw?nt ] a. 稀少的, 珍贵的, 罕见的
cloudburst [ 'kla?db?:st ] n. 倾盆大雨
arroyo [ ?'r?i?u ] n. 干枯的河床, 峡谷, 小河lahar [ 'lɑ:hɑ:(r) ] n. 火山泥流
well-being [ 'welbii? ] a. 康乐, 安宁, 福利novel [ 'n?v?l ] a. 新奇的, 新颖的, 异常的monolith [ 'm?n?uliθ ] n. 独块巨石
acidity [ ?'siditi ] n. 酸性, 酸度
percolating [ 'p?:k?leiti? ] a. 渗透
rivulet [ 'rivjulit ] n. 小河, 小溪, 溪流dominate [ 'd?mineit ] v. 支配
resident [ 'rezid?nt ] a. 驻存的
intricate [ 'intrikit ] a. 复杂的, 错综的honeycomb [ 'h?nik?um ] n . 蜂房, 蜂巢subterranean [ s?bt?'reini?n ] a. 地下的pothole [ 'p?th?ul ] n. 壶穴, 锅穴
canyon [ 'k?nj?n ] n. 峡谷
slot [ sl?t ] n. 缝, 狭槽,水沟
bicarbonate [ bai'kɑ:b?nit ] n. 重碳酸盐speleothem [ 'spi:li?,θem ] n. 洞穴堆积物(如钟乳石)
travertine [ 'tr?v?tin ] n. 石灰华
stalactite [ 'st?l?ktait ] n. 钟乳石
icicle [ 'aisikl ] n. 垂冰, 冰柱
clog [ kl?g ] n. 障碍v. 障碍, 阻塞
drip [ drip ] v. 滴下
stalagmite [ 'st?l?gmait ] n. 石笋
column [ 'k?l?m ] n. 石柱
assume [ ?'sju:m ] vt. 呈现
drapery [ 'dreip?ri ] n. 帏帐
n. 石枝
twig [ twig ] n. 小枝, 嫩枝
over time 随着时间的过去, 久而久之, 长期以来
deplete [ di'pli:t ] vt. 耗尽, 使衰竭descend [ di'send ] v. 降
coalesce [ .k?u?'les ] v. 接合, 合并, 联合configuration [ k?n.figju'rei??n ] n. 构造, 结构, 配置, 外形
conflicting [ k?n'flikti? ] a. 相冲突的
vicinity [ vi'siniti ] n. 邻近, 附近, 接近copious [ 'k?upj?s ] a. 很多的, 丰富的deplete [ di'pli:t ] vt. 耗尽, 使衰竭
landmass n. 大陆
spell [ spel ] n. 一段时间
grade [ greid ] v. 把…筑平
desalinization n. 减少盐分, 脱盐作用
distill [ di'stil ] vt. 蒸馏, 提取.
landfill [ 'l?ndfil ] n. 垃圾堆 n. 垃圾掩埋法, 垃圾
insecticide [ in'sektisaid ] n. 杀虫剂carcinogenic [ kɑ:sin?'d??nik ] a. 致癌的feedlot [ 'fi:dl?t ] n. 饲育场
septic [ 'septik ] a. 腐败的
sewage [ 'sju(:)id? ] n.下水道, 污水
sewer [ 'sju? ] n. 下水道
degrade [ di'greid ] v. (使)降级, (使)退化
taint [ teint; tent ] v. 污染, 中毒n. 污点feasible [ 'fi:z?bl ] a. 可行的, 可能的
地质年代（geochronology of geologic ages）
Archaeozoic era（erathem），太古代（界）Proterozoic era（erathem），元古代（界）Palaeozoic era（erathem），古生代（界）Mesozoic era（erathem），中生代（界）Cenozoic era（erathem），新生代（界）Sinian period（system），震旦纪（系）Cambrian period（system），寒武纪（系）Ordovician period（system），奥陶纪（系）
Silurian period（system），志留纪（系）Devonian period（system），泥盆纪（系）Carboniferous period（system），石炭纪（系）
Permian period（system），二叠纪（系）Triassic period（system），三叠纪（系）Jurassic period（system），侏罗纪（系）Cretaceous period（system），白垩纪（系）
Tertiary period（system），第三纪（系）Quaternary period（system），第四纪（系）
地质构造（geologic structure）
fault，断层
normal fault，正断层
reversed fault，逆断层
paralled fault，平移断层
gouge，断层泥
stria，擦痕
joint，节理
primary joint，原生节理
secondary，次生节理
tension joint，张节理
unloading joint，卸荷节理
schistosity，片理
bedding，层理
foliation，板理（叶理）
ripple mark，波痕
mud crack，泥痕
rain print，雨痕
orientation of bedrock，岩层产状strike，走向
dip，倾向
angle of dip（dip angle），倾角
fold，褶皱
anticline，背斜
syncline，向斜
monocline（homocline），单斜
dome，穹隆
soft stratum，软弱岩层
zone of fracture（broken zone），破碎带affected zone，影响带
platy structure，板状构造
cleavage，解理
fracture（rupture），断裂
fissure（crack，fracture），裂隙
岩石类型（rock type）
petrology，岩石学
igneous rock，火成岩
magmatic rock，岩浆岩
lava（vocanic rock），火山岩
intrusive（invade）rock，侵入岩effusive rock，喷出岩
plutonic rock，深成岩
pypabyssal rock，浅成岩
acid rock，酸性岩
inter-mediate rock，中性盐
basic rock，基性岩
ultrabasic rock，超基性岩granite，花岗岩
porphyry，斑岩
porphyrite，玢岩
rhyolite，流纹岩
syenite，正长岩
trachyte，粗面岩
diorite，闪长岩
andesite，安山岩
gabbro，辉长岩
basalt，玄武岩
aplite，细晶岩
pegmatite，伟晶岩
lamprophyre，煌斑岩
diabase，辉绿岩
dunite，橄榄岩
pumice，浮岩
sedimentary rock，沉积岩
clastic，碎屑岩
clay rock，黏土岩
chemical rock，化学岩
biolith，生物岩
conglomerate，砾岩
siltstone，粉砂岩
mudstone，泥岩
shale，页岩
saline rock，岩盐
limestone，石灰岩
dolomite，白云岩
marl，泥灰岩
volcanic breccia，火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate，火山块集岩tuff，凝灰岩
metamorphic rock，变质岩
slate，板岩
phyllite，千枚岩
schist，片岩
gneiss，片麻岩
quartzite，石英岩
marble，大理岩
mylonite，糜棱岩
migmatite，混合岩
cataclasite，碎裂岩
