上海版牛津英语8B 第一章学习辅导材料(2014）
学习新词语
product n. 产品例如：
Our new product will go on the market. 我们的新产品即将上市。
【同根词】：produce，production
produce v. 生产；制造；产生例如：
We produce vegetables. 我们生产蔬菜。
production n.生产；产生例如：
The production of television sets is very complex. 电视机制造非常复杂。
scientist n. 科学家例如：
My brother?s ambition is to be a scientist. 我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。
【同根词】：science, scientific
science n. 科学scientific adj.科学的例如：
The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their time on their scientific research.
这所大学的科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。
breathe v. 呼吸例如：
He breathed hard when he was ill yesterday. 他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。
【同根词】：breath, 呼吸例如：
Smith?s heavy breath disturbed his wife?s sleep.史密斯沉重的呼吸扰乱了他太太的睡眠。hectare n. 公顷 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres (1公顷= 10,000平方米) 例如：That factory covers an area of 150 hectares. 那个工厂占地150 公顷。
alive adj.（表语形容词）活着；在世
【词义辨析】：alive，living 都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如：
alive 是表语形容词，一般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如：
I am your friend as long as I am alive. 只要我活着就是你的朋友。
living 是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如：
There are not any living things in the mountain area.在这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。
warn v. 警告：使警惕例如：
Xiaofeng warned me against pickpockets. 小峰警告我要提防扒手。
【同根词】：warning n. 警告；警示例如：
There is a warning sign at the corner of the street. 街角那儿有一块警示牌。
nature n. 自然界；大自然例如：
I am in favour of return to nature. 我赞成回归自然。
【同根词】：natural adj. 自然的例如：
This mountain village has natural beauty. 这个山村有自然的美。
【词组】：
(be) interested in 对……感兴趣例如：
Are you interested in movies? 你对电影感兴趣吗？
【词义辨析】：interested，interesting
interested adj. 感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如：
He is interested in computers. 他对电脑感兴趣。
interesting adj. 有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。
He is an interesting boy. 他是个有趣的男孩。
Chemistry is an interesting subject. All of us are interested in it.
化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。
as well as 也，还例如：
They study French as well as Chinese. 他们既学法语也学中文。
【词义辨析】：as well as, not only … but also, both … and… 都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。as well as 强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如：
He can play violin as well as guitar. 他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴）
not only … but also … 强调的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如：
He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不仅能拉小提琴,也能弹吉他。（强调会吉他）both … and … 前后两个语法部分都注重。例如：
He can play both violin and guitar. 他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）
air conditioner n.空调例如：
Air conditioners make us feel more comfortable in summer and winter.
夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。
one another 互相例如：
We must help one another and learn from one another. 我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。
语法知识
现在进行时
一.现在进行时表示的意义：
1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；
I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英语书。
She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。
2.表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：
What lessons are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪些课了？
Tom?s parents are working in China this year. 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。
二.现在进行时的句子结构：
现在进行时由“助动词be + 动词的现在分词”构成，be (am, is, are)是助动词，不做联系动词用，不解释“是”。其句子结构为：
1.肯定句由“主语+ be + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：
I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打扫教室。
They are playing the piano.
2. 否定句由“主语+ be + not + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：
He is not watching TV. 他没在看电视。
They are not writing. 他们没在写东西。
3. 一般疑问句由“Be + 主语+ v.-ing + 其他？”构成，其肯定答句为“Yes, 主语+ be”否定答句为“No, 主语+ be + not”。例如：
—Is she listening to the music? 她正在听音乐吗？
—Yes, she is. / no, she isn?t. 是的，她在听。/ 不，她不在听。
—Are they running? 他们正在跑步吗？
—Yes, they are. / No, they aren?t. 是的，他们在跑。/ 不，他们不在跑。
4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词+ be + 主语+ v.-ing + 其他？”构成。例如：
What are you doing? 你们正在做什么？
Who is he talking to? 他正在和谁谈话？
三.现在分词的构成：
1.直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如：
teach—teaching play—playing look—looking go—going
2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如：
write—writing take—taking live—living give—giving
3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：put
—putting run—running begin—beginning swim—swimming
四.现在进行时的标志：
1.句中有副词now时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。
2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。
Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。
3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
It?s six o?clock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。
4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Don?t make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。
五.没有进行时态的动词：
在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类：
1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如see“看见”，hear“听见”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。
例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？你听到飞机的声音了吗？
We see him. 我们看见他了。
注意：有些表示感观的动词，如listen to, look at强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可用于现在进行时态中。例如：
They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲课。
2.表示态度和感情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”，
want“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“认为”，believe“相信”等。例如：
I like dog. 我喜欢狗。
I want to go out for a walk now. 我现在想出去散步。
3.当have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如：
I have a lot of books. 我有许多本书。
We are having a good time. 我们玩得很愉快。
4. 表示状态的be动词“是”。例如：
He is at home. 他在家里。
六.现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：
1.时间状语：
（1）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与always, often, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短语连用。例如：
My father often reads books after dinner. 我父亲经常饭后看书。
（2）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与now, these days, at this time 等时间状语连用。例如：
He is playing the piano now. 他现在正在弹钢琴。
Look! They are watching TV. 看！他们正在看电视。
2.谓语动词：
（1）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况：be动词用am, is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人称单数形式；情态动词+ 动词原形。例如：
My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be动词用is）
She doesn?t wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称形式）
He can speak English. 他会说英语。（情态动词+ 动词原形）
（2）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) + v.-ing 。例如：
Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打扫教室吗？
She is eating dinner. 她正在吃饭。
相关练习题
填空：1. Now the students each ________ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have)
2. —What is Mum doing now? —She________ some clothes. (wash)
3. —Whose watch is lost? —Mr. Smith?s. Look! He ________ it everywhere. (look for)
4. —Cindy, dinner is r eady. Where?s John? —He ________ homework in his room. (do)
5. Don?t turn on the TV. Grandma ________ now. (sleep)
自学题
1. How many kinds of pollution do you know?
a)___________ b)__________ c) ________________
2. Think up some ways of fighting pollution:
a)________________________________________________________________
b)________________________________________________________________
c)________________________________________________________________
d)_________________________________________________________________
e)_________________________________________________________________
……
3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?
a) use:_____________________________________________________________________
b) eat:_____________________________________________________________________
c) drink:___________________________________________________________________
d) wear:____________________________________________________________________
4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries’?
________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
2. 各个击破：
Words(单词)
1). 熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配。
2). 查词典，了解下列词的意思,主要搭配,及抄下至少一个例句。
a．communicate __________, ___________________________________________
b．hardly __________, _______________________________________________
c．i nterview __________, _____________________________________________
d．protect _________, _________________________________________________
e．r elease _________, _________________________________________________
f．pure _________, ___________________________________________________
3). 找出符合下列意思的单词.
a.n___________ made by nature, not by man
b.n___________ unpleasant
c.sip___________ drink in small amounts
d.o___________ a life-giving gas found in air
e. a c________ something produced by chemistry
f.h_________ area of 10,000 square metres
g.w________ say that something bad or dangerous may happen
3. 重难点突破
Phrases(短语)把握下列短语.
a.be interested in _______________
b.in danger ___________________
c.cut down ____________________
d.let out ____________________
e.belong to ______________________
f.on earth _______________________
g.keep…alive _______________________
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b77309386.html,municate with _______________________
i.protect oneself_______________________
4. 合作探究
Read Protecting our environment “pollution fighters” first. Discuss what you can learn from the text in groups. Judy is collecting information for a project on pollution. What does she learn?
P1-2: _________________________________________________________________________
P3-12:________________________________________________________________________
P13-14:_______________________________________________________________________
P15-16:_______________________________________________________________________
5. 训练巩固
A.Fill in the blanks with correct words.
1.The old man is so weak. He can_______stand.
2.The new park covered an area of six _________.
3.At the top of high mountains, there is very little __________ in the air.
4.I must _______you not to go out. There is a storm coming.
5.This country has few _________ resources.
6.The farmer used a ________ to kill the insects in their fields.
7. These days we can _______________with pen-friends by e-mails.
8. The TV progarmme _____________ a famous film director about his latest film.
9. There’s a _________smell coming from the dustbin.
10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was _________.
11. The police ________ some prisoners last year.
12. He forgot to turn off the air conditioner, so it was ________ all night.
B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.
