口语考试：2018年上半年大学英语四六级口试考试时间及科目安排
每年五六七八月是考试高峰期，各大考试都会选择在这温度适宜的时期进行。马上就是英语四六级的考试了，好多人竟然不知道还有口语这一门考试，这里就为大家科普一下有关英语四六级口语考试的相关内容。
英语四六级考试有两部分组成，口试和笔试。笔试在每年6月和12月各一次;口试在笔试前进行，每年5月和11月各一次。
大学英语四、六级口语考试主要考核学生的英语口头表达能力，具体为：就熟悉话题进行比较流利的会话能力;表达个人意见、情感、观点的能力;陈述事实、理由和描述事件的能力。
1.考试时间
5月19日：大学英语四级口语考试(CET-SET4)。
5月20日：大学英语六级口语考试(CET-SET6)。
2.报考资格
大学英语四级口试: 仅接受完成2018年上半年大学英语四级笔试报考的考生。
大学英语六级口试: 仅接受完成2018年上半年大学英语六级笔试报考的考生。
3.考试内容及形式
大学英语四、六级口语考试主要考核学生的英语口头表达能力，具体为：就熟悉话题进行比较流利的会话能力;表达个人意见、情感、观点的能力;陈述事实、理由和描述事件的能力。考试采用计算机化考试。考生在计算机上进行考生与模拟考官、考生与考生之间的互动。请提前登录全国大学英语四、六级考试网站(https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd16297024.html,/)，熟悉考试流程。考试内容及时间分配如下表所示：大学英语四级口语考试(CET-SET4)内容及流程
大学英语六级口语考试(CET-SET6)内容及流程
2018年全国一卷试题答案解析 A篇： 21.A由题目中的book in advance可对应第一段最后reserve your spot before availability可推知答案。reserve→预订，出现在2016年全国三卷语法填空中。 22.D由题目可定位到文章第三段原文“entertain you with the most interesting stories”可知答案。 23.D由bicycle tour可定位到文章最后一段provide v.提供（八年级下册unit3）由文 章最后两句，可知答案。 B篇： 24.B由文章第一段but后可知，这是题目的答案“but she is cooking up storm in her latest role”但是她正在烹饪在她最新的角色中。latest最新的（七年级上册）late迟的，晚的→latest adj.最新的。 25.C.由题目定位到第二段“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste.”厨师Matt Tebbutt帮忙提供好的建议关于怎样减少食物浪费。 C选项“Matt”在做饭问题上给susanna提供帮助。 26.由第四段可知，在这里由8部分组成的系列节目中susanna主持.save money：good food.这个节目是紧跟着ITV’s save money：good heal+n这个节目的，交代了Good Food这一部分产生的背景。 27.文章多次体现出文章的主旨：1.第一段最后：how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budgetc预算，济源市高三二模完形填空发现。2.susanna 主持的节目Save Money。3.最后一段中的on a budget,less expensive。 干扰项C：让你自己成为一个完美的厨师，有些片面，文章主旨是在有限的预算下， 做出同样美味的食物。 C篇： 28.B：由hunter-gatherer times定位到文章第一段第三行“devdoped their own patterns of speech independent of each other代出他们自己的独立于别人的语言类型”及最后一句“they spoke perhaps 12000 languages between them”他们彼此之间讲 说的语大概12000种。
关于2018年上半年全国大学英语四、六级考试 报名工作的通知 为做好我校2018年上半年大学英语四、六级考试（简称CET）报名工作，现将有关事项通知如下： 一、四、六级笔试考试 （一）四、六级笔试考试网上报名时间： 2018年3月27日9时—4月9日17时 （二）四、六级笔试考试时间：（端午假期6.16-6.18） 四级笔试考试时间：2018年6月16日 9：00—11：20 六级笔试考试时间：2018年6月16日 15：00—17：25 （三）报考资格： 1．我校在校高职升本生、理工华信软件学院本科生、工大研究生。 2．CET4考试成绩达到425分以上（包括425分）才能报考六级，不得重复报考四级。 3．2017年下半年大学英语四级考试中违纪、缺考学生，将取消其本次报名资格。 4. 四级考试报名名额有限报满即止，请考生及时报名，避免影响考试。 5．报名工作截止后，全国报名系统将不再接受任何理由的补报名。 （四）考生网上报名流程：
1．考生登录全国大学英语四、六级考试网站（https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd16297024.html,），进行注册和登录。 2．进行资格验证后，考生对学校、院系、照片进行核对，确认无误后进行缴费操作，缴费成功后即确认为报名成功。 3．考生报考六级时，系统需对其四级成绩进行审核，若未查到，考生可提交英语四级成绩在425分及以上考试准考证号进行再次审核，审核结果通过邮件通知。 4. 天津市大学软件学院考生网上报名需注意核对考生信息（院系为天津市大学软件学院，借考学校为学籍所在校），请考生提前确认信息和资格，如果考生已报名且支付了，是无法修改的。 5．若报名过程中存在以下几种情况，考生需联系教学管理与运行中心（电话：58685021）： （1）考生符合报考条件，但未查询到报考资格； （2）考生学校、院系及照片信息有误； 6．报名成功的考生须于2018年6月1日9时起登录全国大学英语四、六级考试报名网站（https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd16297024.html,）进入“个人中心”，下载并打印准考证。 教学管理与运行中心 2018年3月16日
SectionⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered b lank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things t hat will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. T he new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people wil l 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Ch icago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ willingness t o 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. Fo r one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens w ould 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another tw enty-seven were told only that some were electrified.7 left alone in th e room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them cli cked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew t hat would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 ne
2018年下半年全国大学英语四六级考试 监考人员安排表 一、英语四级考试时间：2018年12月15日（星期六）上午 1.科技大楼1-3楼考场（39个考场）考务办公室：9101教室 2.科技大楼4-5楼考场（27个考场）考务办公室：9509教室
3.科技大楼6-8楼考场（28个考场）考务办公室：9703教室 4.教育大楼1-4楼考场（21个考场）考务办公室:1401教室 5. 教育大楼阶梯教室1—3楼（27个考场）考务办公室：1101教室 6. 自控大楼1—5楼（13个考场）考务办公室：2401