sediment（deposit），沉积物、沉积层boulder，漂石、顽石
cobble，卵石
gravel，砾石
sand，砂
silt，粉土
clay，粘土
sandy clay，砂质粘土
clayey sand，粘质砂土
sandy loam，壤土、亚黏土
regolith（topsoil），浮土（表土）
loess，黄土
laterite，红土
peat，泥炭
ooze，软泥（海泥）
造岩矿物（rock-forming minerals）
talc，滑石
gypsum，海石
calcite，方解石
fluorite，萤石
apatite，磷灰石
feldspar，长石
quartz，石英
topaz，黄玉
corundum，刚玉
diamand，金刚石
orthoclase，正长石
plagloclase，斜长石
biotite，黑云母
muscovite，白云母
amphibole，角闪石
phroxene，辉石
olivine，橄榄石
dolomite，白云石
kaolinite，高岭石
montmorillonite，蒙脱石
bentonite，斑脱石（膨润土）
illite，依砾石
garnet，石榴子石
chlorite，绿泥石
serpentine，蛇纹石
pyrite，黄铁矿
hematite，赤铁矿
magnetite，磁铁矿
limonite，褐铁矿
矿产普查与勘探Mineral prospecting and Exploration
化工专业英语词汇 reacti on kin etics 反应动力学 reacta nt 反应物 purify精制提纯 recycle循环回收 uncon verted reacta nt 未转化的反应物 chemical reactor tran sfer of heat, evaporati on, crystallizatio n 结晶 drying 干燥 screening 筛选，浮选 chemical reacti on 化学反应 crack ing of petroleum 石油裂解 catalyst催化剂， reacti on zone 反应区 con servati on of mass and energy 能量与质量守衡定律tech ni cal adva nee 技术进步
efficie ncy improveme nt 效率提高 reacti on 反应 separatio n 分离 heat excha nge 热交换 reactive distillatio n 反应精馏 capital expe nditure 基建投资 setup 装置 capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reacti on byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium con sta nt 平衡常数 waste 废物 feedstock 进料，原料 product 产物，产品 perce nt conv ersi on 百分比转化率 ether乙醚 gasoline 汽油 oxyge nate content 氧含量 catalyst催化剂 reacta nt 反应物
考研英语口语复试自我介绍 一，英语自我介绍一定要背。 英语的自我介绍，考生最好提前准备好，并熟背于心。如果在自我介绍时，显得很不流利，就说明他的口语肯定很差。另外，在自我介绍时要很自然，参加考研复试的考官，一般应该是在40岁上下年纪的中年人，作为考生，最好把握他们的心态，他们应该都是吃过苦的一些人，所以考生在做自我介绍的时候，表现不要很强势。你可以把自己定为一个弱势群体，这个有很大的好处，但最重要的考生要紧紧围绕导师所感兴趣的东西来回答。 二，英语提问灵活应对。 导师提问这块没有一个具体的标准，导师临场会问很多问题，下面为考生介绍两类：一类是考生个人信息。这个考生一定要准备全面，比如说你的个人经历，成功经历，失败经历，这个很重要。再比如你的个人梦想，打算，读研的计划，甚至你的家乡，你的家人，大学生活，本科学校的情况，还比如你是换专业考试的，为什么换专业考试?你没换专业的，你对这个专业有什么认识，他会问到很多类似这样的问题，关于个人的信息一定要准备好，一定不要临时去想，因为临时想很难组织语言，除非你的口语特别厉害，没有一个人能做到这一点，临时想得很完美。 另一类导师可能会问一些专业类的问题。用英语问专业的问题，这种问题怎么回答?这种问题确实难度比较高，比如你学数学专业的，或者理科物理的，他问专业的，你很可能这个词都不认识，这怎么办呢?用英语问专业问题，没有一个老师会期待你有一个很好的回答，因为老师知道一个本科生是没有办法用英语来表述专业问题的。基本上大家都跟你一样的，不会回答的很好。不过，同学们只要动脑筋，用智慧，在参加复试之前的时候，一定要自己用英语准备至少三个专业的问题以及它的回答就没有太大的问题了。套用一位过来人的话：“英语口试先是自我介绍，老师主要是根据你的自我介绍的内容来挖掘问题，或者根据当时情景来和你进行简短的对话，看看你有没有应用外语和别人沟通的能力。” 自我介绍是英语复试中很重要的一部分，精彩自信的自我介绍绝对可以加分不
a function of …的函数absorption：吸附acetone 丙酮 acrylics丙烯酸树脂Aerospace 航空agricultural engineering农业工程 agricultural engineer农艺师Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉 ammonia 氨ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵analyte分析物analytical chemistry分析化学 amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近area 面积argon氩aromatic 芳香烃的 as a whole整体而言ash纯碱asphalt沥青 a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的 accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防 accountant会计师，会计，出纳activity coefficient活度系数 actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率adiabatic绝热的，不传热的 alkane烷烃ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物 ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学 aquatic plant 水生植物artificial人工的asphaltene沥青油 assay分析化验at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直 bottoms product塔底产品baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板 balance 抵消，平衡barrier障碍物batch间歇的；benzene苯 binary distillation双组分精馏bioengineering生物工程bionics（仿生学） biosynthesis生物合成blower 风机boundary layer 边界层 brick wall 墙壁brittleness 脆性bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔 Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗bulk explosive集装炸药buoyancy force 浮力 by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于barrel桶(国际原油计量单位) base塔底，基础biological production生物制品生产 biomechanics生物力学bitumen沥青blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学 