1 What is the morpheme? 词素
The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, /in the composition of words ,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Words are formed by morphemes, a word may be composed of one or more morphemes.
One morpheme------fruit Two morphemes------fruit+ful Three morphemes----un+fruit+ful
2 A synchronic approach and a diachronic approach are approaches to the study of a language.
3 an allomorph词素变体is one or two or more complimentary morphs which magnifies a morpheme in its different phonological environments
4 Free morphemes and bound morphemes自由词素和粘着词素
A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme
5A root 词根is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (it conveys the main lexical meaning)
6 基本的构词方法：Word-formation
（1）派生法-derivation Definition: Derivation or affixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes( prefix or suffix or both) or combining form to the base
（2）复合法--Compounding/composition定义 A word-formation process in which words are formed by putting two or more words together.
（3）转化法--Conversion /functional shift/ transmutation/zero-derivation
其他构词方法
（4）缩略法--abbreviation/shortening 《包括clipping截短词(apocope尾, aphaeresis首，front and back clipping,首尾，syncope腰）initialism首字母缩略,acronym首字母拼音，blending拼缀词=telescopic word =portmanteau word 》
首字母缩略词不可以读出来IQ=intelligence quotient BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation 首字母拼音词是可以读出来的，例如SALT 、WASP，dinky
拼缀法Camcorder 摄像机=camera照相机+recorder 录音机
（5）逆生法--Back-formation donation donate emotion emote
（6）拟声法--onomatopoeia指words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe 声音的来源有人类，动物，其他事物
拟声词的作用：Imitating the sound and being used as a verb
Imitating the sound and referring to the thing making the sound Prefixation 前缀法Suffixation 加后缀
第四单元词义理据和词义的组成
1 词义：The relationship between language and the world
Meaning (concept)
word
Form Referent
(word, sentence )........object in the world 词的无理拒性又叫随意性arbitrariness
2Motivation理据is the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning
（1）Phonetic motivation语音分析例如the moo of a cow
（2）Morphological motivation构词分析例如readable 看后缀可知道其意思daydream复合词不是所有的复合词都是有理据的如eggplant茄子
（3）Semantic motivation语义分析例如the leg of a table earn bread
（4）Etymological motivation词源分析例如汉语火车开动需要火的
3词义的组成
（1）Grammatical meaning
（2）Lexical meaning--- conceptual / referential meaning 概念意义
---associative meaning 关联意义