7.人文大楼A座1—4楼（13个考场）考务办公室：21AT06教室 8.人文大楼B座1—5楼（30个考场）考务办公室：21B302教室
二、英语六级考试时间：2018年12月15日（星期六）下午 1.科技大楼1-3楼考场（39个考场）考务办公室：9101教室 2.科技大楼4-5楼考场（27个考场）考务办公室：9509教室
3.科技大楼6-8楼考场（28个考场）考务办公室：9703教室 4.教育大楼1—4楼、阶梯教室1楼（25个考场）考务办公室：1101教室 注意： 1.请各位监考人员于12月12日前将《监考人员责任书》（在办公群共享中下载）交到教务处（教育大楼1118办公室）；没做监考牌的监考人员务必在12月12日前到教务处领取。 2.所有监考人员必须在考试当天（12月15日）上午7：30前到达指定地点签到并参加培训。要求所有监考人员不得迟到或不到，否则，将取消下次监考资格、记入监考档案并给予通报。 3.培训地点：科技大楼1-3楼的监考人员在9101教室参加培训（培训人：陈强金俊兰）；科技大楼4-8楼的监考人员在9604教室参加培训（培训人：陈强钱靖）。教育大楼的所有监考人员在1J11教室参加培训（培训人：周秋莲袁小燕）。自控大楼的监考人员在2401室参加培训（培训人：秦海涛杨青胜）。人文大楼的所有监考人员在21AT05教室参加培训（培训人：徐燕冯文娟）。培训结束后，各位监考人员立即到各自的考务办公室抽签、领取试卷（具体分组名单见上表）。 4.监考人员必须佩戴监考牌进入考场，不得私换监考人员。安排表中同一行的两个监考人员为一组，由监考员甲抽签决定监考考场，抽签后不得私自更换考场。
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 （考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分） 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2. 作答时，务必将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷及草稿纸上无效。 3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）（略） 第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分) 第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents/careers, and select two activities they would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/careers will be asked to sign to confirm their child’s choices. 1 / 18
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21.Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping? A.OUT. B.WBP. C.CRF. D.POT. 22.What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson? A. Travel to London. B. See a parade and fireworks. C. Tour central Paris. D. Visit the WWI battlefields. 23.How long does Potty about Potter last? A. Two days. B. Four days. C. Five days. D. One week. B Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have 3 / 18
2018年6月大学英语六级真题（第一套） (总分：710.00，做题时间：150分钟) 一、Part Ⅰ Writing (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) (总题数：1，分数：106.50) For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of building trust between employers and employees. You can cite examples to illustrate your views. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（分数：106.50） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：( The Importance of Building Trust Between Employers and Employees Trust is the cornerstone of any relationships, which is also applicable to workplace. As the founder of Alibaba, Jack Ma once said, " The biggest breakthrough of choosing and employing people is to trust them. " Thus, building trust between employers and employees is of vital significance. Trust contributes a lot to the benign development of companies and creates a win-win outcome for both companies and individuals. On the one hand, with the trust in employees, employers will entrust them with the most crucial missions, thus promoting the job performance and career development of employees. On the other hand, mutual trust can provide impetus for employees. They will be highly motivated, willing to work harder and will strive for a better prospect of the company. Take a prestigious company Tencent for example. People in this company attach great importance to trust and work together to make Tencent one of the top ten companies in China. All in all, trust is the precious wealth that should be valued by both employers and employees. There is no doubt that the trust between the two parties should be built, and only by doing so can our society become more prosperous and harmonious. ) 解析： 这是一篇议论文写作。这次考题要求考生写一篇与雇主和员工之间相互信任的重要性有关的作文。题目本身难度不大，具有很大的开放性，考生在论述的时候可以采用事实论证，通过举例来支撑自己的观点，言之有理即可。 作文可分为三段，结构如下。 第一段：开门见山，通过阿里巴巴创始人马云关于信任的名言引出雇主和员工之间建立信任的重要性，为下文阐述的具体原因做好铺垫。 第二段：阐释原因，分别从雇主和员工的角度来分析，说明相互信任会极大促进公司的良性发展，为公司和个人创造双赢的结果。 第三段：总结全文，重申自己的观点，强调雇主和员工之间建立信任的重要性。
感谢你的观看 感谢你的观看 北京理工大学 卓越工程师培养计划方案机械工程及自动化专业(本科)
