常用缩写
AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤
ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术
ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数
ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶
ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间
ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会
ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷
AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘
AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤
AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术
AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物
AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会
AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI,aortoiliac 主髂
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征
AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术
AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷
APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白C
APG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术
aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征
ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰
ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林
ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死
ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷
AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘
AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物
AVM, arteriovenous malformation 动静脉畸形
AVP, ambulatory venous pressure 非卧床静脉压
bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor碱性成纤维细胞生长因子
BKA, below-knee amputation 膝下截肢
BSA, body surface area 体表面积
BUN, blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉旁路术
CAD, coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病
CAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷
CAS, carotid artery stenting 颈动脉支架置入术
CAVH, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration连续动静脉血液滤过
CAVHDF, continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration 连续动静脉血液透析滤过法
CCA, common carotid artery 颈总动脉
CCB, calcium channel blocker 钙通道阻滞剂
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制和预防中心
CEA, carotid endarterectomy 颈动脉内膜切除术
CEAP, clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathologic [staging system] 临床的，病因学，解剖学，病理学（分级体系）
CEA, common femoral artery 股总动脉
CFV, common femoral vein 股总静脉
cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环磷酸鸟苷
CI, confidence interval 置信区间
CIA, common iliac artery 髂总动脉
CK-MB, MB isozyme of creatine kinase 肌酸激酶同工酶
CLI, critical limb ischemia 严重下肢缺血
CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 医疗保险和补助中心
CNS, central nervous system 中枢神经系统
CO, carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
CO2, carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺疾患
COX, cyclooxygenase 环氧合酶
CRI, chronic renal insufficiency 慢性肾功能不全
CRP, C-reactive protein C反应蛋白
CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome 复杂区域性疼痛
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液
CT, computed tomography 计算机断层扫描
CTA, computed tomographic angiography 计算机断层扫描血管造影
CTD, connective tissue disease 结缔组织病
CTV, computed tomographic venography 计算机断层扫描静脉造影
CVI, chronic venous insufficiency 慢性静脉功能不全
CVP, central venous pressure 中心静脉压
CWH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液滤过CWHDF, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration 连续型静脉-静脉血液透析法2D, two-dimensional 二维
3D, three-dimensional 三维
DBI, digital-brachial index 趾肱指数
DBP, diastolic blood pressure 舒张压
DDAVP, desmopressin去氨加压素
DES, drug-eluting stent 药物洗脱支架
DFU, diabetic foot ulcer 糖尿病足溃疡
DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血
DM, diabetes mellitus 糖尿病
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸
2,3-DPG, 2,3-diphosphoglvcerate 2,3二磷酸甘油酸酯
DRIL, distal revascularization-interval ligation 远端血运重建间隔结扎
DSA, digital subtraction angiography 数字减影血管造影
DSE, dobutamine stress echocardiography 多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图
DTAA, descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 降主动脉瘤
DUS, duplex ultrasound 多普勒超声
DVT, deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓
EC，endothelial cell 内皮细胞
ECA, external carotid artery 颈外动脉
ECG, electrocardiogram 心电图
EC-IC, extracranial-intracranial [bypass] 颅外-颅内旁路术
ECM, extracellular matrix 细胞外基质
ED，erectile dysfunction 勃起功能障碍
EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 埃勒斯－当洛综合征
EDV, end-diastolic velocity 舒张末期流速
EEG, electroencephalography 脑电描记法
EF, ejection fraction 射血分数
EIA, external iliac artery 髂外动脉
ELAM-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 内皮细胞白细胞粘附分子-1 ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定法
ELT, euglobulin lysis time 优球蛋白溶解时间
EMG, electromyography 肌电图描记术
eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 内皮一氧化氮合酶
ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene 膨体聚四氟乙烯
ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率,血沉
ESRD, end-stage renal disease 终末期肾病
EVAR, endovascular aneurysm repair 腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术
FDA, Food and Drug Administration 食品和药品管理局
FDP, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白/纤维蛋白原降解产物FEV, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 一秒用力呼气量
FFP, fresh frozen plasma 新鲜冰冻血浆
FGF, fibroblast growth factor 成纤维细胞生长因子
