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句子种类

句子种类
句子种类

第十二讲

简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。简单句一般分为:陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。

Ⅰ陈述句

用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的叙述性句子叫陈述句。句末用句号,读时用降调。

Eg:We’ll meet again tomorrow.

Last week we started our trip across this trip.

2.陈述句的否定式

1)在连系动词be,实义动词have,助动词或情态动词后加not,never,…等否定词构成否定式。

Eg:We mustn’t waste any more time.

I’ve never been so afraid in all my life.

当谓语动词是have“有”时,其否定式可以有两种。

Eg:Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday. Students don’t usually have their P.E. lessons on Monday. 2)在行为动词前加do(does,did)not (句中词的行为动词应用原形)构成否定式。

Eg:I didn’t find Chinese easy at first.

Sorry,I don’t know much about him.

He doesn’t like American movies very much.

3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor, never,hardly,scarcely等都否定意义的词,可构成陈述句的否定式,同时不能再用not.

Eg:I had never seen such a good match before that day!

Many of the country people could neither read

nor write.

There was no music or dialogue.

He little knows what may happen.

4)在have作“有”解时的否定结构中,如用not则在宾语前常家a(an),any,many,much等词,如用no,则不用这些词而应紧跟名词,have不作“有”解时,通常按行为动词构成否定式。在美国英语中,have总是按行为动词构成。

Eg:They don’t have any meeting in the afternoon.

Ⅱ疑问句

用来提问的句子叫疑问句,句末句用问号。疑问句主要有四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句。

1.一般疑问句

1)一般疑问句的构成

陈述句的谓语动词是动词have或be,构成一般疑问句时只需颠倒主语和动词的语序。

Eg:She is a nurse. Is she a nurse?

He has many friends.

Has he many friends? /Does he have many friends?

陈述句的谓语部分是“助动词/态动词+实义动词”构成一般疑问句时,只将助动词或情态动词移放在主语前面。

Eg:The premier has been to our school.

Has the premier been to our school.

They can do it for us.

Can they do it for us.

陈述句的谓语动词如果是一般实义动词,构成一般疑问句时,要用“Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形”构成这一结构实际上只用于“现在一般时态和过去一般时态中谓语动词为实义动词”的情况。

Eg:The students read English every morning.

Do the students read English every morning.

She often helps them.

Does she often help them?

He bought a car last month.

Did he buy a car last month?

2)一般疑问句的回答

一般疑问句要升调。一般要用Yes或no来回答;有时,也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或相应的结构来回答,如:perhaps,certainly,of course,all right,I think so,surely,never, sorry,not yet,certainly not,not at all,I’m afraid not等。

Eg:Do you want to study English?

Yes ,I do.

若表示肯定回答,也可用“Certainly”或“Of course”.

当回答:No,I don’t

还可以回答:Certainly not.

3)一般疑问句的否定形式。

一般疑问句也有否定式,肯定回答时用“Yes,+肯定结构”;否定回答时,用“No,+否定结构”。请注意这种语境中的Yes 和No与汉语的译义逻辑关系。

Eg:Don’t you want to stay with me?

Yes,I do./No,I don’t.

2.特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句是以疑问代词(who,whom,what,which),疑问形容词(which,what,whose)或疑问副词(when,where,how,why)开头。特殊疑问句一般用降调。

1)特殊疑问句的构成

如果疑问代词是问句的主语或以“疑问形容词+名词”为问句的主语,这个问句就用正常的陈述句语序。

Eg:Who is your teacher?

Which team won the championship.

疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语外,其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。

Eg:Whose is this shirt?/Whose shirt is this?

Why does he often go there?

What did he tell you?

如果疑问句是介词的宾语这个特殊疑问句就可以有两种情况:

To whom did you give the letter?/

Whom(who)did you give the letter to ?

3.选择疑问句

选择疑问句是要求从所提出的两个或两个项目中选择一个答案。朗读时,前面的项目用升调,最后一个项目用降调。选择问句有两种类型:

1)类似一般问句的类型,即“一般疑问句+or+省略的一般问句”。

Eg:Is it right or wrong? It is right.

Do you want to go by bus or by train? By bus.

Do you want the wall painted yellow,white or green. White. 2)类似特殊疑问句的类型,即“特殊疑问句+or+省略的特殊疑问句”

Eg:Which coffee would you like,black or white. White.