C. Do Part E Read and think
6. 拓展延伸
In groups, make your own poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put it up in your classroom or school. Let everyone know the importance of protecting trees.
Assignments:
1. remember the new phrases.
2. Search and get more information about the benefits of trees.
课后测评题
Ⅰ.Choose the best answer
1. We should have ________ fast food, ________ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise.
A. fewer, fewer
B. less, more
C. fewer, more
D. less, less
2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only ________, or you will be hurt.
A. eat
B. drink
C. sip
D. have
3. Students will make great progress if they ________ a subject.
A. are interested in
B. are interesting
C. are interested
D. are interesting in
4. The index page of a book usually comes ________.
A. at the beginning of a book
B. in the middle of a book
C. at the end of a book
D. at the bottom of each page
5. Don?t ________ him ________ into the forest. We are not allowed ________ the big trees.
A. let, goes, cut down
B. let, go, to cut down
C. lets, goes, cuts down
D. lets, to go, cut down
6. Have you finished your ________ homework?
A. chemical
B. chemistry C chemical?s D. chemistry?s
7. I ________ you again.
A. warned
B. warn
C. won?t warn
D. am warning
8. They were warned ________ the mountain in such bad weather.
A. to climb
B. not to climb
C. climbing
D. not climbing
9. The room is ________ small ________ hold so many people.
A. so, that
B. too, to
C. very, to
D. enough, to
10.Her mother asked her where ________ holidays.
A. did you spend
B. you spent your
C. she spent her
D. did she spend Ⅱ.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined parts A. almost no B. think it is true C. quite a lot D. drink in small amount
of E. unpleasant F. made by nature G. working
1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about trees. We suppose she knows everything about trees.
2. My watch isn?t running well.
3. There is hardly any chance that we will win the football match.
4. The tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.
5. I don?t like the cheese with the nasty smell.
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper forms healthy chemistry pollution communication warn dangerous nature
1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in _________.
2. Water is one kind of the ________ elements.
3. The workers used a ________ to kill mice in the factory.
4. The Japanese can not speak English. Would you please use Japanese to ________ with them?
5. There is a ________ before the film in each DVD.
6. We must stop that factory from ________ the river as soon as possible.
Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentence as required
1. Trees are communicating with one another. （改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）
________ ________ communicating with one another? Yes, ________ ________.
2. Judy is interviewing Doctor Ray. （改为否定句）
Judy ________ ________ Doctor Ray.
3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ scientists only now beginning to ________?
4. We are destroying our best fighters against pollution. （对划线部分提问）
________ ________ you ________?
Ⅴ. Reading comprehension
A
A plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining.
Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants.
T and F
1. A plant gets food from its roots.
2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in.
3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy.
4. Water comes into a plant through its roots.
5. People could live without plants.
B
Deserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they
get smaller. The world?s biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is growing fast.
Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat all the grass. Or，people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.
Why is it a problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, or schools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else.
What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara will s top growing. It?s a big problem. Many people must work together to solve it.
T and F
6. The size of the deserts stay the same all the time.
7. One of the reasons for the growing of Sahara is farming too much.
8. Deserts make trouble for people.
9. Planting trees can help people farm less.
10. Stopping the growing desert is not a big problem.
上海版牛津英语8B 第二章学习辅导材料
学习新词语
daily adv. 每天（every day）例如：
I want to study English well, so I have to practise it daily.
我想学好英语，因此我必须每天练习。
He plays football daily. 他每天都踢足球。
daily adj. 每日的；日常的n. 日报例如：
There are great changes in their daily lives. 他们的日常生活有巨大的变化。
This is a People’s Daily. 这是一份《人民日报》。
increase v. （使）增加例如：
The wheat production increased a great deal this year. 今年的小麦产量大幅度增加。
We have increased the price of paper. 我们提高了纸张的价格。
【反义词】：decrease v. 减少例如：
The population in Germany decreased last year. 去年德国的人口减少了。
Your hunger decreases as you eat. 你的饥饿感在你吃饭时会渐渐消失。impatient adj. 不耐烦的例如：
She is becoming impatient. 她变得着急起来。
【同根词】：patient; impatient; patience
1.patient adj.有耐心的, 例如：
She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children.
她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。
2.impatient adj.angry at having to wait 不耐烦的，急躁的，例如：
As a nursery t eacher, you mustn?t be impatient with the children.
作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。
3. patience n.容忍；耐心，例如：
I have no patience with him again. 我对他不再有耐心了。
comfortably adv. 舒服地例如：
He is sitting comfortably in that armchair. 他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里。
【同根词】：comfort; comfortable; comfortably
1. comfort v. 安慰；鼓舞n.安乐；舒适；安逸，例如：
He lives in comfort. 他过得很舒服。（n.）
I found comfort in his words. 我从他的话中得到了安慰。（n.）
She comforted the sick child. 她安慰这个生病的孩子。（v.）
2. comfortable adj.舒适的，舒服的，例如：
She lives a comfortable life. 她过着舒适的生活。
3. comfortably adv. with no pain or worry 舒适地，安乐地
pump 1. v.push by machine (用泵）抽，抽吸；打气，例如：
The villagers had pumped the well dry and could get no more water.
村民们已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水来了。
He pumped up his tires. 他给车胎打足了气。
2. n. 泵；水泵，例如：
They are watering the fields with many pumps. 他们正用许多泵浇灌着田地。
freeze v.（froze frozen freezing）
1. stop moving suddenly (突然停止，惊呆)，例如：
Fear made him freeze in his tracks. 恐惧使他突然停止前进。
He froze in front of the audience. 他在观众面前吓呆了。
2. 冷冻，冷藏（食物），例如：
Not all fruit and vegetables freeze well. 并非所有的水果和蔬菜都适合冷藏。
plant n. 1. building with machines in it 工厂，车间，例如：
When the plant closed down, many factory workers lost their jobs.
工厂关门了，很多工人失业了。
2. 植物，例如：
Trees and vegetables are plants. 树木和蔬菜是植物。
【词义辨析】：
speed; hurry
1. speed v. (sped sped speeding) move quickly 指快速运动或行动。例如：
The ambulance sped to the hospital. 救护车快速开往医院。
He was arrested for speeding. 他因超速行车而被捕。
The train sped through the countryside. 火车从乡间飞驰而过。
Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail.
邮政工人加班加点已加速圣诞期间新信件的发送。
2. hurry v.move or do sth. quickly or too quickly 意指比通常快得多的速度，经常伴随着混乱
或骚动。例如：
If you don?t hurry, you?ll miss the plane. 如果你不迅速些，你将会错过班机了。
Don?t let anyone hurry you into making a decision you?ll regret lat er.
不要在任何人的催促下作出你以后会为之后悔的决定。
reply; answer （v. & n.）
1. reply 和answer 都表示“回答”，都可以做名词和动词。answer 为一般用语；reply 的用法比
较正式，多用于经过深思熟虑后对对方问题和论点作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。这两个词在做名词时都可以与to连用，指“……的答案或答复”。answer 较常用，如：answer a question ( the door bell, the phone, the letter, etc.) 例如：
He has answered my letter. (此句仅表明他回了我的信，说明他已经收到我的信。)
Answer this question. 回答这个问题。（动词）
I asked her the reason, but she didn?t reply. 我问她原因，她却没有回答。(动词)
I received no reply / answer to my request. 我的要求没有得到任何答复。（名词）
They did not reply to our new suggestion. 他们对我们的新建议没有作出答复。(动词)
I had no reply to my letter. 我没收到回信。（名词）
2. answer 是及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语；而reply是不及物动词，跟宾语须与to连用；answer
可表示对电话、敲门等作出的应答，而reply则没有这种用法。例如：
He has replied to my letter. （此句表明他将我信中的问题都一一回答了。）
You must reply to / answer this letter right away. 你必须马上回复这封信。
Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话？
如果是指练习题的“答案”，一般用answer。例如：
The answer to 6 multiplying 10 is 60. 六乘以十的答案是六十。
五.常用词组：
vanish v.disappear 消失，突然不见，常用词组有：
vanish into thin air 消失不见vanish from sight 消失不见
vanish in darkness 在黑暗中消失vanish into nothing 化为乌有
reply v. & n.常用词组有：
in reply (to) 为答复……；作为对……的答复make (no) reply (不)作答复
reply for sb. 代表某人作答辩/ 答谢祝酒reply to 回答；答复
look https://www.doczj.com/doc/b77309386.html,e one?s sight; turn the eyes in some direction; try to see 看；视；望。常用词组有：look around 四周环顾look round 环视
look at 看，朝……看look after 照料，照顾
look back （与on, to连用）回想，想起look down on 轻视，看不起
look for 寻找look forward to 盼望，期待
look like 看起来像look on / upon 看作
look out 注意，小心look out of 朝……外看
look over 翻阅，浏览look through 从头看完，透视
look up 在书中查到，查阅（词典）look up and down 上下打量
finish with以……为结束，例如：
He finished with the work. 他以这项工作做为结束。
He finished the performance with a song. 他以一首歌曲结束表演。
remember not to do sth. 记得不要做某事，例如：
You must remember not to pollute the water. 你们必须记住，不能把水污染了。
Remember not to make the same mistake again. 记住不要再犯相同的错误了。
mean by ... 意思是，例如：
What do you mean by saying that? 你那样说是什么意思？
语法知识
一.句型It is + adj. + for sb. (of sb.) to do sth. （对事加以评论/ 对人加以评论）
不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it来代替,而真正的主语放在句子的谓语后面。例如：It is difficult for you to read through this book a week or so.