boiling point 沸点bottom 底部，塔底branched chain支链烷烃 branched-chain（带支链的）bulk chemical 大宗化工产品 capillary action毛细管作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架 capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资carrier载体 carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的catalyst 催化剂 catalyst催化剂，catalytic cracking 催化裂化 catalytic oxidation催化氧化chemical additive添加剂 centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离chemical process safety 化工过程安全 chain-shaped链状的chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链c hlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂 chemical reaction化学反应c irculating gas 循环气 civil engineer土木工程师closed system封闭系统 cleansing agent清洗剂compound化合物 close teamwork紧密的团队协作computer microchip 计算机芯片 coefficient系数concentration difference 浓度差 columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧condensate冷凝液，凝缩液 commercial proportions 商业规模condensation冷凝
精细化工专业常用英语专业词 汇 (400) 1998年8月 A abscissa n. 横座标abundance n. 丰富, 充裕acceptor n. 接受体accumulator n. 储料器 acetic acid n. 醋酸, 乙酸acknowledge v. &n. 致谢activation n. 活化acylation n. 酰化 addition n. 加成反应adhesive n. 粘合剂advancement n. 进展，增长advantageous adj. 有利的 aerosol n. 烟雾 affinity n. 亲合力 agent n. 试剂aldehyde n. 醛 aldol n. 醛醇aliphatic acid n. 脂肪酸 alkaline adj. 碱的 alkaloid n. 生物碱 alkane n. 烷烃 alkene n. 烯烃alkylation n. 烃化, 烷基化alkyl halide n. 烷基卤, 卤烷alkyne n. 炔alphabetic adj. 依字母顺序ambiguity n. 模糊, 意义不明确amide n. 酰胺amine n. 胺amino acid n. 氨基酸amorphous adj. 无定形analogue n. 类似物anhydride n. 酸酐aniline n. 苯胺anion n. 阴离子anomaly n. 异常，反常antibiotics n. 抗菌素antifreezing agent n. 抗冻剂antioxidant n. 抗氧剂appreciable adj. 可估计的architect n. 建筑师, 设计师arene n. 芳烃aromatic adj. 芳香的aromatization n. 芳构化asymmetric adj. 不对称的autooxidation n. 自氧化awarenness n, 意识azeotrope n.共沸混合物azo dye n. 偶氮染料 B backup n. /adj 备用设备base n. 碱, 基, 底beaker n. 烧杯benzene n. 苯biological degradation n. 生物降解biosynthesis vt. 生物合成bleach vt. 漂白bond n. 键branched chain n. 支链budget n. & v. 预算bubble-cap tower n. 泡罩塔buffer n. 缓冲,缓冲剂 C carbanion n. 负碳离子, 阴碳离子carbene n. 碳烯, 卡宾carbide n. 碳化物, 碳化钙carbocation n. 正碳离子, 阳碳离子carbonyl group n. 羰基carboxy group n. 羧基carboxylic acid n. 羧酸carcinogenic adj. 致癌的β-carotene n. β胡萝卜素carrier n. 载体cartridge n. 软片暗盒catalysis n. 催化(作用) cation n. 阳离子cellulose n. 纤维素ceramic adj/n. 陶瓷(的) chemical shift n. 化学位移chirality n. 手性chlorination n. 氯化作用chlorohydrocarbon n. 氯代烃chromophore n. 发色团cis-trans isomer n. 顺反异构体classic adj. 经典的, 传统的cluster n. 蔟，一串，一束coherent adj. 黏附的，相干的(光学) coil n. 蛇管colorant n. 颜料，着色剂commodity n. 用品compensation n. 补偿competitive n. 竞争的complementary n. 补充的complex n. 络合物complication n. 复杂concerted reaction n. 协同反应condensation n. 缩合反应condiment n. 调味品conformation n. 构象conjugation n. 共轭construction n. 建设, 建筑consultant n. 顾问
昆明理工大学2012年秋季入学博士研究生招生考试试题（A） 考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语 试题适用招生专业： 考生答题须知 所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。 评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。 答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。 Part II．Vocabulary and Structure (20 points) Directions:There are forty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet with a single line through the center. Dreams are ______ in themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. A. uninformative B. startling C. harmless D. uncontrollable Although the false banknote fooled many people, they did not ______ to close examination. A. look up B. pay up C.keep up D. stand up ______ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given The physicist has made a discovery, ______ of great importance to the progess of science and technology. A. think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. which