注意:上面结构中所有的“省略”均指的是文句中相同部分的省略,选项绝对不能省略。如果句中没有重复的部分省略就是不可能的。如下面这个句子就不能写成省略的形式。

Eg:Are you a teacher now or have you not finished college yet? 选择的项目可以用你不同的方式提出,即所表达的意思一样而表达的方式可以不同。

Eg:Is it right or wrong?

Is it right or not?

Is it or isn’t it right?

4.反义疑问句

1)当前面陈述句部分的主语是“this,that”时,反义疑问句的主语用it代替,当前面陈述句部分的主语是“these,those”时,反义疑问句的主语用they代替;当前面陈述句部分是感叹句时,反义疑问句的主语应根据感叹句强调的情况用it,they,he,she等。

Eg:This is very important,isn’t it?

2)当前面陈述部分是“There be…”句型时,反义疑问句仍用there.

Eg:There is a radio on the table,isn’t there? Yes,there is.

3)当前面陈述部分是“I am+表语”时,反义疑问句常用“aren’t I”

Eg:I’m late,aren’t I?

4)当不定式短语、动名词短语或主语从句充当前面陈述部分的主语时,反义疑问句中的主语用it.

Eg:What you need is more practice,isn’t it?

To learn English well isn’t easy,isn’t it?

Swimming is great fun,isn’t it?

5)当前面陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,那么疑问部分的谓语应该跟主语的谓语所用的形式一致。

Eg:You need not do that when your maid is here,need you ? 6)当前面陈述部分是everything,anything,something,nothing 等不定代词时,反义疑问句的主语一般用it.

Eg:Everything is all right,isn’t it?

7)当前面陈述部分是由“I’m sure that,I’m afraid that,we are sure that,we are afraid that,I feel sure that,we feel sure that”构成时,反义疑问句与主要信息的宾语从句相一致。

Eg:I’m sure that you’ll help her,won’t you?

8)当前面陈述部分中含有否定意义的前缀和否定意义的后缀的单词时(hopeless,careless,unfit,dislike,irregular,impossible, disagree,unsuccessful,incomplete,inactive,inexact,dishonest, unhealthy,unhelpful,uninterested,unpleasant等),反义疑问句用否定形式。

Eg:He is unfit for his office,isn’t it?

9)当前面陈述部分是缩写的’d时,应视情况判断其缩写是would,could,had还是should.有’s时,具体情况是is还是has 的缩写。

Eg:You’d like some coffee,wouldn’t you?

10)注意判断陈述部分的主语是单数还是复数,反义疑问句从人称和数上应与陈述部分主语相一致。

Eg:None of food was wasted,isn’t it?

None of the workers arrived on time,did they?

11)当前面陈述部分中含有must表示推测时,应根据时态和时间确定其反义疑问句的形式,其后的反义疑问句中不能重复出现must。对现在的肯定推测用be与主语一致;对过去的肯定推测用have与主语一致;对过去的肯定推测中含有明确的时间状语时,常用did.

Eg:You must be tired,aren’t you?

He must work hard,doesn’t he?

You must be joking,aren’t you?

They must have finished the experiment yesterday,didn’t

they?

12)当前面陈述部分中含有little,few,hardly,seldom,never,more,none,nothing,no,scarcely 时,反义疑问句用肯定形式。

Eg:He seldom writes to you,does he?

You have nothing else to say,have you?

13)由于情态动词must具有推测性和非推测性,指客观情况的非推测性用法而指说话人的主观看法是推测性用法。当前面陈述部分的must非推测性用法时,反义疑问句分别用

must,needn’t相对应。

a.当must表示“必须”时,其后的反义疑问句用mustn’t. Eg:We must work hard,mustn’t we?

b.当must表示“必要”时,其后的反义疑问句用needn’t. Eg:We must learn from her,needn’t we?

c.当must表示“禁止”时,其后的反义疑问句用must 或may.

Eg:I mustn’t tell it to him,must(may) I?

14)若陈述部分为祈使句时,反义疑问句通常用will you,won’t you,would you 等。

Eg:Mail the letter today,will you?

Try to be back by two,won’t you?

真题

1)-____will the bridge be completed?