对你来说一星期左右看完这本书有困难。
It is useful for you to learn how to use the computer. 学习使用计算机对你有好处。
It was brave of you to go into the burning building to save the child.
你冲入火场救那个孩子，真勇敢。
It?s necessary for us to learn English today. 现在对我们来讲，学英语非常重要。
二.（a）few 和（a）little 的用法
1. (a) few 用在可数名词n..[C]之前，(a) little 用在不可数名词n.[U]之前。例如：
He took a few biscuits. (a few = several) 他拿了几块饼干。
He took few biscuits. (few = not many) 他拿的饼干不多。
He took a little butter. (a little = some) 他拿了点黄油。
He took little butter. (little = not much) 他拿的黄油不多。
2. few 可由hardly any 或almost no 所替代，含否定的意味。例如：
The composition is well written; it has few mistakes. = The composition is well written; it has hardly any mistakes. 这篇作文很好写，几乎没有多少错误。
Few men can solve it. = Almost no men can solve it. 几乎没有人能解决它。
3. a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。例如：
He has a few friends. = He has some friends. = He has several friends. 他有一些朋友。
4. a little 和little之间的差别，就和a few 和few的差别一样，只是(a) little 修饰不可数名词,表量
或程度。例如：
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery. 他病情恶化了，恢复的希望很小了。
He is not much better, but there is a little hope. 他病情不是那么好，但是有点希望。
三.其它的数量形容词
1. plenty of, a lot of, lots of 都表示许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如：
The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of students. 这个房间容纳了许多学生。（students 是复数名词）
The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of furniture. 这个房间容纳了许多家具。(furniture 是不可数名词)
2. a great deal of, a good deal of, a large quantity of, a small quantity of, a large amount of, a small amount of 均表量，修饰不可数名词。例如：
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
3. a number of “许多；一些”；a great number of, a large number of, a good number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。例如：
A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆的许多书丢失了。
The number of books from the library is large. 图书馆的图书数量很大。
[the number of + 复数名词+ 单数(be)动词]
The room contained a great / large / good / number of students. （复数可数名词）
这个房间容纳了许多学生。
相关练习题
1. —If there are ________ people driving, there will be ________ air pollution.
—Yes, the air will be fresher.
A. less; less
B. less; fewer
C. fewer; fewer
D. fewer; less
2. —Shall we leave now? —Don?t hurry. We still have ________ time left.
A. little
B. a little
C. few
D. a few
3. —Would you like some milk in your tea? —Yes, please. But just ________.
A. little
B. a little
C. a few
D. few
4. There?s ________ milk at home. We have to buy some this afternoon.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
5. —Oh, dear. We have ________ food left. What should we do?
—Don?t worry. I?ll go and buy some.
A. a few
B. a little
C. few
D. little
自学练习题
I. 根据汉语提示写单词
1. You should dress neatly and _________. （整洁地）
2. We will _______ （举行）a sports meeting next Monday.
3. They _________ （选举）me to be the president of the students’ Union yesterday.
4. Newspaper remain ___________ (受欢迎的) because they give the news in more details than either radios or TVs.
5. Who won the _________（竞赛）, do you know?
II. 句型转换
1. They work hard to get more money.
_____________ __________ they work hard? (就画线部分提问)
2. My mother will visit England next week.
__________ __________ your mother visit next week? (就画线部分提问)
3. You ought to be more careful.
You ________ ________ to be more careful.
4.They should finish their homework first.
________ ________ finish their homework first. (改为一般疑问句)
5.The match between China and Korea couldn’t go on because it was raining heavily.
The match between China and Korea couldn’t go on _______ ______ the heavy rain. (改为同义句) III. 选择填空
1. They all have _______.
A. the different ideas
B. different ideas
C. the different idea
D. different idea
2. The visitors _____ our school in two days.
A. came to
B. will come to
C. come to
D. has come to
3. ---____do you see a film?
---Once a week.
A. How far
B. How long
C. How soon
D. How often
4. We can find_____ students in the classroom now. They are playing on the playground.
A. much
B. few
C. a little
D. little
5. They want him _______the chief speaker.
A. to be
B. be
C. being
D. is
6. You must _______for the lost books.
A. pay
B. cost
C. spend
D. take
7. ---What happened _______you? You don’t look fine.
---I have a cold.
A. in
B. on
C. from
D. to
8. You may go to the police and _______help.
A .ask B. ask for C. asking D. to ask for
9.Can she do her homework by ______?
A. himself
B. ourselves
C. herself
D. themselves
10. Have you finished _________ the picture?
A. draw
B. to draw
C. drew
D. drawing
课后测试题
Ⅰ.Choose the best answer （选择最佳的答案）：
1. The girl at the ________ desk gave the tourists their room keys.
A. report
B. refrigerator
C. reception
D. receiver
2. It?s already 8 o?clock in the morning. It?s time ________ to school.
A. for
B. to go
C. for go
D. going
3. Sometimes we change ice into a liquid. We ________ water.
A. call it
B. call
C. are call it
D. called
4. Water poured ________ the sink an vanished ________ the drain.
A. in; into
B. into; up
C. into; down
D. on; down
5. We can save electricity by _______ the lights before we leave the flat.
A. turn on
B. turning on
C. turn off
D. turning off
6. I saw a car _______ away just now.
A. speeds
B. sped
C. speeding
D. was speeding
7. I ________ here ________ the end of the month.
A. won?t stay; until
B. will stay; until
C. will leave; until
D. left; until
8. It?s important ________ us ________ English well.
A. for; to study
B. for; studying
C. of; to study
D. of; studying
9. I think health is ________ than money.
A. precious
B. valuable
C. more valuable
D. valuable
10. There is only ________ bread left.
A. little
B. a little
C. few
D. a few
11. It?s wrong to ________ dirty water into the river.
A. bring
B. take
C. pour
D. rush
12. Mr Back needs ________ money to buy a new flat.
A. great amounts of
B. quite a lot
C. a great amount of
D. a large number of
13. A small goldfish ________ about a gram.
A. weigh
B. weight
C. weighs
D. weights
14. It?s already 11:30 p.m. It?s time ________.
A. to bed
B. for go to sleep
C. to asleep
D. for bed
15. It?s not ________ for us to work out 100 maths problems in an hour.
A. difficult
B. important
C. interesting
D. easy
16. I think health is ________ than beauty.
A. less important
B. more precious
C. as important
D. much precious
17. The population of China has ________ these years.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. increased
D. decreased
18. It?s so cold today that ther e are ________ in the pool.
A. a few swimmers
B. few swimmer
C. a little swimmers
D. few swimmers
Ⅱ.Replace the words underlined in the sentences with the words given in the box (选择与下列各句中画线部分意思相近的单词) ：
A. vanished
B. moved fast
C. pump
D. in addition
E. Be impatient
F.
precious
1. After giving three wishes to the poor man, the god disappeared.
2. We take the water from the river which runs under the hill by machine.
3. The water sped down the mountain into the river.
4. Tod ay is my birthday, my father gives me a book about how to learn better as a gift. I think it?s a valuable present.
