《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
Chapter 1
1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.
2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.
(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock.
(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.
3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];
(2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];
(3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].
4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
(2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.
(3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”.
(4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”.
5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black);
'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black);
'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);
'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black).
(b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);
'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);
'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress);
'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).
6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.
7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.
(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’ is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something
directly.
(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’ is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly
or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
(d) A ‘bull market’is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of
profits.
8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.
Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl
Beer: beer glass, tankard
Wine: wineglass, goblet
Spirits: sherry glass
Chapter 2
1.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung.
Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.
Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.
Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.
2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,
world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude
3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,
reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert
4. (a) [?]
(b) [-ai]
5. (1) -’s, -s
(2) -est, -s
(3) -ing
(4) -ed
6. The connotations are as follows:
(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.
7. { -?m; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}
8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy
fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy
pad: homonymy steep: homonymy
stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy
watch: polysemy
9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)
10. (1) unpractical
(2) break
(3) impractical
(4) rout
(5) pedals
(6) Route
(7) raze
Chapter 3
1.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English
periods.
In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.
In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss
of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.
In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.
Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.
2.“appeareth” in (a) becomes “appeared” in (b), and “dreame” becomes “dream”. The passive “were departed”
becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.
3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French
cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin
ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese
whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin
algebra: Arabic giraffe: African
4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings.
deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’
knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’ to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood’
meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.
hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.
5.sell: specialized hound: specialized
starve: specialized wife: specialized
loaf: specialized
6.
Chapter 4
1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed
2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked
forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten
short: shortter, shortest
snap: snaps, snapping, snapped
take: takes, taking, took, taken
goose: geese
heavy: heavier, heaviest
3.-ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’
de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’
-ify: meaning ‘make, become’
-dom: means ‘the state of ’
il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’
-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’
mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’
-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’
pre-: meaning ‘prior to’
-ment: meaning ‘the action of’
re-: meaning ‘again’
under-: meaning ‘not enough’
-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’
4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N”structure, in which adjectives are used to
modify nouns ‘line, line, neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone number that people can call for information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line between two cities’. Redneck means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs’.
b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’ structure. Bookshelf means ‘a shelf for keeping
books’. Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.
c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’ structure. Letterhead means ‘the head of a letter
(i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’. Roadside means ‘the area at the
side of a road’. Keyhole means ‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’. Hilltop means ‘the top of a hill’.
d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‘a person who leaves school before they have finished
their studies. Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between people’. Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.
e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to
modify the N-ed.
f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj As N.
5.in-: not, the opposite of
en-: to put into the condition of
dis-: not, the opposite of
un-: not, the opposite of
inter-: between, among
mis-: wrongly or badly
over-: too much
re-: again
post-: after
6. a. a young dog; piglet
b. a female editor; hostess
c. a place for booking tickets; refinery
d. one who is kicked; trainee
e. the state of being put up; output
7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)
inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)
multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)
teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)
8. a. initialism
b. blending
c. compounding
d. conversion
9. a. compounding, affixation
b. compounding, affixation
c. compounding, shortening
d. compounding, affixation
10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible
b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant
c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer
d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery
Chapter 5
1. (a) connotation (b) formality
(c) dialect (d) connotation
2. water
rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..
3. (a) keeping
(b) feeling of admiration or respect
4. (a) hyponymy
(b) meronymy
5. (a) light beer, strong beer
(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee
6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,
small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent
7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.
8. (a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable
(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable
9. (a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym
(d) synonymy (e) meronymy
Chapter 6
1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom
3) literal expression 4) idiom
5) idiom 6) literal expression
2. 1) die
2) something that makes a place less attractive
3) suddenly realize or understand something
4) make one’s friends disappoint
5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important
6) react quickly so as to get an advantage
3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.
2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc
3) give something to the person it belongs to
4) annoy
5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect
6) try to find out the facts about something
7) live under the rule of someone
8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.
9) give someone a warning or secret information about something
Chapter 7
1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and
histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.
2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be
used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .
3.Open to discussion.
4.Open to discussion.
5.(a) symbolise
(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation;
symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music
(a)/sim’b?lik/ and /sim’ba:lik/
(b)represent
(c) 2
(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.