I think it is Fool ______ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. A. who B. as C. that D. like Fortune telle rs are good at making ______ statements such as “ Your sorrows will change.” A.philosophical B. ambiguous C. literal D.invalid There is no doubt ______ the company has made the right decision on the sales project. A. why B. that C. whether D. when Intellect is to the mind ______ sight is to the body. A. what B. so C. that D.like All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ______ quite such a crowd of people there. A. weren’t B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t been You’d better look at the difficulty ______ . A.the other way B. by the other way C.another way D. by another way Things went well for her during her early life, but in her middle age her ______ seemed to change. A. affair B. luck C. event D. chance
一些面试常问的问题还有回答模板，需要的同学就赶快结合自己的经历动笔写一下。 1、第一句话 见到考官的第一句话，很关键，不用说的很复杂。可以是一个简单句，但一定要铿锵有力。展示出自信和实力。千万不要来一句“Sorry, my English is poor”。 常见的开头有： I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me intr-oduce myself. I’m ...(姓名), my Number is…(编号). 2、自我介绍 作自我介绍——成长经历(making a self-introduction ——developing history)，有很多学校要求做一个自我介绍，但是你要注意的是，这个问题并不是在请你大谈你的个人历史。 而是考官要在你的介绍中，找到有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力等的线索。 另外在介绍性格和爱好的时候，可以适当地结合一下家庭介绍，可以说说父母给了你哪些良好的影响，千万不要流水帐似的介绍家庭成员…… 3、没听懂问题怎么办? 如果考官问其他的问题，但是没有听明白，一定要保持微笑，然后用任意一句回答： "Could you speak slowly ?" “I am sorry! I beg your pardon? " "I don't understand your question,could you repeat it again?" 三、常见问题 在准备的过程中，一定不要光抄模板，要结合自己的经历和见解来准备，要让自己回答的问题和自我介绍融为一体，时刻都在加强考官对你的印象。 1 / 4
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照 一、化工装置常用词汇 一概论introduction 方案(建议书) proposal 可行性研究feasibility study 方案设计concept design 工艺设计process design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 开工会议kick-off meeting 审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment 中外合资joint venture 中外合营joint venture 补偿贸易compensation trade 合同合同附件contract 卖方vendor 买方buyer 顾客client 承包商contractor 工程公司company 供应范围scope of supply 生产范围production scope 生产能力production capacity 项目project 界区battery limit 装置plant
公用工程utilities 工艺流程图process flow diagram 工艺流程方块图process block diagram 管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图equipment layout 设备表equipment list 成品(产品) product(final product) 副产品by-product 原料raw-material 设计基础数据basic data for design 技术数据technical data 数据表data sheet 设计文件design document 设计规定design regulation 现场服务site service 项目变更project change 用户变更client change 消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer 技术知识technical know-how technical knowledge 技术保证technical guarantee 咨询服务consultative services 技术服务technical services 工作地点location 施工现场construction field 报价quotation 标书bidding book
Unit 1 Keys to section A: 1. escort 2. obsessively 3. unseemly 4. baffling 5. trudged 6. simultaneously 7. punning 8. prim 9. trivial 10. ambivalence Keys to section B: 1. A. unobtrusive 2. C. submissive 3. D. grim 4. B. misdemeanour 5. C. disapprove 6. D. prodigious 7. C. trivial 8. D. pathetic 9. A. simultaneous 10. D. harrying Keys to close 5. against 7. clash 10. penalty 1.torments 3. expected 9. tough 2.suspension 4. stick 6. fit 8. promise Unit 3 II. V ocabulary and Structure A. 1. consensus 2. biodiversity 3. sustainable 4. transition 5. disparities. 6. degradation 7. stakeholders 8. broker. 9. ministerial 10. yield B. 1.B in line with 2.C inception 3. A. unprecedented 4. B. pave the way for 5. B. intensification 6. D. subsistence 7. A embark on 8. B. mobilize 9.A infuse 10.A