关联意义分为4种：connotative meaning内涵意义（mother--female parent 想到love, care, and tenderness )stylistic meaning文体意义（正式和非正式和中性）affective meaning 情感意义（collocative meaning 搭配意义（pretty girl和handsome boy）
第五单元一词多义和同形异义
1一词多义--Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings
Two approaches to study polysemy --diachronic and synchronic历时和共时
2一词多义的种类
Original vs. Extended ----candidate pen
General vs. Specific ---artist（艺术家和美术家）gas(气体和煤气）
Abstract vs. Concrete----government（治国之道和政府）beauty pride
Literal vs. Metaphoric字面和比喻意义----cool flaw（裂隙和缺点）reflect(反射和反映）
3同形异义Homonymy[h??m?nimi] Same form (either pronunciation or spelling or both) but different meaning
同形异义的种类
（1）Perfect homonyms (Words identical in pronunciation and spelling but different in meaning) （bear熊和忍耐，sound声音和健全的)
（2）Homophones(Words identical in pronunciation but different in spelling and meaning)(air and heir, right and write and rite)
（3）Homographs(Words identical in spelling but different in pronunciation and meaning)(minute 分钟-minute 微笑的, tear-tear 哭和撕)
4 歧义Ambiguity: more than one interpretation, caused by polysemy or homonymy. Eg. Engaged 含混Vagueness: not clear meaning tall 不知道多高才算高,either...or... Neighbour John's train 之间的区别：歧义是由于一词多义和同形异义造成的，同一个词有不同的解释。而含混的词只有一种解释，但是词义的程度，范围和所指不明确。含混是模糊性（fuzziness) 的特殊形式
第六单元:词义关系
1 同义关系--synonymy synonyms
类型分为完全同义词和部分同义词--perfect synonyms and partial synonyms 绝对同义词导致迟早有个会废弃不用。如submarine 和U-boat 有些反义词却是近义loosen和unloosen, valuable 和invaluable 部分同义词例如couple,pair,yoke,brace一组，由于概念意义和关联意义不同导致
同义词的来源：1) Borrowing(answer--reply) 2)Dialects and regional English(liquor--whiskey)
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words（sanitary engineer指代清洁工）
4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions (fall out=quarrel）
2词汇变体lexical variation 读音和拼写上都有些区别，但是词义和用法上毫无区别，几乎是同一个词，如whatever--whatsoever favour--favor connection---connexion philanthropy
3误用词语malapropism由于两个词的发音和拼写相近而出错，如I will devote myself to philandering 4反义关系Antonymy Antonyms
种类：1)绝对反义词contradictory terms=binary antonyms=complementaries) 没有任何中间状态
例如dead--alive true--false 2)两极反义词contrary terms =gradable antonyms 直线坐标上有内项和外项，距离中点相等如excellent,good,bad,terrible. 3)关系反义词relational opposites方向相对,如upward,downward parent,child 4)多项不相容词semantic incompatibles如东南西北，春夏秋冬5反义词的修辞手法：antithesis 对偶paradox 似是而非矛盾irony反讽oxymoron矛盾修饰法,如living death, painful pleasure, poorest millionaires.
6下义关系hyponymy hyponyms 如human being 的下义有child,man,woman,baby. 人类称为上义词superordinate term, 下面的统称为co-hyponyms . 但同一个词也可能包含上下义，如dog泛指狗，特制公狗
第八单元词义的转移semantic shift