5. Learning is a thing which need you get deep into, be quietly, my boy. Don?t be angry to do so.
6. He grows flowers as well as vegetables.
Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the given words in their proper forms （用所给单词的适当形式填空）：
1. What ________ (freeze) weather we?ve got today!
2. She?s such a nice and ________ (patience) lady that we all like her.
3. We cleaned our ________ (chemical) lab yesterday afternoon.
4. How ________ (excite) the children were when they got the second prize!
5. The ________ (police) over there go to work very early every day.
6. I?m ________ (true) sorry.
Ⅳ.Rewrite the sentences as required （按要求改写句子）：
1. You must do some reading every morning. （保持原意不变）
It is ________ for you ________ ________ some reading every morning.
2. …Do your homework right now,? a voice said loudly. （保持原意不变）
…Do your homework immediately,? he said ________ a loud ________.
3. My grandma said to me, …The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.?（改成宾语从句）
My grandma ________ me ________ the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Ⅴ.Reading comprehension （阅读理解）：
Put an ice cube from your fridge into a glass of water. You have a piece of string 10 centimeters long. The problem is to take out that piece of ice with the help of the string. But you must not touch the ice with your fingers.
You may ask your friends to try to do that when you are having dinner together. There is a saltcellar on the table. You must use salt when you carry out this experiment.
First you put the string across the piece of ice. Then put some salt on the ice. Salt makes ice melt. The ice round the string will begin to melt. But when it melts, it will lose heat. The cold ice cube will make the salt water freeze again.
After a minute or two you may raise your piece of ice!
This experiment can be very useful to you. If, for example, there is ice near the door of your house, you must use very much salt to melt all the ice. If you put enough salt, the water will freeze again.
1. We must use ________ when we carry out this experiment.
A. a fridge
B. some food
C. a table
D. some salt
2. How long will it take to carry out this experiment?
A. More than three minutes.
B. Five minutes or so.
C. Only one or two minutes.
D. About ten minutes.
3. What is the purpose of this experiment?
A. Put the ice cube into the glass of water with the help of the string.
B. Take out the ice cube in the glass of water with the help of the string.
C Take out the ice cube in the glass of water with your fingers.
D. Put some salt on the ice cube and then put the string across it.
4. How many things at least are used in this experiment?
A. Three.
B. Four.
C. Six.
D. Seven.
5. We can learn something about ________ from the passage.
A. physics and biology
B. biology and science
C. chemistry and biology
D. physics and chemistry
Ⅵ.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words （用适当的单词填空，完成短文）：90% of the water on the Earth that human being can drink right now is underground. It is very easy to pollute ____1____. For example, 4.5 liters of paint can seep（渗入）into the earth and ____2____ 1,125,000 liters of drinking water.
If you leave the water ____3____ while you wash the dishes, you can waste 135 liters of water—enough to ____4____ 65 cans of soft drink.
____5____ it or not, the water we flush down our toilet starts as fresh water! ____6____ time you flush, your toilet uses about 22.5 to 31.5 liters of water which does not have to.
上海版牛津英语8B 第三章学习辅导材料
学习新词语
一.同根词
serve; service; servant:
serve v. 意为：“为…服务；待客”。例如：
They served the guests a wonderful dinner. 他们以盛宴招待客人们。
Service n. 意为“服务”。例如：
The train service to the capital is very good. 去首都的火车服务设施非常好。
Servant n. 意为“仆人；佣人”。例如：
Fire and water may be good servants, but bad masters.(谚语)水火是忠仆，用之不慎成灾主。
A politician should be a servant of the people. 政治家应当是人民的公仆。
electric; electrician; electricity:
electric adj. 意为“发电的；由电产生的；电动的”。例如：
They build electric automobiles. 他们制造电动汽车。
electrician n. 意为“电工”。例如：
Master Wang is an electrician. 王师傅是电工。
electricity n. 意为：“电”。例如：
The power station supplies electricity to this area. 这个点站供应这个区域的电。
explain; explanation:
explain v. 意为“解释；说明”。例如：
Can you explain why you were late? 你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗？
explanation n. 意为“解释；解说；说明”。例如：
The only explanation for his behaviour is that he is mad.对他行为的唯一解释就是他疯了。visible; vision；invisible:
visible adj. 意为“看得见的；显著的；明显的”。例如：
Air isn?t a visible object. 空气不是可见物体。
vision n. 意为“视力”。例如：
She has good vision. 她的视力很好。
invisible adj. 意为“看不见的；无形的”。例如：
When I called, their head was invisible. 我去拜访时，他们的负责人没有露面。
二.词义辨析：
contain hold:
contain和hold都有“包含；容纳”的意思。
contain 着重“其中确实包含有”。例如：
The bottle contains water. 这个瓶子里有水。
hold 指“能容纳”，现在有没有不一定。例如;
The house holds 20 people. 这房子能住下二十个人。
三.常用词组：
trick out of意为“骗走；恶作剧”。例如：
His partner tried to trick him out of his money. 他的合伙人企图骗走他的钱财。(此句trick作动词) 注意：trick 也可以作名词，意为“诡计；骗术；花招”。例如：
The children played a trick on their brother. 孩子们捉弄了他们的兄弟。
She got the money from him by a trick. 她用计谋从他那儿得到了那笔钱。
magic trick 意为“魔术”。例如：I can do magic trick. 我会玩魔术。
flow v. 意为“流动”。例如：
The cars flowed in a steady stream along the main road. 汽车在主干道上不停地驶过。
flow 的常用搭配有：flow away 流走；流逝flow down 流下flow into 流入
例如：Time flows away quickly. 时光飞逝。
Waterfall flows down to the bottom of the hill. 瀑布飞流直下到山脚。
Rivers flow into the sea. 江河流入海中。
语法知识
情态动词的基本用法
1. 情态动词can/ could 的用法
表示“能力；许可；可能性”等，在口语中可以代替may表示许可，而may比较正式。could 为can的过去式，可以表示语气较委婉，用于否定句中，表示推测，“不可能”之意。例如：Many people can use the computer now, but we couldn?t ten years ago.
现在许多人能使用电脑，但十年前我们不能。
2. 情态动词would和should的用法
（1）情态动词would是will的过去式，表示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如：
Would you please pass me the salt?
请递给我盐好吗？(表示语气委婉，希望得到对方的肯定回答)
I would like / love to help you. 我愿意帮助你。（表示缓和）
（2）should 表示义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。例如：
You should do what your teacher tells you. 你应该照你老师的话办。
He should do some work, but he doesn?t want to. 他应该做些工作，但是他不想做。
用于第一人称疑问句，表示征询意见。例如：
Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗？
3. may 和might的用法
（1）情态动词may是现在时，might 是may的过去式，表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可以”之意时，用may,它的否定形式是may not , 表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思时，常用must not / mustn?t 代替may not。例如：
You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。
—May I watch TV after super, Mum？妈妈，晚饭后我可以看电视吗？
—Yes ,you may. / No, you mustn?t. / No, you may not. / No, you?d better not.
是的，你可以。不，你不可以。不，你不可以。不，你最好不。
We may have a lot of work to do. 我们可能有许多工作要做。
（2）might为may的过去式，它表示“可能”时，其含义更不确定。例如：
He might be ill. 他也许生病了吧。
My brother might come here soon. 我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。
4. must 的用法
must 表示“必须；应该”，否定式为must not / mustn?t,表示“不应该；不许可；不准；禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needn?t / need not 或don?t have to, 表示“不必”，而不用must not / mustn?t。例如：
You mustn?t speak like this. 你不应该这样说话。
—Must I stay here now? 我现在必须呆在这儿吗？
—Yes, you must. / No, you needn?t. / No, you don?t have to.
是，你必须。不，不必。不，你不一定要去。
情态动词用法的基本练习
1. —May I take my pet dog with me into the cinema? —The rule says no. So you ________.
A. can
B. mustn?t
C. may
D. needn?t
2. We hope that as many people as possible ________ join us for the charity show tomorrow.
A. need
B. can
C. must
D. should
3. —Must I get up early tomorrow? —No, ________.
A. you mustn?t
B. I don?t think you have to
C. you can?t
D. you need
4. —May I play computer games, mum? —No. You ________ finish your homework first.
A. will
B. can
C. would
D. must
5. —Let?s go to the concert tonight, Michael!
—Sorry, I ________ . I have to help my mother with the housework.