考研英语复试口语常见问题30例 1. Where do you come from? 2. What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown? 3. What do you do during the Spring Festival? 4. Tell me something about the customs of your hometown. 5. Could you tell me something about your family? 6. What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take? 7. Which kind of professor do you like best? 8. What does friendship mean to you and what kind of people do you make friend with? 9. What is your major? How do you like your major? 10. When and where did you graduate? What qualifications have you obtained? 11. What impressed you most when you were at university? 12. What is the best university in your opinion? 13. Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society? Why ? 14. What do you do for a living? 15. What are your job prospects? 16. If you had the opportunity to change your subject, what would you do with it? 17. What are your spare time interests? 18. Where have you been traveling to? Which place interested you most? 19. What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries? 20. Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study
reaction kinetics 反应动力学 reactant 反应物 purify 精制提纯 recycle 循环回收 unconverted reactant 未转化的反应物 chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization 结晶drying 干燥 screening 筛选，浮选chemical reaction 化学反应cracking of petroleum 石油裂解catalyst 催 化剂， reaction zone 反应区 conservation of mass and energy 能量与质量守衡定律 technical advance 技术进步 efficiency improvement 效率提高 reaction 反应separation 分离 heat exchange 热交换 reactive distillation 反应精馏 capital expenditure 基建投资 setup 装置 capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资 yield 产率，收率 reaction byproduct 反应副产物 equilibrium constant 平衡常数 waste 废物 feedstock 进料，原料 product 产物，产品 percent conversion 百分比转化率 ether 乙醚 gasoline 汽油 oxygenate content 氧含量 catalyst 催化剂 reactant 反应物 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质 reactive distillation 反应精馏 energy saving 节约能量 energy efficiency 能量效率 heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质 pharmaceutical 制药 foodstuff 食品 gas diffusivity 气体扩散性，气体扩散系数 gas adsorption 吸收； absorption：吸附 specialty chemical 特殊化学品，特种化学品 batch 间歇的； continuous：连续的 micro-reactor 微型反应器 hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应
A;Which person do you admire most? B:I admire my mother most. A:could you tell me some reasons that why you adire her most? B:she is very kind,she always encourage me to overcome difficults in my lifetime,an she ca n support me no matter how dark the world around me becomes,when I gain several accomplish ment,she wil come to congratulate to me.And you. ...... （二）性别歧视insexism gender inequality Gender inequality is a long_standing historical and global problem.,in ancient times,many count aries in the world existed such concept,but the practice of feminist movement have not never sto pped, Nowadays,people all over the countary advocate the equality between man and woman,a nd the situation is going to better to better.but some still hold this idea. In my opinion,the concept is wrong,there are many out_standing woman whe play an importan t role in the world and the enterprises. （三）出国留学 Nowadays,an increasing number of students are going to abroad yo study,like everything going t o abroad has favorable and unfavorable aspects,the favorable aspects can be listed as follow,firstl y,studing abroad not only learn many professional knowledge,but also know several culture and c ustoms of foreign nations.secondly,they can take advantage of this opportunity to study foreign la nguage thirdly, they can meet many different people and different experiene,which can enrich ou r view and broaden our mind. But we are just looking at the positive side,there are still some drawbacks as well,they may feel l onely,and the cost is very high. Basing on the anaiysis obove,I think the advantage is outweigh dis advantage. （六）最喜欢的品质 1、诚信credit loyalty thrust Credit play an important role in any individuals development of chracter and competence,withou t credit no one can get thrust from others,let alone gian help from others and cooperate with oth ers. As the old saying is that thoesty is the best policy. 