1 隐喻(暗喻）metaphor：a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity in which a word or a phase ordinarily primarily used for one thing is applied to anther. 由于2个事物的特征上有类似之处，用一个事物的词来指另外一个事物。如
The head of an arrow. The lip of a bowl. The eye of a needle针眼to fox欺骗to wolf
2 借代metonymy ：a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it2个事物之间存在的现实关系，可以用一个事物的词来代替另外一个事物
如the kettle is boiling.由于水壶和水存在现实关系have a good nose for 由于鼻子和嗅觉有关
Apply to the sword 剑和武力有关he ate a another bowl 碗和饭有关
3移就transferred epithet 用形容的词来形容事物如glad tidings a doubtful question
4 通感synaesthesia 味觉视觉听觉触觉嗅觉不分界限sweet voice a sharp sound
5 提喻synecdoche :a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, or vice versa
用局部代替整体或用整体代替部分，用特殊代替一般或用一般代替特殊
如to count heads 点人数，头是人的一部分earn my bread 面包是生计的一部分he is a poor creature 第十三单元成语
成语的基本特征1）each idiom is a semantic unit 2) structural stability 3) long idiomatic usage
判断题
1. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.
2. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.
3. Collocation can affect the meaning of words.
4. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.
5. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.
6. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user.
第七单元词义的变化
种类（1 ）词义扩大Extension(generalization of meaning) : the meaning of the word changes from specific to generalized one or cover a broader concept.如lady,scene,box,carry,bullish,brim
分为1）特指到泛指From Specific to general--scarf 2）From concrete to abstract---grasp 3)术语要一般词语From technical to general words--atomic,catalyst 4)专有名词到普通名词From proper nouns to common nouns ---牛顿，诺贝尔，三明治，boycott, 沙文主义，希腊神话，china陶瓷，champagne 法国地名变酒，zipper商标名词变拉链
（2）词义缩小Specialization/narrowing/restriction of meaning 如，poison饮料--毒药
分为1）From general to specific 2）From abstract to concrete 3）From common nouns to proper nouns （the prophet–the Prophet）4）From common nouns to technical terms （memory存储器）5）The narrowing of borrowed words （法语词garage储存东西的地方--车库，拉丁词liquor液体--烈酒，hospital休息娱乐场所-医院，Girl年轻人--女孩
（3）词义的升格Elevation Inn 小客栈–酒店，Lord分发面包的人–贵族，
Enthusiasm 宗教狂热情绪—热情，Angel信使—天使，Paradise花园–天堂
（4）词义的降格Degradation 如silly幸福的--傻的，sad满足的镇静的--悲伤的，
（5）解释！词义变化的原因1）语言因素：borrowing ,shortening ,analogy 2)非语言因素：class,psychological, historical如Dutch荷兰与英国交战，英国恨荷兰贬义Dutch这个词。心理如propaganda动植物繁殖--为达到目的而使用的宣传伎俩。阶级如red,在英国受欢迎，但是冷战时期共产党人被称为the Reds贬义了。3）委婉语使用Euphemism如courtesy seat 老弱病残的座位shop-lifting小偷
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