Chapter 8
1.vertically challenged—short
sanitation engineer—garbage collector
ethnic cleansing--genocide
ladies’ cloak room—women’s toilet
2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval.
(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.
(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.
(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.
3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit
(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke
4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.
(b) Would you please turn off the lights
5. Answers vary from person to person.
6. (1) on a formal occasion.
(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off
(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave
(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.
7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login
8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.
Chapter 9
1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things
clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;
building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors
2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.
He withdrew his offensive remarks.
I hit back at his criticism.
She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.
I braced myself for the onslaught.
3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‘one who is the object of the verb’. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‘one who is being trained’. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‘object’ meaning. So ‘standee’ means ‘one who stands’.
4. In ‘good baby’, ‘good’means ‘well-behaved, not causing trouble’; in ‘good parent’, ‘good’means ‘kind, generous, considerate, etc.’
5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while
(2) is used as an apology.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
2020年英语专业考研参考攻略——参考书目 2020年考研的同学们应该已经把参考书目大致浏览了一遍。有的同学已经购买了大量的参考复习资料，大部分学校已经不给参考书目，只列出了考试科目或者大纲。这么多参考书目，如何选择最适合的一本，哪本书对我们的考试最有帮助，下面小编一一为你解答。 我们先看看“英语专业考研”的概念。它是针对报考英语专业研究生的考生而进行的考试，具体考核科目为：政治（100分）、二外（100分）、基础英语（150分）以及综合英语（150分）。部分学校的两门专业课名称会有出入，但基本上都考察学生对英语各个方面的掌握，包括最基本的语法、写作、阅读以及涉及到专业知识的英语语言国家文化、英美文学、外国语言学与应用语言学和翻译（包括理论）等。 我们首先盘点有哪些复习用书： 一、基础英语复习用书 1.张汉熙的《高级英语》1、2册（最热门的英专考研用书，基本上每个学校都会将其列入。大部分学校都把张汉熙先生的书作为大三大四的授课教材） 2.邹申《写作教程》（1-4册）上海外语教育出版社，2011年。 3.李观仪《新编英语教程》第5~8册 4.蒋显璟《英美散文选读》1、2册（第二版）（对外经贸大学英语学院考研特色书籍，值得推荐） 二、英语语言学的复习用书 1.胡壮麟《语言学教程》（最热门、最经典的英专语言学考研用书，高校英语系授课经典用书）最好配上一套《胡壮麟语言学教程笔记和考研真题详解》，中国石化出版社 2.刘润清、文旭《新编语言学教程》 3.桂诗春《应用语言学》 4.戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（也有一本《语言学教程学习指南》，高校英语系授课经典用书，备考经典书目） 5.蓝纯《语言导论》 6.杨信彰《语言学概论》
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
阅读材料语言学流派 历史比较语言学 历史比较语言学的产生有两个不可或缺的条件，一是广泛收集世界各种语言材料，二是认识到梵语在语言比较中的地位和作用。 在初始阶段，丹麦的R·Rask、德国的J·Grimm和F·Bopp被称为历史比较语言学的奠基者。 Rask在他的《古代北欧语或冰岛语起源研究》一书中第一个对基本语汇中的词进行系统的比较，找出其中的语音对应规律，由此确定语言的亲缘关系。Grimm在其书的启发下，在他的《日耳曼语语法》里确定了希腊语、峨特语和高地德语之间的语音对应关系，即所谓的“格里木定律”（Grimm?s Law）。Bopp 的主要著作是《梵语、禅德语、亚美尼亚语、希腊语、拉丁语、立陶宛语、古斯拉夫语、峨特语和德语比较语法》，旨在把梵语和欧洲、亚洲的几种其他语言相比较，找出它们在形态上的共同来源。 历史比较语言学发展到第二阶段，最有代表性的人物是德国的施莱歇尔（August Schleicher），其代表作是《印度日耳曼语系语言比较语法纲要》。他受到生物学物种分类的启发，为有亲属关系的语言的历史演变过程设计了一种树形谱系图，使语言之间的亲属关系以直观的形式呈现在人们的面前。这是历史比