-In two months.

A.How long

B.How soon

C.How often

D.How much

2)-____ are you going stay there?

- For a week or so.

A.How much

B.How soon

C.How long

D.How often

3)-Come and join us if you have time,____?

- Certainly.

A.do you

B.don’t you

C.will you

D.didn’t you

4)-Could you tell me _______?

-Over there.

A.where does Jim live

B.where Jim lives

C.when will Jim come back

D.when Jim will come back.

5)I don’t think you are right._____?

A.do I

B.are you

C.don’t I

D.aren’t you

Ⅲ祈使句

英语句子按其使用目的来分类分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类型。祈使句作为这四大类型之一,有其特有的用法和表达形式。

一祈使句的用法

1.祈使句又叫命令句,通常被用于表示命令、请求或禁止的语气。

Eg:Speak a little more slowly,please!

Don’t play football on the road!

Get out!

2.此外,祈使句可用于表示邀请、建议、指路等。

Eg:Have another moon cake,please.

Be careful!It’s dangerous.

Go along this road,and take the second turning on the road!

3.祈使句也可用来表示条件,常用于“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中。

Eg:Take more exercise and you’ll feel healthy.

Hurry up,or you’ll be late.

二祈使句的表达形式。

1.以原形动词引起祈使句。这类句子是以动词原形开头,它的主语通常是第二人称(you),习惯上常省去,具体说来又分为“do型”或“be型”两种结构。

1)“do型”,即“行为动词原形+宾语(+其它成分)”构成Eg:Look after them,please.

Do it like this.

2)“be型”,即“be+表语+(+其它成分)”构成。

Eg:Be quiet,boys and girls.

Be careful!There is a dog behind you.

以上结构的祈使句构成否定时,常以don’t置于句首构成。即1)“Don’t+行为动词原形+(其它成分)”。

Eg:Don’t worry.I can help you.

Don’t climb the tree,it is too high.

2)“Don’t+表语+(其它成分)”

Eg:Don’t be late for school next time.

Don’ t be at home.

2.含有let的祈使句可分为两种类型。一种是“let+名词/代词+动词原形”结构。

Eg:Let me help you.

Let him carry the box.

Let Lin Tao clean the room.

这类句型从类型上分,完全属于“do型”祈使句。它的否定式也是在let前加don’t。

Eg:Don’t let him in.

Don’t let the boy climb this tree.

还有一种let构成的祈使句是以let’s开头的,它是一种特殊形式的祈使句,它并不是“命令、请求”对方做某事,而是说话者要与对方一起做某事,常译为“咱们…”。

Eg:Let’s go to the park with Tom.

Let’s begin our class.

注意:let’s构成的祈使句的否定形式不是在前面加“Don’t”,而是在let’s后面加not.

Eg:Let’s not stay here.

Let’s not go there any more.

因此,要注意let’s构成的祈使句并不是let us的省略形式,它们属于两种不同形式的祈使句。这在变反义疑问句时也能看出来:“Let’s…”构成的祈使句附加部分为“shall we?”而“let us”形式的祈使句的附加部分为“will you?”

Eg:Let him come here,will you?

Let’s go there at eight,shall we?

3.以No开头的祈使句。这类祈使句结构为“No+V-ing”,它

通常用于公共场所禁止、警告的提示语,表示“禁止做某事”。Eg:No parking!

No smoking,please!

4.有时在口语中,为了表达简洁,直接用名词引导一个祈使句。

Eg:One moment,please!

Hand up!

5.有的祈使句中出现主语,目的是为了指明向谁提出请求或命令等。

Eg:Tom,listen to me!

Take a seat,Mr.Green!

有时为了加强语气或表示厌烦、不高兴的情绪。

Eg:Don’t you be late again!

You get out of here.

真题

1)“Tom,____ be afraid of speaking in public.You are no longer a small boy,”said Mum.

A.not be

B.not to be

C.be not

D.don’t be

2)Be ___,and you will do well in the English exam.

A.careful

B.polite

C.sure

D.friendly

Ⅳ感叹句

感叹句的基本句型

What引导的感叹句,what相当于形容词,意思是“多么的”,后街名词。

例如:

What+(形容词)复数可数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语!Eg:What lovely boys they are!

What fine weather it is!