2、坚持perseverance We must the remember the Yugong’s story,an old foolish man who have the quality of persevera nce,finally moving the big mountian infront of his house.It the pereverance rather than genius an d any other extraordinary capacity,that can inspire us to cope with any arduous tasks.with persev erance,the goals we intend can be reached and so can the hard nut be cracked. （八）曾经的旅游经历 On summer holiday,my parents took me to climb the mount huangshan,As we all know,huangsha n is a famous scenic spor,located in Anhui province.they are many beautifull scenary like strange pines,absurd stones and sea of cloud.The pines can be seen every corner of the mount.I was ama zed by their thrength and vigor.The stones look like human_being,animals and other object.At su nrise or sunset,the cloud assume every colour from red to purple.I like to see them very much,Alt hough,I am very tired along way,the days on the mount is a worthwhile period in my life time.I ha ve a wonderful time .
化工专业英语 词汇 reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收 uncon verted reacta n未转化的反应物chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization 结晶 drying 干燥 scree ning筛选，浮选chemical reacti on 化学反应cracking of petroleum 石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reacti on zone 反应区 con servati on of mass and en erg能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品perce nt conv ersi on百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoli ne 汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏 energy saving 节约能量en ergy efficie ncy 能量效率heat-se nsitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 希9药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor微型反应器hydroge n and metha ne oxidati on氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethyle ne epoxidati on乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis光气合成. commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sen sor传感器，探头separati on of solids 固体分离 suspension 悬浮液porous medium多孔介质filtratio n 过滤 medium介质filter 过滤器trap收集，捕集Buch ner
昆明理工大学研究生试卷 2012级硕士研究生(学术型)2012-2013学年上学期综合英语期末试卷 (答案必须全部做在答题纸上) 考试时间: 授课教师: 专业: 学生姓名: 学号: Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points) Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 The $ 11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right” into positive ones like “I can succeed”. But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking? Researchers in Canada just published a study in the Journal of Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are. The study’s author, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elain Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you’re just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written. In their experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students’ self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students, heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to te ll themselves, “I’m lovable”. Those with low self-esteem didn’t feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren’t urged to think positive thoughts. The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking. 1.What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?