A. mustn?t
B. may not
C. needn?t
D. can?t
6. —Can you finish the work in two days? —Sorry, I ________. My computer doesn?t work.
A. don?t
B. can?t
C. mustn?t
D. needn?t
7. —________ you speak Japanese? —No, I can?t.
A. Can
B. Must
C. May
D. Should
8. If the traffic light is red, you ________ cross the road. It?s very dangerous.
A. don?t
B. mustn?t
C. needn?t
D. wouldn?t
9. —May I use your ruler? —________.
A. Yes, please
B. You are nice
C. It doesn?t matter
D. It was a pleasure
宾语从句
一、当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：She said that she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.
He said that he could finish his work before supper.
二、当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
Alice wanted to know if/whether her grandmother liked the bag.
I don't know whether he'll come the day after tomorrow.
但直接与or not连用时,往往用whether如：
Let me know whether he will come or not.(= Let me know whether or not he will come )
I don't know whether he does any washing or not.(= I don't know whether or not he does any
washing. )
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.
三、如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me where we will have the meeting this afternoon?
I don't know who bought the present for me. Is it Jack?
宾语从句是初中阶段一个非常重要的语法项目。宾语从句也是历年全国各地中考必考项目之一,考查点涉及到"语序"、"时态"、"引导词"三个要素。而宾语从句的时态。语序是中考题的热点。
宾语从句热点问题：
①宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序,即主语之后接谓语动词?例如:Can you find out where he lives(不说where does he live)。
②主句谓语动词为一般过去时,则宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态。不过,若宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实,普遍真理,自然现象等时,要用一般现在时.例如:Our teacher said light travels faster than sound.
③连词that引导由陈述句充当的宾语从句,that在句中不充当任何成分,在口语和非正式文体中常可省略;
④主句谓语是一般现在时,宾语从句可根据需要使用任何时态。例如:Nobody knows where he was born.没有人知道他出生在哪儿。
⑤主句谓语动词是guess, think或believe等,且主句主语是第一人称时,从句的否定概念一般要转移到主句中去,即"否定转移"。例如:I don't think he is a good student. (不说I think he isn't a good student.)我认为他不是个好学生。
⑥不少中考题是将两类从句(宾语从句与状语从句的区别)综合起来考查的。这时要注意:
A.从句式看,宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后,而状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面;
B.从引导词看,if充当宾语从句的引导词时,相当于whether,词义为"是否";充当从属连词,引导条件状语从句时,词义为"如果"。when充当宾语从句的连接词时,词义为"什么时候";充当从属连词,引导时间状语从句时,词义为"当……的时候"。
C.从时态看,if和when作连接词,引导宾语从句时,其谓语动词的时态应根据主句的谓语动词的时态作相应的变化;if和when充当从属连词,引导表示将来动作或状态的条件状语从句或时间状语从句时,若主句中的谓语动词用了一般将来时,则从句中的谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如:1. I don't know if it will rain tomorrow. 2. If it rains, I will not go fishing.
专项精选试题
1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took
B. take
C. takes
D. will take
2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone
B. had never gone
C. has never been
D. had never been
3 .The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had
B. has
C. will have
D. are
4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she
B. she could
C. she can
D. she may
5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. traveled
B. has traveled
C. travels
D. had traveled
6. Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty?
A. who
B. what
C. when
D. that
7. I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.
A. what
B. if
C. when
D. where
8. I hardly understand. ___ he has told me.
A.that
B. what
C. which
D. who
9. She didn't know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be
B. if would he be
C. he will be
10. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D. when
11. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening?
A. what B when C why D how
12. He asked me _____told me the accident.
A whom
B which
C who
D whose
13. They don't know ________ their parents are.
A that
B what
C why
D which
14. Please tell me ______ last year.
A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work
C where your sister works
D where your sister worked
15. She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is it
B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is
D. whose pen was it
16. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said
B. what did your mother say
C. your mother said what
D. what has your mother said
17. Did you know ____?
A. who he was looking after
B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for
D. who he is looking after
18. Could you tell me ___?
A. when will they leave Beijing
B. when would they leave Beijing
C. when they will leave Beijing
D. when did they leave Beijing
19. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting
book.
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. if
20. —I don't know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us. —He will help us with our English.
A. why
B. when
C. how
D. where
21. —We never know _____ the old man is. —They say he is a teacher.
A. what
B. who
C. which
D. where
22. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers.
A. that how
B. how that
C. when that
D. that when
23. —Do you know _____ ? I'm going to see him. —Sorry, I don't know.
A. where does Mr. Li live
B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives
D. where Mr. Li lived
24. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer? —Sorry, I have no idea.
A. ／; bought
B. has; bought
C. did; buy
D. does; buy
25. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning.
A. what the matter is
B. what is wrong
C. what the matter was
D. what wrong was
26. —Where is Jack? —He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,
but I'm not sure _____ .
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. there
课后测试题
Ⅰ.Choose the best answer (选择最佳的答案)：
1. Benny is going to buy ________.
A. some electricities
B. an electricity
C. a packet of electricity
D. two packets of electricities
2. Some rich men like to ______ their treasure under the ground in order not to let others know it.
A. buried
B. bury
C. are buried
D. to be buried
3. Everyone must be ________ electricity.
A. care to
B. careful to
C. careful with
D. careful for
4. We can ________ forms of energy that we can see, hear or feel.
A. change them to
B. change it to
C. change them into
D. change it into
5. Don?t forget ________ the light before you leave the house.
A. to turn on
B. to turn off
C. turning on
D. turning off
6. He?s ________ electrician, he can deal with the ________ problem.
A. a, electrical
B. an, electrical
C. the electrical
D. the, electric
7. These ________ thick wires that are buried under the street.
A. connect to
B. connect with
C. are connected
D. are connected to
8. Jane saw a bank robbery ________.
A. on her way to there
B. on her way back home
C. in her way home
D. at the way to home
9. Anyone can answer that question, ________?
A. can he
B. can?t they
C. can?t he
D. doesn?t he
10. —Can I leave this door open at night? —You ________ better not.
A. should
B. would
C. could
D. had
11. John ________ come to see us tonight, but he isn?t very sure yet.
A. may
B. can
C. has to
D. must
12. They ________ do well in the exam.
A. can be able to
B. be able to
C. can be able
D. are able to
13. You ________ be late for school again next time.
A. mustn?t
B. needn?t
C. don?t have to
D. don?t need to
14. —Must I do my homework at once? —No, you _________.
A. needn?t
B. mustn?t
C. can?t
D. may not
15. My brother always _________ his head when he?s in trouble.
A. hits
B. knocks
C. scratches
D. washes
16. Water changes ________ ice when it?s frozen.
A. in
B. to
C. into
D. onto
17. The father ________ the toy box under a tree and asked the children to look for it.
A. put
B. buried
C. laid
D. set
18. Jane is a shy girl. She always ________ but seldom speaks.
A. grins
B. laughs
C. joke
D. smiles
19. Oh, my god! Our light is broken. Let?s change the _________ quickly!
A. cable
B. bulb
C. wire
D. battery
20. Which one can produce movement energy?
A. A radio
B. A torch
C. A fan
D. A kettle
Ⅱ.Choose the right words to complete the sentences (选择适当的单词完成句子)：
1. Playing with fire is very ________. (danger, dangerous)
2. Cables are connected ________ a power station. (with, to)
3. Everyone ________ keep quiet in the library. (must, can)
4. You need ________ energy to play squash. (a lot of, many)
5. We get electricity from power station ________ wires and cable. (through, across)
Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their proper forms (用方框中动词的适当形式填空)：
trick bury explain
connect
1. “I didn?t catch the six fifty bus this morning, sir.” Sandy ________ why he was late for school.
2. Captain King ________ Gork?s friends now.
3. My mobile phone is ________ to my computer to come on line.
4. My father ________ my grandpa personally. We all felt very sad at that time.
Ⅳ.Rewrite the sentences as required (按要求改写句子)：
1. Grandpa doesn?t even know What WTO is.（写出同义句）
Grandpa doesn?t know what WTO is ________ ________.
2. Where are we going next? I forget it. （合并成一句）
I forget where ________ ________ next.
3. Tony is so fat that he can?t jump high. (写出同义句)
Tony is ________ fat ________ jump.