What+不定冠词a(an)+(形容词)单数可数名词+主语+谓语!Eg:What a fine day it is!

How引导的感叹句,How相当于副词,后接形容词或副词。How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!

Eg:How beautiful the flowers are!

How well they fit!

注意:a.“what+a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词”这一结构可换成“how+形容词+不定冠词a(an)+单数可数名词”What a clever boy he is !

How clever a boy he is !

b.How也可以修饰句中的动词-动词保留在原陈述句的谓

语位置上。

Eg:How I used to hate painting!

真题

1)____weather it is!We can do nothing but stay at home watching TV.

A.What a good

B.What bad

C.How good

D.How bad a

2)- I hear that an old couple are traveling around China by bike.

-Oh,____ long way on their bicycles!They are so great!

A.What a

B.How

C.what

D.how a

Ⅴ并列句

1.表示同等关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词连接前后简单句,and常译为“和”“并且”,也可不译出来。

Eg:He likes playing football and he plays well.

Last year,I met Kate and we became friends.

2.表示转折关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词but,ye,while,however等连接前后简单句,but常译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属连词though,although一起使用。

Eg:It has no mouth,but it can talk.

School is over,yet all the students are still working.

He wants to be a writer,while I want to be a scientist.

It’s rainning hard,however,we must go out.

3.表示选择关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简单句。

or有两重含义。

1)译为“或者”,表示选择。

Eg:Now you can haveor you can go to the cinema.

2)译为“否则”,“要不然”,表示条件。

Eg:You must tell the truth,or you will be punished.

4.表示因果关系的并列句。

这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。

1)for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句,而for则在意义上连接简单句,前者表示结果,后者表示原因。

其结构为:简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)

Eg:He has many good friends,for he is an honest man.

2)so意为“因此”,“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因)+so+简单句(结果)。

Eg:Mr.Li went to his hometown,so Mr.Wang was taking his class instead.

5.其它形式的并列句。

1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,

并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓语常用一般将来时。

Eg:Use your hand ,and you will find way.

2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件,并

列连词or引导的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。

Eg:Study hard,or you will fall behind the others.

3)“either…or…”结构表示“不是…就是…”,“或者…或者…”

Eg:Either my uncle can do it,or my aunt.

习惯上将两个句子合并为

Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.

4)“not only…but also”意为“不仅…而且…”。

Eg:Not only the students have missed the school car,but also the teacher has missed the school car.

5)“neither…nor…”意为“既不…也不…”,“两者都不…”用法与“either…or…”,“not only…but also”一样。

三使用并列句要注意的几种情况。

1.并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系相当紧密)。

Eg:We fished all day,we didn’t catch a fish.

2.并列连词后的简单句如果与其前面的简单句有相同的

成分,则相同的部分常可省略。

Eg:My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.

3.由so,nor,neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重

复,其成分常倒装并省略一些。

Eg:He is not a student,nor am I.

Beibei can swim,so can I.

真题

1)Put the milk in the bridge,___ it will go bad easily.

A.so

B.but

C.and

D.or

2)-Would you like to come to my house for a dinner tonight?

-I’d love to ,____ I have lots fo work to do.

A.so

B.or

C.and

D.but

3)I bought a new shirt for Marble,_____ she didn’t like it.

A.because

B.and

C.so

D.but

句子的种类与类型

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句子的类型

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1.回答是for+一段时间(some time)用how long来提问 2.回答是once , twice, three times 用how often 提问 3.回答是in +一段时间时,用how soon 来提问 I will come back in three days. How soon will you come back? 感叹句 What a beautiful girl I am! (What+a\an+形容词+单数名词+主语+be) What a cool boy I am! What beautiful girls we are!(What +形容词+可数名词的复数+主语+be) What cool boys we are! What dirty water it is!(What +形容词+不可数名词+主语+be) How beautiful the girl is! __How___ interesting the movie is! How handsome the boy is!

How fast he rides a bike! __How__ slowly he walks!(How +形容词或副词+主语+动词) 1.主系表 She is beautiful.(feel soft, taste delicious, sound good, smell good) 2,主语+不及物动词 Look at the blackboard. Listen to me carefully. 3.主语+动词+宾语 I love my mother. 4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He showed me his ID card. 人--------间 直---------物 5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.

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