中医针灸学中级考试总结 或许针灸是个小专业，各网站关于针灸学的中级考试的资料相当少，本人考完了2009年的考试，愿意发到网站上跟诸位要考针灸的朋友共享考试经验： 中医针灸学中级考试复习要点、考试技巧及各科考试比例 注意：试题完全出自题库，随机抽取，没有所谓重点非重点的区别。所以千万不要押重点。 第一场：总体评价：难度偏难 基础知识：中医基础理论22%、内经3%、伤寒3%、金匮3%、温病3%、中药学33%、方剂学33%。（以上为大概比例） 复发的基本特点： 1. 轻粉的散剂剂量？ 2. 连朴饮主治： 3. 三仁汤主治： 4. 三仁汤和甘露消毒丹都含有的药物是： 5. 肺其华在？ 6. 五脏的生理特点？考察内经原文 7. 非疠气致病特点的是？ 8. 下列药物苦寒有毒的是：选项有甘遂、芫花等 9. 既能祛风湿又能清湿热的药物是： 10. 砂仁、豆蔻的共同功效？ 11. 既能利尿清淋又能清肺止咳的是？ 12. 温脾汤和黄龙汤都有的药物是？ 13. 《脉要精微论》中：胸中之府指的是？ 14. 温热类温病阴虚火炽型所选方剂？ 15. 血虚之寒疝方剂？ 第二场：总体评价：难。相关知识：中医诊断学25～35%、诊断学基础（原名为西医诊断学）25～35%、医古文5～10%、传染病学5～10%、医学心理学5～10%、医学伦理学5～10%、卫生法规5～10%。 诊断学基础 1.发热伴眼结膜充血的是： 2.满月面容见于： 3.面具面容见于： 4.左心功能不全的体位： 5.语颤增强见于：备选有胸腔积液、气胸、压迫性肺不张 6.奥－弗杂音见于： 7.格－斯杂音见于： 8.板状腹见于： 9.轻度脾肿大见于： 10.中度脾肿大见于：选项有败血症、慢性粒细胞性白血病、慢性疟疾、红斑狼疮、骨髓纤维化 11.白细胞减少见于：
Conversion 1.Definition of Conversion Conversion / Functional shift/ Transmutation （转化法/功能转换法/转移法）is the word-formation by converting words of one class into another class (part of speech) without adding any affix. It is also called derivation by zero suffix (零位后缀派生法) zero derivation(零位派生法). 2.Features of Conversion (P29) 3.Types of Conversion 1)Conversion to Verbs De-nominal (nouns →verbs) (7 types) De-adjective (adjectives →verbs) : To make…/to become… 2)Conversion to Nouns De-verbal (verbs → nouns ) (5 types) De-adjective (adjectives →nouns) Full conversion: both as nouns and adjectives Partial conversion: the+adj. Miscellaneous 3)Conversion to Adjectives: Nouns as attributives and predicatives Miscellaneous
第一章 物流（logistics ）：“物流”是指以最低的成本，按顾客的要求，将物质资料从供应地向需求地转移的过程，以创造物质资料的空间效用、时间效用及形质效用，具体包括运输、储存、装卸搬运、配送、包装加工、信息管理等构成要素。 特点： （1）具有鲜明的顾客导向。 （2）强调在物流费用和顾客服务水平之间求得平衡。 （3）物流属于一个全过程的活动。 （4）物流活动是由一系列的要素构成。 （5）强调了物流服务的基本功能，即空间效用、时间效用以及形质效用。商流与物流联系 （1）它们都属于流通领域，是商品流通的两种不同形式，在功能上互相补充。通常是先发生商流后发生物流，在商流完成以后再进行物流。 （2）它们都是从供应者到需求者的流动，具有相同的出发点和归宿。商流与物流区别 （1）流动的实体不同：物流是物质的实体流动，商流是物质的社会实体的流动。 （2）功能不同：物流创造物质的空间效用、时间效用和形质效用，而商流创造物质的所有权效用。（3）物流与商流又是相互独立的，存在商流与物流分离的现象 分类： 1 按物流研究范围的大小，物流可分为宏观物流、中观物流和微观物流 2 按物流活动在企业中的地位角度进行分类，物流可分为采购物流、生产物流、销售物流、回收物流及废弃物物流等。 3 按物流作业执行者的角度分，可以分为企业自营物流和第三方物流 4 物流活动发生主体的角度分，可以分为工业企业物流、商业企业物流（包括批发企业物流、零售企业物流等）、非盈利组织物流（包括医院、社会团体、学校、军事等单位物流）及废品回收企业物流等。 现代物流管理对企业的作用 （1）物流的服务价值：物流可以提供良好的服务，这种服务有利于参与市场竞争，有利于树立企业和品牌的形象，有利于和服务对象结成长期的、稳定的、战略性合作伙伴，这对企业长远的、战略性的发展有非常重要的意义。 （2）降低成本价值：物流合理化有大幅度降低企业经营成本的作用，对改善我国经济运行的环境，降低和解决企业的资金困难有重要作用。 （3）实现快速反应（4）改善企业管理水平 现代物流管理对国民经济的作用 （1）降低物流费用的消耗（2）改善我国的经济运行，实现质量的提升 （3）发展、壮大新兴的产业部门 第二章 运输的概念：运输是人和物的较长距离的空间移动运输的地位 （1）运输是物流的主要功能要素之一 （2）可以创造“场所效用”，相当于通过运输提高了物的使用价值 （3）是“第三利润源”的主要构成运输合理化的有效措施 （1）合理设计运输网络（2）选择合理的运输方式 （3）提高运输工具的装载率（4）开展联合运输 （5）开展流通加工（6）推进共同运输（7）充分利用社会化运输力量 集装箱运输的优点 （1）提高货运速度，加快运输工具及货物资金的周转 （2）减少货损、货差，提高货运质量