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机械工程及自动化专业本科（3+1）卓越工程师培养标准 贯彻“面向工程、宽基础、强能力、重应用”的培养方针，以社会需求为导向，以实际工程为背景，以工程技术为主线，结合机械制造及自动化专业的优势和特色，着力培养具有良好的思想品质与职业道德、掌握机械工程及自动化坚实的基础理论、系统的专门知识，必要的生产实践及试验方面的知识和技能，熟练掌握一门外语，了解本学科前沿发展动态和方向，并具备较强的工程意识、工程素质、工程实践能力、自我获取知识的能力、创新素质、创业精神、社会交往能力、组织管理能力和国际视野的机械工程专业高素质人才。 本专业毕业的学生，主要在机械工程及自动化领域从事机电一体化产品的设计、研发、制造、营销、服务或相关项目过程的实施、使用及维护，也可承担企业管理、生产技术管理及企业市场运营等工作。 按照本标准培养的机械工程及自动化专业的工程学士，达到见习工程师技术能力要求，可获得见习工程师技术资格。 9969、掌握一般性和专门的机械制造工程技术知识，并初步具备相关技能 1、具有从事机械制造与设计工程工作所需的专业基础知识以及一定的人文和社 会科学知识（对应国家通用标准1、2） 1.1基础科学知识 掌握必要的自然科学基础知识，如数学(包括高等数学、线性代数、积分变换、复变函数)，大学物理学，大学化学以及人文科学和经济管理等，及在此基础上的进行严密推理的能力。 1.2核心工程基础知识 掌握从事机械工程领域工程技术工作所必须的工程图学、理论力学、机械制造工艺学、机械制造装备设计、机电一体化等核心工程基础知识，侧重于应用工程技术知识解决实际工程问题。 1.3高级工程基础知识 掌握从事机械工程领域工程技术工作所必须的机械动力学基础、工程热力学基础、液压与液力传动等高级工程基础知识。 1.4 人文和社会科学知识
2018年考研英语一真题及答案 的更新!2018考研英语翻译真题解析：19考生应关注3个语法点翻译部分较去 2017-12-24 的更新!2018考研英语翻译真题解析：19考生应关注3个语法点翻译部分较去 2017-12-24 的更新!2018考研英语翻译真题解析：19考生应关注3个语法点翻译部分较去 2017-12-24 的更新!2018考研英语翻译真题解析：19考生应关注3个语法点翻译部分较去 2017-12-24
的更新!2018考研英语翻译真题解析：19考生应关注3个语法点翻译部分较去 2017-12-24 译文】莎士比亚出生之时，欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝，在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下，很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。 (47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England. 【题目考点】定语从句;宾语从句;并列结构 【句子结构】主句主干：no boy…could be ignorant that…。who引导的定语从句修饰boy，that引导为形容词ignorant的宾语从句，which引导的定语从句修饰a form of literature，gave…and might bring honor…为先行词a form of literature的并列谓语结构。 【重点词汇】grammar school 文法学校ignorant忽视literature文学glory 荣耀 【参考译文】任何文法学校的学生都知道戏剧是一种文学形式，它曾给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，也许同样会给英格兰带来殊荣。
2018年11月大学英语四级口语考试真题：庆祝青年节 来源：文都教育 今天是2018年11月17日，大学英语四级口语考试也如期而至。口语考试的时候往往是许多考生最为紧张的时刻，不过口语考试并不是什么洪水猛兽，只要稍加练习，做到有话可说，就不会在考场上出现尴尬的场面。为了帮助大家顺利通过四级口语考试，文都四六级英语老师将会为各位考生提供最贴心的口语考试小提示，希望能够对各位同学有所帮助。 本场对话的主题为“庆祝青年节”，五四青年节是青年人的一个重要的节日，这一天往往会举办社会实践活动，诗歌朗诵和晚会来纪念这个节日。那么接下来，我们来看一下就“庆祝青年节”这一主题展开的一些常用的表述： The celebration of Y outh Day A: Hi, Cecelia, the Youth Day is coming. Do you know something about it? B: Sure, Kathy. The Youth Day falls on the May 4th, and it is an important festival in China. A: What about the origin of the festival? B: Well, it comes from May 4th Movement launched by Beijing students in 1919, which marks the beginning of the new democratic revolution, so this festival was established to memorize the movement. People, especially the young, often participate in all sorts of activities to celebrate it. How will you spend the day? A: I am a member of youth volunteers in our school. As usual, we will organize some social practice activities, for example, in this year we will advocate students to do the rural practice, such as cleaning, experiencing farm work and doing housework, so that the youth can learn that today's happy life is not easily won. B: That is meaningful, today’s youth should really cherish their life. I will take part in a Poetry Reciting Competition and my topic is “The Youth”, praising the vigor and warm blood of the youth. A: Good luck! By the way, an evening party in honor of the festival will be held on CCTV this evening. Let us enjoy it. B: Ok , I agree. 以上，就是文都四六级英语老师为各位考生带来的四级口语考试的对话部分，希望能够对各位考生有所助益。同时，各位正在准备着六级口语的同学们不如参考一下今天四级口语考试的内容，为六级口语练一下手。最后，文都教育祝各位同学都可以取得令人满意的成绩。