较语言学的一大进展。 19世纪的最后25年是历史比较语言学的“新语法学派”时期。这个学派的代表人物是奥斯特霍夫（H·Osthoff）和布鲁克曼（K·Brugmann），他们在自己创办的刊物《形态学研究》上正式宣布语音演变规律不允许任何例外。他们在坚持这个原则时，以语言材料为依据，借鉴生理学和心理学的研究成果，强调“类推”在语言演变中的作用。这个学派的代表著作有布鲁克曼和德尔布吕克合著的《印度日耳曼语比较语法纲要》和保罗的《语言史原理》。19世纪历史比较语言学家为语言学的发展做出了重要贡献。他们收集了丰富的语言材料，进行了广泛深入的调查和比较，不仅提出了人类语言演变过程的假设，画出了世界语言的谱系，而且还创造出比较科学的研究方法，提出了有关语言起源、语言本质的新理论，为后来结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件。 结构语言学 布拉格学派，又称“结构-功能学派”或“功能学派”。其先驱者是马泰修斯，成员主要有雅科布逊、特鲁贝茨柯伊、哈弗阿奈克等。 1926年10月，由马泰修斯和雅克布逊等6人发起，建立了布拉格语言学会。该学会在第一届国际语言学会议上第一次把音位学的观点公诸于世，引起很大反响。1929年出版了会刊《布拉格语言学会论丛》。
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
?名家名篇 ?（一）名家 ?历史语言学：徐通锵、王洪君、陈保亚。 ?生成语言学：徐烈炯、宁春岩、徐杰、沈阳、程工。 ?功能语言学：胡壮麟、朱永生、黄国文、张伯江、方梅。 ?认知语言学：沈家煊、陆丙甫、袁毓林、储泽祥、石毓智、赵艳芳、束定芳。 ?配价理论：陆俭明、袁毓林、、张国宪、沈阳。 ?心理语言学：桂诗春、沈家煊、王德春、彭聃龄、朱智贤、李宇明。 ?神经、病理语言学：杨亦鸣、王德春、崔刚。 ?对比语言学：刘重德、杨自俭、王宗炎、赵世开、潘文国、许余龙。 ?语法化：沈家煊、吴福祥。 ?类型学：沈家煊、刘丹青。 ?语言哲学：钱冠连、潘文国。
?实验语音学：石锋 ?计算语言学：冯志伟、俞士汶、刘群、詹卫东 ?社会语言学：陈原、陈章太、李宇明、郭熙 ?数理语言学：方立、冯志伟 ?文化语言学：邢福义 ?模糊语言学：伍铁平、吴振国 ?现代汉语语法：吕叔湘、朱德熙、黎锦熙、王力、邢福义、陆俭明、马真、胡裕树、张斌、胡明扬、 马庆株、邵敬敏、储泽祥 ?现代汉语方言：丁声树、吴宗济、李荣、张振兴、汪国胜、詹伯慧、李如龙、潘悟云、麦耘、游汝 杰 ?少数民族语言：戴庆厦、道布、孙宏开 对外汉语教学：陆俭明、赵金铭、吕必松、崔希亮、 周小兵、张德鑫、鲁健骥、李晓琪、李泉、张和生、 李扬、崔永华、郑懿德、王还、刘珣、孙德金、张凯、 张旺熹、杨寄洲、王建勤、赵日新、郑艳群?（二）名篇
?A历史语言学 ?1. 徐通锵《历史语言学》（商务印书馆1991）?2. 吴安其《历史语言学》（上海教育出版社2006） ?3. 朱晓农、寸熙导读《历史语言学和语言演变》（世界图书出版公司北京公司2007） B结构主义语言学 1. 高名凯译《普通语言学教程》（商务印书馆1980） 2. 索振羽、叶蜚声译《现代语言学教程》（北京大学出版社1986） 3. 何勇等译《语法哲学》（语文出版社1988） 4. 岑麒祥、叶蜚声译《语言》（商务印书馆1992） ?C生成语言学 ? 1.邢公畹等译《句法结构》（中国社会科学出版社1979） ? 2.赵世开译《深层结构、表层结构和语义解释》（中国社会科学出版社1980）
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
黑龙江大学西语学院英语系研究生参考书目（历年不变） 050201英语语言文学 ①101思想政治理论②242法语二外或243俄语二外或244日语二外或245德语二外或246西班牙语二外③611基础英语④811英语语言文学基础知识 复试科目： 050英语语言文学专业知识(含汉语作文) 参考书目： 611基础英语《大学汉英翻译教程》王治奎山东大学出版社 大学本科英语专业知识、托福、GRE 试题 811英语语言文学基础知识《语言学教程（修订版）》胡壮麟北京大学出版社点击购买811英语语言文学基础知识《语言学概论》杨信彰高等教育出版社 811英语语言文学基础知识《英国文学简史（ABriefHistoryofEnglishLiterature）》刘炳善河南人民出版社 811英语语言文学基础知识《英国文学选读（SelectedReadinginEnglishLiterature）》杨岂深、孙铢上海译文出版社 811英语语言文学基础知识《英国诗歌鉴赏》李蓝玉、刘燕南等黑龙江人民出版社811英语语言文学基础知识《美国文学简史》常耀信南开大学出版社 811英语语言文学基础知识《美国文学选读》杨岂深上海译文出版社 611基础英语《大学英汉翻译教程》王治奎山东大学出版社 050[复试]英语语言文学专业知识（含汉语作文）《文学导论（IntroductiontoLiterature）》
邵锦娣等上海外语教育出版社点击购买 050[复试]英语语言文学专业知识（含汉语作文）《现代英语词汇学概论（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）》张韵斐北京师范大学出版社 050[复试]英语语言文学专业知识（含汉语作文）《英语词汇学教程》汪榕培、卢晓娟上海外语教育出版社 二外日语 《日语概说》皮细庚上海外语教育出版社 《日语能力测试》（一级）日本国际交流基金 《标准日语语法》顾明耀高等教育出版社 《日译中教室》陶振孝外语教学与研究出版社 法语二外，俄语二外，日语二外，德语二外，西班牙语二外，参考书全部自选
试题二 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example A. lewd → ignoran t B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated