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b43242505.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
针灸学穴位总结
B 八邪[定位]在手背侧，微握拳，第1至第5指间，指蹼缘后方赤白肉际处，左右共8穴。[主治]①手背肿痛、麻木、毒虫、蛇咬伤。②烦热、目痛。 百会（DU20）交会穴（足太阳、督脉之会）[定位]在头部，当前发际正中直上5寸，或两耳尖连线的中点处。[主治]①头痛、眩晕。②癫狂、中风失语、不寐。③脱肛、阴挺。 C 尺泽（LU5）合穴[定位]在肘横纹中，肱二头肌腱桡侧凹陷处。[主治]①咳嗽、气喘、咯血、咽喉肿痛、胸部胀满。②吐泻。 ③小儿惊风。④肘臂挛痛。 承泣（ST1)交会穴（阳跷、足阳明之会）[定位]在面部瞳孔直下，当眼球与眶下缘之间。[主治]①目赤肿痛、流泪、夜盲、眼睑瞤动。②口眼歪斜。[操作]左手拇指向上轻推眼球，紧靠眶下缘直刺0.5～1.5寸，不宜提插，以防刺破血管，引起血肿；不宜灸。 攒竹(BL2)[定位]在面部，当眉头陷中，眶上切迹处。[主治]①头痛、眉棱骨痛。②口眼歪斜、目视不明、目赤肿痛、眼睑瞤动、眼睑下垂。 次髎(BL32)[定位]在骶部，当髂后上棘内下方，适对第2骶后孔处。[主治]①月经不调、痛经、赤白带下。②遗精、疝气、遗尿。③腰骶痛、下肢痿痹。 承山(BL57)[定位]在小腿后面正中，委中与昆仑之间，当伸直小腿或足跟上提时腓肠肌肌腹下出现尖角凹陷处。[主治]①痔疾、便秘。②腰背痛、腿拘急疼痛、脚气。 长强[定位] 尾骨尖端与肛门连线之中点[主治] 泄泻,痢疾,便秘,便血,痔疾,癫狂,痫证,瘈疭,脊强反折,癃淋,阴部湿痒,腰脊尾骶部疼痛 D 地仓(ST4)交会穴（阳跷、手足阳明之会）[定位]在面部口角外侧，上直对瞳孔。[主治]口歪、流涎。 地机(SP8)郄穴[定位]在小腿内侧，当内踝尖与阴陵泉的连线上，阴陵泉下3寸。[主治]①腹痛、泄泻。②月经不调、痛经、遗精。③小便不利、水肿。 胆俞(BL19)背俞穴[定位]在背部，第10胸椎棘突下，旁开1.5寸。[主治]黄疸、胁痛、呕吐、食不化、口苦。
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
阅读指南：（由于涉及排版问题，如需打印请删除该部分） 1、你不努力一把，都不知道什么是绝望。 2、个别知识点做了简化，一方面确实需要简化，一方面不知道要怎么考。 3、涉及计算的知识点还请仔细阅读课本复习例题。 4、知识点如有遗漏，或知识点内容仍不全面，或内容有误，请及时反馈给我修正和补充。第一章 1、（名词）物流管理：物流管理是供应链管理的一部分，是对货物、服务及相关信息从起源地到消费地的有效率、有效益的正向和反向流动和储存进行的计划、执行和控制，以满足顾客要求。 2、（名词）供应链管理：供应链管理是传统企业各部门之间，特定企业不同部门之间，供应链上各企业之间的传统的、具有战略意义的协调活动，其目的是改善个别企业，以及整个供应链各环节长期的经营绩效。 营销主要负责市场调查、促销、销售队伍管理和产品组合，创造产品的“占有”价值。 生产/运作则关注产品或服务的生产，创造产品的形态价值，主要职责包括质量控制、生产计划和调度、工位设计、产能计划、维修保养作业要求和标准。 物流关注的是那些赋予产品或服务时间和空间价值的活动。 边缘活动是由于人为地将企业活动分割给若干独立的职能部门负责，要实现部门间协调，需要建立促进部门间合作的机制和鼓励措施 第二章 5、（简答）物流战略的目标： ①降低成本：战略实施的目标是将与运输和存储相关的可变成本降到最低。 ②减少资本：战略实施的目标是使物流系统的投资最小化。 ③改进服务：战略一般认为企业收入取决于所提供的物流服务水平。 6、（简答）物流规划主要解决的问题（物流决策三角形）： ①库存决策战略：库存水平、库存分布、控制方法 ②设施选址战略：设施的数量、规模和位置，指定各存储点的供货点，将需求分派给各存储点或供货点，自营仓储/公共仓储
英语词汇学知识点归纳 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性） 没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use
河北中医学院中医系针灸学重点总结针灸学 针灸学是一种以中国以理论为指导，研究经络、腧穴及刺灸方法，探讨运用针灸防止疾病规律的一门学科。内容包括:经络、腧穴、刺法灸法及针灸治疗。 最早的针灸学文献:《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》 第一章经络总论 经络:是人体内运行气血的通道，包括经脉和络脉。经为直行的主干，络为侧行的分支。 经气:即经络之气，概指经络运行之气及其功能活动。 经络系统的组成 *经络系统包括经脉:经脉:十二经脉、奇经八脉、以及附属十二经脉的十二经别、十二经筋、十二皮部;络脉:十五络脉(十四经脉之络、脾之大络)和浮络、孙络等。 十二经脉包括:手三阴经(手太阴肺经、手厥阴心包经、手少阴心经)、手三阳经(手阳明大肠经、手少阳三焦经、手太阳小肠经)、足三阳经(足阳明胃经、足少阳胆经、足太阳膀胱经)、足三阴经(足太阴脾经、足厥阴肝经、足少阴肾经) 奇经八脉包括:督脉、任脉、冲脉、带脉、阴维脉、阳维脉、阴跷脉、阳跷脉*十二经脉的循行走向与交接规律