绝密★启用前 2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语(Ⅰ卷) 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题分，满分分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例：How much is the shirt A. ￡. B. ￡. C. ￡. 答案是C。 — 1. What will James do tomorrow A. Watch a TV program B. Give a talk. C. Write a report. 2. What can we say about the woman A. She’s generous. B. She’s curious C. She’s helpful. 3. When does the train leave A. At 6:30. B. At 8:30. C. At 10:30. 4. How does the woman go to work A. By car. B. On foot. C. By bike. ! 5. What is the probable relationship between the speakers A. Classmates. B. Teacher and student C. Doctor and patient. 第二节（共15小题；每小题分，满分分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6. What does the woman regret A. Giving up her research. B. Dropping out of college. C. Changing her major. ~ 7. What is the woman interested in studying now A. Ecology. B. Education. C. Chemistry.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。 8. What is the man A. A hotel manager. B. A tour guide. C. A taxi driver. 9. What is the man doing for the woman A. Looking for some local . Showing her around the seaside. C. Offering information about a hotel. ￥ 听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。 10. Where does the conversation probably take place A. In an office. B. At home. C. At a restaurant. 11. What will the speakers do tomorrow evening A. Go to a concert. B. Visit a friend. C. Work extra hours. 12. Who is Alice going to call A. Mike. B. Joan. C. Catherine.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。 > 13. Why does the woman meet the man A. To look at an apartment. B. To deliver some furniture. C. To have a meal together. 14. What does the woman like about the carpet A. Its color. B. Its design. C. Its quality. 15. What does the man say about the kitchen A. It’s a good size. B. It’s newly painted. ’s equately equipped. 16. What will the woman probably do next A. Go downtown. B. Talk with her friend. C. Make payment. \ 听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。 17. Who is the speaker probably talking to A. Movie . News reporters. C. College students. 18. When did the speaker take English classes A. Before he left his hometown. BAter he came to America C. When he was 15 years old. 19. How does the speaker feel about his teacher A. He’s proud. B. He’s sympathetic. C. He’s grateful. 20. What does the speaker mainly talk about { A. How education shaped his life. B. How his language skills improved. C. How he managed his business well. 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Washington, . Bicycle Tours & Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, . Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability – and the cherry blossoms – disappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (4 miles) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, . Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, . Duration: 3 hours ; Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for . newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, . in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (7 miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, . Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 21. Which tour do you need to book in advance A. Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, . B. Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. } C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, . D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park. C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories. 23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide A. City maps. B. Cameras C. Meals. D. Safety lights. B ） Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role – showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme. C. She dislikes working early in the . She has had a tight budget for her family. ~ 25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids. C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her. 26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4 A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers. C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet ] C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less C Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade,