第二章
1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2.Indo-European Language Family
Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian) Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)
Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)
Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)
Hellenic(Greek)
Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)
3.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old
English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary,
(2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.
Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.
4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.
5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.
6. course human events necessary people
dissolve political connected assume powers
separate equal station nature entitle decent
respect opinions requires declare causes impel
separation
From the words picked out, we can see that most of the content
words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.
7. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1)
Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and(4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status ,nucleus , minimum. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin ]
Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]
Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ]
Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]
9. amateur (late) finace (late)
Empire (late) peace (early)
Courage (early) garage (late)
Judgement (early) chair (early)
Chaise (late) grace (early)
Servant (early) routine (late)
Jealous (early) savate (late)
Genre (late) gender (early)
Debut (late) morale (late)
State (early) chez (late)
Ballet (late)
10. Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.
11. allegro f . 轻快
Alto i. 女低音
Andante j 行板
Crescendo b.渐强
Diminuendo g. 渐弱
Forte e.强
Largo d.缓慢
Piano h. 轻
Pianoforte a.轻转慢
Soprano c.女高音
12. cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian )
Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi)
Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)
Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi)
Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi)
Snorkel (German) tamale (Mexican)
Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish)
V oodoo (African) kibitz (German)
Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)
13. a.alligator b.loco
c.rodeo
d..bonanza
e.igloo
f.blitzkrieg
g.wigwam h.canoe
i.hurricane j.boomerang
k.poncho
14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.
15. the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
试题二 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example A. lewd → ignoran t B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______． A. sounds B．forms C. unities D．meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______． A. fire B．hot C. photoscanning D．sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B．Kowtow. C. Rajah. D．Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______． A. Europe B．the Far East C. India D．the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B．Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D．The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B．borrowing
Unit 8 Check Your Understanding State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F) b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T) c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F) d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T) e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T) In-Class Activities 1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face. A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness). b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice). B. a. Look at that lovely little girl. b. Look at that tiny girl. ASK: (1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not, why? (2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones? KEY: Answer: (1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory. (2) Slim and skinny Famous and notorious Proud and arrogant Confident and conceited 2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow. ASK: (1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody? (2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own? Answer: (1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.
Key to Unit 5. The Semantic Types of English Words Pre-Class Reading Check Your Understanding a. F b. T c. T d. F e. F In-Class Activities 1. a. rush, hurry, stumble, dance, sail, move b. bumpy, winding, stony, muddy, slippery c. whimper, sweep, moan, groan, yell d. glimpse, watch, examine, glance, stare, 2. concrete words: (1) Sunlight, trees, birds, corn, people, harvest; night, wind, rain, singer; deeds, work (2) Beauty is an abstract concept, yet by using the above concrete words, the author creates vivid images about “what beauty consists of”, i.e. beauty exists in the nature and in our daily life. 3. (1) Proper nouns: Government of Victoria, Professor Liu Kang, Parliament House, Melbourne, Monday, International Community Education Conference Common nouns: reception, delegates (2) “International Community Education Conference”can be converted into common nouns if they are used in small letters, and refer to general international community education conferences. In much the same way, “Delegates” here refers to THOSE delegates who are going to attend the particular conference, thus can be regarded as a proper noun. 4. (1) Proper nouns have a certain degree of specificity, i.e. they are used in a context shared by the speaker and the hearer. Phonological information helps clarify the context. These words do not apply to other general cases. Sentences (e –h) either violates the specificity, or the background information can not be recovered. a. Mary is a person both of them know. b. There is a person called Mary who called you. (And the implied meaning also includes “I don not know this girl.)
《英语词汇学教程》（2015年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream 13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary 【Chapter 2】 1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian Icelandic Russian Danish
英语词汇学试题及答案 2001年4月份全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题及答案 英语（本科）专业 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statementand put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]