Charpter1 1.1.1 1. a. This sentence may have three interpretations: 1) He rolled from side to side in his grave. 2) He returned his grave. 3) He handed in his grave. b. There are two interpretations to this sentence: 1) They gave preference to both young men and young women. 2) They gave preference to women and young men. 2. Units that have reference: I, saw, Mary, went, the library. Units that indicate structure: when, to. 3. a. This sentence is grammatical, but is nonsensical. b. This sentence is ungrammatical and nonsensical. c. This is a good sentence. d. This is a good sentenc e. 1.1.2 1. a. This sign is a symbol. It means we will have good luck. I know it from my cultural background, because the Chinese character "福" means "luck" and the color red symbolizes "goodness". The Chinese meaning of "upside down" is "倒", which has the similar pronunciation of "到(arrive)". Thus, when the character "福" is put upside down, it means that luck arrives. b. This sign is an icon. It means no smoking, and I know it from the picture.
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟. 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效。试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3.第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4.合理安排答题空间。超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%) 1.“Woman”becomes “Frau”in German, “femme”in French and “fùnǔ”in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______． A. sounds B．forms C. unities D．meanings 2.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______． A. fire B．hot C. photoscanning D．sister 3.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese? A. Bazaar. B．Kowtow. C. Rajah. D．Blitzkrieg. 4.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______． A. Europe B．the Far East C. India D．the Near East 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary? A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B．Social, economic and political changes. C. The invasion of foreign countries. D．The influence of other cultures and languages. 6. Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______. A. creation B．borrowing
Unit 8 Check Your Understanding State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F) b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T) c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F) d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T) e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T) In-Class Activities 1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face. A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness). b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice). B. a. Look at that lovely little girl. b. Look at that tiny girl. ASK: (1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not, why? (2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones? KEY: Answer: (1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ?attractiveness‘ and ?pleasantness‘ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory. (2) Slim and skinny Famous and notorious Proud and arrogant Confident and conceited 2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with the corpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow. ASK: (1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody? (2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own? Answer: (1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.