4. Gork?s eye is red, glowing and huge. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ Gork?s eye?
5. Everyone likes to be visited late at night. （改为否定句）
________ ________ like to be visited late at night.
Ⅴ.Cloze (完形填空)：
Scientists have ____1____ wanted to know more about the universe. Years ago they know many things about the moon. They knew how big it was and how far away it was from the earth. But they wanted to know ____2____ about it. They thought the best way ____3____ men to the moon.
The moon is about 38,400 kilometers away from the earth. A plane cannot fly to the moon because the air ____4____ only 240 kilometers away from the earth. But ____5____ can fly even when there is no air. That is a rocket.
1. A. ever B. never C. always D. already
2. A. much B. more C. many things D. a lot
3. A. to send B. to take C. to carry D. to have
4. A. is B. are C. travels D. reaches
5. A. it B. that C. something D. someone
Ⅵ.Reading comprehension (阅读理解)：
Most of our energy come from burning coal, oil or gas. But what will happen when we run out of those things? We?ll have to find other ways to get energy.Here are some types of energy that we?ll need
to use more of one day:
Solar energy: Solar technology uses energy from sun?s light. Solar cells like silicon(硅) can take in sunlight and turn it into electricity. Small solar cells are used in things like calculators. Bigger ones can be used to light houses or heat building.
Hydro energy: This is sometimes called hydroelectric（水电的）energy. The name comes from the word “hydrogen(氢)”, which is found in water. When water moves fast, it has lots of energy. When moving water goes through hydroelectric dams, it turns a turbine (涡轮), and the turbine turns a generator(发电机). China is now building the world?s largest hydroelectric dam at Three Gorges(三峡).
Nuclear energy: This kind of energy is not renewable, but it is more efficient to make than fossil fuel energy. We get nuclear energy by putting uranium or plutonium into a nuclear reactor (核反应堆). That?s a big machine that breaks atoms apart. When atoms break, lots of heat comes out. This heats up water to make steam. The steam turn a turbine., which then turns a generator to make electricity, much like in a hydroelectric dam.
Answer the questions (根据短文内容，回答问题)：
1. What can bigger solar cells be used for?
They can be _________________________ or ___________________________________.
2. Which dam will be the largest hydroelectric one in the world?
_________________________________________________________________________.
3. How can we get nuclear energy?
We can get it by ___________________________________________________________.
上海版牛津英语8B 第四章学习辅导材料
学习新词语
一.同根词：
publish; publishing
publish v. prepare and print a magazine, book, etc. 出版，例如：
Th e company publishes children?s books. 这个公司出版儿童书籍。
The book was published in 1988. 这本书是一九八八年出版的。
publishing adj.出版的，出版业的，例如：
There is a publishing house over there. 那边有一家出版社。
elect; election
elect v. choose by voting 选举，例如：
The government is made up of men and women elected by the people of the country.
政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。
election n.选举，例如：
Tom is standing for election. We elect him chairman of the club.
汤姆是候选人，我们选他为俱乐部主席。
editor; edit
editor n. a person whose job is to prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc.编辑；编者，例如：
She is a fashion editor. 她是一名时装栏编辑。
edit v.prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc. 编辑；校订，例如：He is editing a Shakespeare play for use in school.
他正在编辑一部莎士比亚剧本供学校使用。
experience (n.[C] & [U]; vt.); experienced
experience (1) n. [C] skill and knowledge gained from doing sth. 经历，例如：
牛津英语上海版初二英语上册知识点（短语、句型） MODULE1 1、如有always ,often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, once a....,every...用一般现在时，第一、二人称复数后跟动词原形，第三人称单数后跟动词加's'/'es'。 2、如有now ,look! ,listen, at the moment ....用现在进行时，结构是be (am, is, are) +v-ing 3、如有tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in +一段时间, some day, next....用一般将来时，结构：will + v原\ be going to +v原（没有动词用be ） 4、如有yesterday, ......ago , last....just now.....用一般过去时动词加ed give sb. Sth.=give sth. to sb. 给某人某物every day每天, write down 写下，记下write it (them) down everyday每天的，日常的, how about doing sth.=what about doing sth.做....怎么样each other 互相. thanks a lot= thank you very much非常谢谢 回答That's all right. =You're welcome.= That'OK.= It's my pleasure.=Not at all.Why don't you+V原...=why not+...V原为什么不 help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助别人help sb. (to )do sth.帮助某人做某事with one's help=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助help oneself to sth.请自用食物watch sb. do sth. 看到某人做了某事，（现在没有做，做过） watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事（正在做）see, hear类似 remember to do sth.想起记得要做某事，未做事remember doing sth.相起记得做过某事 forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事forget doing sth.忘记做过某事welcome back欢迎回来, new term新学期 this term这学期, next term 下学学期, last term上学期, give you some advice给你一些建议 why not 为什么不, make a mistake=make mistakes犯错误correct spelling正确的拼写, what else?=what other things? 还有什么 a piece of advice 一条建议, follow /take one's advice采用别人的建议, send sth to sb.=send sb. sth. 寄给某人send for派人去请/取 send up发射. all the time一直 enjoy oneself=have a good time=have a great time=have fun, 玩得愉快 lots of =a lot of =many(可数)\much(不可数)许多, , spend : sb. spend some time on sth.某人花费时间做某事 sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. 某人花费时间做某事 Sb. spend some money on sth. 某人花费钱买某物 Sb. spend some money (in) buying sth.某人花费钱买某物 Cost: sth. cost sb. some money 某物花去某人钱 pay: sb. pay some money for sth. 某人支付钱 Take: It takes (took) sb.some time to do sth.做某事花去某人时间 ask for 请求，要求, ask sb. for sth.向某人要某物 ask sb. to do sth.要求某人做某事 a piece of一块 enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事.finish,practise, mind, miss ,consider,keep, continue,这些词语后跟动名词形式V-ing place sth.in =put sth. in 把某物放在…里面
2009学年第一学期卢教院附属中山学校质量监控考(1) 八年级 英语 （满分100分，考试时间70分钟） Part One Listening 25% I. Listen and choose the right picture. （选择正确的图片）5% A. B. C . D. E . F. 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ II. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear. （根据对 话，选择正确的答案）8% 1. A. A conductor. B. A visitor. C. A guide. D. A car driver. 2. A. Yellow. B. Black. C. Red. D. Brown. 3. A. Tennis. B. Football. C. Badminton. D. Table tennis. 4. A. In August. B. In November. C. In October. D. In December. 5. A. Dumplings B. Eggs. C. Noodles. D. Cakes. 6. A. They re net friends. B. They ’re brother and sister. C. They ’re deskmates. D. They ’re neighbours. 7. A. She ’ll make some chocolate. B. She ’ll buy a box of chocolate. C. she ’ll make a cake. D. she ’ll buy a chocolate cake. 8. A. On Tuesday. B. On Saturday. C. On Sunday. D. On Thursday. III. Listen to the story and tell whether the following statements are true or false. （听短文，判断正误）6% 1. Mrs. Smith walked in the park alone. 2. The thief was a woman. 班级 ________________ 学号 _______________ 姓名________________ ……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Units 1&2 一．重点、难点归纳 1.过去进行时 （1）构成：was/were+现在分词 He was reading a book at 4:00pm yesterday. （2）时间状语：just then, yesterday afternoon, at nine last night, at this/that time yesterday等。 What were you doing this time yesterday? （3）与频度副词always等连用时，表示过去经常反复的动作，常常有埋怨、讨厌、赞扬或喜爱等情绪。 He was always helping others. 2.when 和while when 引导的从句中的谓语动词常是比较短暂的动作，用一般时。 while 引导的从句中的谓语动词常是比较长的动作，用进行时。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle. It was raining when they left the station. 3.形容词 （1）形容词放在系动词后，或名词前。 （2）常见的系动词： A.be动词（am, is, are, was, were) B.感官动词：look, sound, taste, smell, feel .... C.表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词：grow, get, turn, become, fall, go ... D.表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词：continue, keep, remain, stay等。 （3）形容词要放在修饰词someone, somebody, something, nothing等不定代词后。 something important. （4）有些形容词只能作表语（放在系动词后），不能作定语。这些形容词大多以元音字母开头。如：afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ill .... He is alone, but quite happy. 二、重点句式 1.It is +adj. + for sb. to do sth. 此句型中，形容词常表示事物的特征特点及客观形势，如：easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等。 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 2.“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”做某事怎么样 These books are difficult to read. 3.It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth. 此句型中，形容词表示人物的性格或品德，如：good, nice,clever, silly, right, selfish等。 It is very nice of you to help me. 4.All we have to do is to think of a name of her. 如果主语是从句时，谓语要用单数。 What I said is true.