经络的作用:1联系脏腑、沟通内外2运行气血、营养全身3抗御病邪，保卫机体 第二章腧穴总论 *腧穴:人体脏腑经络之气输注于体表的特殊部位。“腧穴”是对穴位的统 称;“输穴”是对五输穴中的第三个穴位的专称;俞穴，专指特定穴中的背俞穴。 *腧穴分类:十四经穴、奇穴、阿是穴三类 1)十四经穴:具有固定的名称和位置，且归属于十二经和任脉、督脉的腧穴。(361穴) 2)奇穴:既有一定的名称，又有明确的位置，但尚未归入或不便归入十四经系统的腧穴。这类多数对某些病证有特殊的疗效。又称为“经外奇穴”。 3)阿是穴:是指既无固定名称，亦无固定位置，而是以压痛点或病变部位或其他反应点等作为针灸施术部位的一类腧穴，又称“天应穴”、“不定穴”、“压痛点”等。 腧穴的主治特点: 1近治作用:是指腧穴具有治疗其所在部位局部及邻近组织、器官病证的作用。一切腧穴主治作用所具有的共同特点。 2远治作用:是指腧穴具有治疗其远隔部位的脏腑、组织病证的作用。*十四经穴，尤其是十二经脉中位于四肢肘膝关节以下的经穴，远治作用尤为突出。 3特殊作用，是指某些腧穴具有双向的良性调节作用和相对特异的治疗作用。 主治规律:四肢部经穴以分经主治为主，头身部经穴以分部主治为主。 特定穴意义:十四经穴中具有特殊性能和治疗作用并有特定称号的腧穴。 分类:五输穴、原穴、络穴、郄穴、背俞穴、募穴、下合穴、八会穴、八脉交会穴、交会穴
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习
加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>
种物流的地域布局问题的学科。 简答 1-8-2学科性质：物流经济地理是一门综合性学科。它涉及自然、社会经济、技术条件等多方面的综合性问题，它同许多相邻学科存在着密切的联系，相互补充和借鉴，因而具有综合性特征。 1-8-3核心内容：生产的地域系统布局，在部门经济地理学的研究基础上，集合经济发展特点，吸收其他学科成果，用全新的物流经济理论，对其研究内容进行改革与创新，即创建了物流经济地理学。 1-8-5文件明确发展物流业P5 《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》(2006年）第一次明确了物流产业的地位。《规划纲要》明确提出“十一五”期间“大力发展现代物流业”。其理论依据是，现代物流业是跨经济领域，跨部门、跨地区的复合性产业，现代物流的发展虽然有不少是可以和其他经济领域、其他产业有一定差异和区别的“个性”领域，但是更多的是“共性”或者“通性”的领域。 1-8-6产业特点P8 ①物流产业是国民经济中的动脉系统，它连接社会经济的各个部分并使之成为一个有机整体。 ②物流产业通过对各种物流要素的优化组合和合理配置，实现物流活动效率的提高和社会物流总成本的降低。 ③物流产业可以为全社会提供更为全面、多样化的物流服务，并在物流全过程及其各个环节实现价值增值。 1-8-7物流业发展的重点P9 ①加强中心城市物流基础设施和管理系统的建设 ②加快物流企业改革步伐，按市场经济一般规律要求，组建具有规模经济效益的大型物流企业 ③加快物流信息系统和标准化的建设④加强有关政策的研究
经济渊源：①各类生产部门和企业所需要的空间条件上的差异性 ②地域空间上的各特定地区所具备的空间条件的差异性 ①统一计划原则 ②合理利用资源原则 经济原则 ③减少不合理运输原则 ④发展生产地域分工原则 ⑤尽可能地平衡发展原则 政治原则 ⑥缩小城乡差别原则 ⑦巩固国防原则 2-6-3中国生产力布局的重心演变经历4个阶段P23 以协调沿海与内地关系为主线， 以争取国民经济发展的总体速 工业布局由沿海向内地转移 度、宏观效益为目标，生产力 布局大幅度向东部地区倾斜 建设为中心，以备战和建设战略后方 施内陆地区 为基调，以工业布局为主体的生产力 发展战略 布局跳跃式向西推进
《英语词汇学》复习资料1 Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words. 1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach. 4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5 prefix. 5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings. 6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning. 8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 . 9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation. 10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it. 12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning. 13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components which are also known as semantic features.. 14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy. 15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”. 1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and