Unit 1 Penfriends text 1. know the name of 2. rugby 3. top-right corner 4. signature 5. above -- below 6. the whole day = all day 7. postcode 8. a group of letters and numbers 9. be part of 10. A postcode makes it easier for the post office to deliver letters. 11. tell you something about myself 12. You can call me Jon. 13. about one and a half meters tall 14. Playing chess is my hobby. 15. own a Chinese restaurant 16. be at university 17. during the holidays 18. be keen on = be fond of
19. My ambition is to be a/an ... 20. an ambitious man 21. It is beautiful, isn't it ? 22. a photo of myself a photo of mine 23. the meaning of 24. live a meaningful life 25. for example 26. play squash 27. even if 28. other/others/the other/the others/another 29. a kind of sport 30. idle = lazy 31. train sb to do sth 32. trainer 33. junior high school 34. senior high school 35. do well in = be good at 36. tick the boxes of the things he writes about 37. He often feels unhappy, _______ _______ ? 38. Find facts in the letter that tell you they are probably true.
U n i t 1 1 average 平均的；平均数 The average age of the students is 15. 2 item 一件物品；节目；项目 She had the most expensive item on the menu. 3 product产品[C] a product many products 区别goods, goods生来复数 4 fighter 斗士；战士--注意复数 fight-fought-fought fight against pollution对抗污染 fight for freedom为自由而战 5 fact 事实 in fact事实上；实际eg; She looks young, but in fact she is 54 years old. 6 scientist科学家—注意单复 scien ce科学scien tific科学的 7 be interested in对…感兴趣 be keen on/really like have interest in/show interest in have no interest in… in是介词;介词后面跟doing 8 suppose认为；假设；假定；推断 Eg; I suppose prices will go down. Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps.(沼泽) 9 breathe呼吸 Eg; The air was so cold that we could hardly breathe. Most people don’t realize that they are breathing polluted air. breathe in吸入 His illness is the result of breathing in harmful gases over many years. breathe out呼出 Human beings breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. brea th n. out of breath 上气不接下气 take a deep breath深呼吸 10 gas---gases 气体；气态；煤气 11 release---let…out释放 Four prisoners were released 12 produce=make 制造 13 alive活着的；健在的 be alive Lu Xun isn’t alive while Han Han is alive. 区别living; living things生物
8B Unit 1 Trees 1. pollute (v.) p ollution (n.) *Pollution has become one of the most serious problems of today’s society. *The factories aren’t allowed to let out dirty water for it may pollute the river. *Trees are thought as pollution fighters. 2. f ight(v. n.)争斗，斗争` fight (against) sb / sth fighter (n.) 斗士 3. scientist (n.)科学家science ( n.)科学 4. collect (v.)收集collection (n.) 收藏品 *He used to collect stamps when he was a young boy. *The dustmen collect the rubbish once a day. *My father usually collects me after school 5. She is interviewing Doctor Ray. interview (v. n) interviewer (n.) interviewee (n.) trainer---trainee. / emplover----employee 6. interest *He is telling a story to the children which interests them a lot. *Tom takes great interest in stamps collection. interested (a.) *be interested in +n./doing sth 7 .live (v.) 生活直播的(a.) a live football match alive (adj.) living (adj.) lively (adj.) life (n..) *When the boy was found at last .he was still alive. *We must leart a living language not adead one.
广东省广州高山文化培训学校学年八年级英语上学期期末考试试题 听力部分（20分） 姓名：班级：学号： Ⅰ. 听对话，选出正确的图画。(每小题1分，计分5分)。 Ⅱ. 听句子，选择恰当的答语。(每小题1分，计分5分) ( ) 6. A. , I’m . B. . C. . ( ) 7. A. , . B. . C. 170 . ( ) 8. A. A . B. . C. . ( ) 9. A. B. a . C. . ( )10. A. . B. , ’t. C. . Ⅲ. 听对话及对话后的问题，然后选择正确答案。(每小题1分，计分5分) ( )11. A. . B. . C. . ( )12. A. . B. A . C. A . ( )13. A. . B. . C. . ( )14. A. . B. . C. . ( )15. A. A . B. A . C. A . Ⅳ. 听对话，选择正确答案。(每小题1分，计分5分) 听下面一段对话，回答第16~17题。 ( )16. ? A. . B. . C. . ( )17. ? A. . B. . C. . 听下面一段对话，回答第18~20题。 ( )18. ’s ? . B. C. . ( )19. ? A. . B. . C. . ( )20. ? A. A . B. A . C. A . 笔试部分（100分） I. 单项填空 (满分15分) ( )21. — , ? — I . I . A. a; a B. a; C. ; a D. ; ( )22.— ? — a .
A B. C. D. ( )23. I’m . I ’ t . ? A. B. C. D. ( )24. a .. A. B. C. D. ( )25. — ?. — I . A. B. C. D. ( )26. ’s . A. B. C. D. ( )27. ? A. B. C. D. ( )28. . a . A. B. C. D. ( ( )29. . A. B. C. D. ( ) 30. , a . A. B. C. D. ( )31. , . A. B. C. D. ( )32. . I . A. . B. . C. . D. . ( )33. — 3 , ? —. , ’s . A. B. C. D. ( )34 a . . B. . . . ( )35.— ? — . , . , . ’t.’t. .完形填空. 根据短文内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。(满分10分) . 36 . 37 , . ’s , 38 39 . ’s , a . , 40 . 41 , 42 . “ 43 ” . 44 a 45 . ( )36. A. B. C. D. ( )37. A. B. C. D. ( )38. A. B. C. D. ( )39. A. B. C. D. ( )40. A. B. C. D. ( )41. A. B. C. D. ( )42. A. B. C. D. ( )43. A. B. C. D. ( )44. A. B. C. D. ( )45 A. B. C. D. . 阅读理解(每小题2分，满分30分) A a China. . , 16, , 15, Chongqing, , 15, Hunan. . , . , . , . ’s , . “ ,” . . 8 . a (重点的) . a . a . , . (书法) . ? “I ,” . . I ’t . . ’s . 根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。 ( )46 ? A. 15. B. 16. C. 14 D. 17.
初二牛津英语知识点复习 M3 U1 1.Save one’s life 生命可数 2.Have a happy life 生活不可数 3.Long ago 4. A poor farmer 5.Have a lot of pocket money 6.Be poor at 7.Would you like sth? = do you want sth? Yes please. No thanks. 8.Would you like to do?=do you want to do? Yes I like. No I wouldn’t. 9.Would you like sb to do sth? Yes of course! No you needn’t. 10.Live happily together 11.In their tiny old hut 12.Visit someone 13.Call on sb 拜访 14.Call at sp参观 15.One winter night=on winter night 16.Smile at each other=look at sb smilingly 17.Many wishes 18.I wish+(将来) 19.I wish+(过去/过去完成)（虚拟）I wish he did’t die at the time. I wish I were you.(虚拟语气谓语动词用复数) 20.Make +动词+宾语 21.Keep us healthy 22.Keep health 23.Healthily healthier 24.Although 让步状语从句-强调（尽管），没有but 25.Earn very little money 26.定语前置（形容词，名词，分词） 27.定语后置（定语/状语从句，名词短语）https://www.doczj.com/doc/b77309386.html,er usage use 29.How about=what about 30.Be ……from 31.Appearance(外形) -appear-disappear 32.Differ a from b 33.save (time/money)in doing sth u2 1.wake up 2.plants growing(名词修饰名词) 3.awful=terrible 4.it is adj for sb to do sth. (it is 为形式主语，to do 为真正主语) 5.当表示客观事实或是必然现象时遇到主将从现的巨型主语与从句都用现在 时(it is awful to walk in the streets when the weather is wet.) 6.An exciting time of the year 7.Start getting warm/warmer 8.Blow gently 9.It is wet everywhere 10.Start growing on the trees 11.The animals which……(定语从句) 12.By give each other chocolate eggs(how) 13.Make sb do(自己能发出动作的) 14.Make sb done(无法发出动作) 15.Be full of =be filled with 16.Hot-heat-hotter 17.Bright=clever/enough light 18.Love going to the beach 19.Build sandcastles on the beach 20.There are typhoons 21.Blow a lot 1 / 11用心爱心专心
八年级(下)英8BU2练习卷一 姓名 一Choose the best answer ( )1.The oceans about two thirds of the Earth. A. covers B. covered C. cover D. cover with ( )2. Taking a bath uses water than showers. A. much B. even much C. even more D. many more ( )3. Why not ? Don’t lose heart. A. trying again B. have another try C. to do it again D. give it up ( )4. She is new here, but she’s already got friends. A. any B. much C. a few D. few ( )5. After I worked hard for several months, I passed the exam and I felt . A. relaxing B. relaxed C. puzzling D. puzzled ( )6. I in working in Switzerland. Do you have any ideas about that. A. am interesting B. am interested C. was interesting D. was interested ( )7. There too much snow last month. A. was B. were C. is D. are ( )8. If you need a protractor, I can lend to you. A. the other B. another C. it D. one ( )9. Beijing has many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours. A. so B. very C. too D. much ( )10. We are going to have a picnic. We’ve got much bread, fruit and water, but we’ve got sweets and chocolates. A. few B. a lot C. an amount of D. many ( )11. When the meat was cooked on one side. Mary and cooked the other side. A. turned it back B. turned back it C. turned over it D. turned it over ( )12. Water electricity partly. A. likes B. is like C. like D. is liking ( )13. My aunt played the light music to prevent the baby crying. A. with B. from C. by D. on ( )14. I like swimming very much, but now I don’t swim as as I used to. A. often B. oftener C. many D. more ( )15. The sewage is a drop of water came from in the first lace. A. what B. where C. which D. whose ( )16. Though you are weak in English, I advise you . A. give up it B. not to give it up C. to give up it D. give it up ( )17. –Do you know ? I’m going to visit him. --Sorry, I don’t know. A. where does Mr. Li live B. where has Mr. Li lived C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived ( )18. –Why is your bedroom so dirty? -- Sorry, Mum, I it. A. forget to clean B. forgot to clean C. forget cleaning D. forgot cleaning ( )19. –Let’s fight pollution and keep our city clean. -- . A. Yes. Let’s do our best B. Yes, it is C. Sure, I agree D. That sounds interesting ( )20. The workers in the factory made washing machines last year. A. much B. huge amounts of C. a great number of D. a lot ( )21. The symbol for water is H2O. A. science B. scientists C. scientific D. scientist 二、Rewrite the sentences as required. 22. The waterfall speeds down the mountain to the lake. (改成过去时) The waterfall down the mountain to the lake in the . 23. The boy has no sisters or brothers.( 保持原句意思) The boy has sisters brothers. 24. The lovely child tried to keep the ice from melting. (保持原句意思) The lovely child tried to the ice melting. 25. Actually he didn’t know it at all. ( 保持原句意思) , he didn’t know it at all. 26. all the are in office the moment at the teachers of (连词成句) 三、Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms 27. It is sometimes dangerous to talk to (strange) as you are always not prepared. 28. A bath uses about (two) as much water as a shower. 四、Fill in the blanks with the expression in the box in their but he never listens. 30. late at night is harmful to one’s health. 31. The tiger the forest.
上海市2017-2018学年八年级英语上学期期末试题 （考试时间: 90分钟，满分100分） Part 1 Listening（第一部分听力） I．Listening Comprehension (听力理解):(共25分) A) Listen to the sentence and choose the right picture. （根据你听到的内容，选择相应的图片）: (共5分) A B C D E F 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ B) Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear. (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案): (共8分) 6. A) John. B) Alice. C) Mike. D) Mary. 7. A) on Sundays. B) on Friday. C) on weekdays. D) on Saturdays. 8. A) Some bread, orange juice and lots of meat. B) Some rice, orange juice and a lot of meat. C) Some milk, bread and some meat. D) Some rice, some coffee and orange juice. 9. A) 3 yuan. B) 3.5 yuan C) 5 yuan D) 5.5 yuan 10. A) By taxi. B) By bus. C) On foot. D) By bike. 11. A) No, she didn’t B) Yes, she did. C) No, she doesn’t D)Yes, she does. 12. A) 8:00 B) 8:05 C) 8:25 D) 8:30 13. A) Mother and son B) Father and son C) Teacher and student D) Shop assistant and customer C) Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合听到短文内容, 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示): (共6分) 14. Peter went to a restaurant in the morning. 15. The waiter was very busy when Peter entered the restaurant.
牛津上海版八年级上英语U n i t1-3基础知识 点练习 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
八年级上英语U1-3基础知识点练习 I.Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案) 1. I ____ walk to school because my home is far away from it. A, sometimes B, seldom C, often D, always 2.The boy is full of energy (精力). He ____ sleep too much. A, needs B, doesn’t need C, need D, needn’t 3. Professor Wang is very popular ____ the students. A, in B, with C, around D, of 4. James was ____ to get back the lost watch a few days ago. A, lucky enough B, too lucky C, so lucky D, even lucky 5. There are more than three ____ students in our school. A, thousands B, thousand C, thousands of D, thousand of 6. It’s raining outside. Please ____ your raincoat before you go out. A, wear B, dress C, put on D, take off 7. You ____ finish the work before 10 o’clock. A, needn’t to B, don’t need C, mustn’t D, don’t have to 8. He ____ be in his office for he called me from there two minutes ago. A, can B, may C, must D, need 9. I’m sorry that I can’t ____ the lecture at the City Hall. A, attend B, take part in C, join D, enter 10. Oh, what a ____ film! I really get ____. A, boring, boring B, boring, bored C, bored, boring D, bored, bored 11. Maggie is very afraid ______ dogs. A. at B. with C. of D. in
上海牛津版八年级下册英语单词表Unit 1 Helping those in need raisev.筹募v.增加;提高 n.准许;批准 permission disabledadj.丧失能力的;有残疾的 teenagern.青少年 offer suffer serious illnessv.主动提出 v.(因疾病等)受苦;受折磨 adj.严重的 n.(某种)病 organize v.组织;筹备 expressv.表达;表露 painn.痛苦;苦恼 communityn.社区 in need需要帮助的 voluntary work义务性工作 ask permission报请批准
suffer from因.......受苦;受折磨raise one's spirits in order to是振奋；使鼓起勇气目的在于；为了 Unit 2 Body language language communication *ballet acceptn.芭蕾舞 v.接受(建议、邀请等) n.语言 n.交流;交际 mattern.(询问某人的情况)怎么了n.表情;神色 n.外貌;外表 n.印象 expression appearance impression towards holdprep.向;朝;对着
v.(held,held)使保持(在某位置) lateradv.以后;后来 remind neck cross nod shakev.提醒;使想起 n.颈;脖子 v.使交叉;使交叠 v.点头 v.(shook,shaken)(与某人)握手v.(shook,shaken)摇头fisherman netn.网n.渔民althoughconj.虽然;尽管fitadj.健壮的;健康的 n.鸬鹚 *cormorant dive ready reach
精编牛津上海版八年级英语上册单词表汇总大全Unit 1 *encyclopaedia n.百科全书 human adj.人的 dinosaur n.恐龙 *Italian n.意大利人 inventor n.发明家 musician n.音乐家 scientist n.科学家 born n.出生 countryside n.乡村 intelligence n.才智 *artistic adj.有艺术天赋的 ability n.才能，能力 perhaps adv.可能，大概 invention n.发明 notebook n.笔记本 include v.包括 even adv.甚至 however adv.然而 suddenly adv.突然
nobody pron.没有人 *fossil n.化石 win v.赢 dollar n.元 in the countryside在乡村 human being 人 die out灭绝 find out了解 go for a walk去散步 Unit 2 number n.数字instruction n指标 check v.检查 gram n.克 son n.儿子 chess n.国际象棋 India n.印度 wise adj.充满智慧的challenge v.向（某人）挑战promise v.许诺
prize n.奖赏 grain n.谷粒chessboard n.象棋棋盘double v.（使）加倍amount n.数量 rest n.剩余部分 gold n.金子 instead adv.代替 realize v.认识到 copy v.抄写 correctly adv.正确地 traffic n.交通 accident n.（交通）事故a long time ago很久以前challenge….to…向（某人）挑战and so on等等 copy down抄写 Unit 3 order n.订货 compare v.比较 monitor n.显示器