FMD, fibromuscular dysplasia 纤维肌性发育不良
FRC, functional residual capacity 功能残气量
FVC, forced vital capacity 最大肺活量
GA, general anesthesia 全麻
GFR, glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率
GI, gastrointestinal 胃肠的
GMP, guanosine monophosphate 单磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷
G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶
GP-IIb/IIIa, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa 糖蛋白Ilb/IIIa
GSM, gray-scale median 灰度中间值
GSV, great saphenous vein 大隐静脉
GSW, gunshot wound 枪弹伤
GTP, guanosine triphosphate三磷酸鸟(嘌呤)核苷
GUI, graphic-user interface 图形用户界面
GW, guide wire 导丝
HD, hemodialysis 血液透析
HDL, high-density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白
HIPPA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act健康保险流通与责任法案HIT, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 肝素诱导的血小板减少症
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒
HLA, human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原
HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A
HR, hazard ratio 危害比
HRQoL, health-related quality of life健康相关生活质量
hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 高灵敏度C反应蛋白
5-HT, serotonin 5-羟色胺
HTN, hypertension 高血压
ICA, internal carotid artery 颈内动脉
ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 细胞间粘附分子-1
ICAVL, Intersocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories 国家血管检查评估委员会
ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage 颅内出血
ICU, intensive care unit 重症监护病房
IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein 中密度脂蛋白
IEL, internal elastic lamina 内弹力层
IFN, interferon 干扰素
IFU, instructions for use 使用说明书
IGF, insulin-like growth factor 胰岛素样生长因子
IH, intimal hyperplasia 内膜增生
IL-6, interleukin-6 白介素-6
IMA, inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉
iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase诱生型一氧化氮合酶
IOM, Institute of Medicine 医学会
IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression 间断性肺压缩
IPG, impedance plethysmography 阻抗体积描记法
IPPB, intermittent positive pressure breathing 间断性正压呼吸
I/R, ischemia-reperfusion 缺血再灌注
IVC,inferior vena cava 下腔静脉
IVUS, intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声
JAK-2, Janus kinase-2 蛋白酪氨酸激酶-2
JNK, jun N-terminal kinase N-端氨基酸激酶
K/DOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative 肾脏疾病预后质量测评
KM, Kaplan-Meier卡普兰-迈耶曲线
LAO, left anterior oblique 左前斜位
LDL, low-density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白
LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin 低分子量肝素
LOS, length of stay 住院时间
Lp(a), lipoprotein (a) 脂蛋白
LS, lumbosacral 腰骶的
LV, left ventricular 左心室
LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure 左心室舒张末期压LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume 左室舒张末期容积
LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy 左心室肥大
MAP, mean arterial pressure 平均动脉压
MCA, middle cerebral artery 大脑中动脉
MI, myocardial infarction 心肌梗死
MIP, maximum intensity projection 最大强度投影
MMP, matrix metalloproteinase 基质金属蛋白酶
MOF, multiple organ failure 多器官衰竭
MRA, magnetic resonance angiography 核磁共振血管造影
MR, magnetic resonance 核磁共振
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振成像
MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金葡菌
MRV, magnetic resonance venography 核磁共振静脉成像
MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 5,10 -亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶
NAC, N-acetylcysteine N-乙酰半胱氨酸
NAD*, oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide 氧化烟酰胺二核苷酸
NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,还原型辅酶I
NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,还原型辅酶Ⅱ
NAIS, neo-aortoiliac system 新主髂动脉系统
Nd:YAG, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet 钕钇铝石榴石
NF-K B, nuclear factor K B核因子K B
NIH, National Institutes of Health 国立卫生研究院
NTS, National Inpatient Sample 全国住院样本
NOS, nitric oxide synthase 一氧化氮合酶
NPV, negative predictive value阴性预测值
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug非甾体抗炎药
NSQIP, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 全国外科质量改进计划
OR, odds ratio 优势比
OTW, over-the-wire 导丝支撑的
PA, pulmonary artery 腓动脉
PAD, peripheral arterial disease 周围动脉疾病
PAI, proximalization of arterial inflow 动脉流入道近端
PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1 PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease 周围动脉闭塞性疾病
PBI, penile-brachial index 阴茎-肱(动脉收缩压)指数
PBRCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞
PCA, posterior cerebral artery 大脑后动脉
PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention 经皮冠脉介入
PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原
PCWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure 肺动脉楔压
PD, peritoneal dialysis 腹膜透析
PDE, phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor血小板源生长因子
PE, pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞
PECAM-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1血小板-内皮细胞粘附分子-1
PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure呼气末正压通气
PEG, polyethylene glycol聚乙二醇
PET, positron emission tomography正电子发射体层摄影
PF4, platelet factor 4血小板因子Ⅳ
PEA, profunda femoris artery 股深动脉
PFT, pulmonary function test/testing 肺功能测试
PGE2, prostaglandin E2 前列腺素E2
PGI2, prostaglandin I,前列腺素I
PKC, protein kinase C蛋白激酶C
PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil 多形核中性粒细胞
PPG, photoplethysmography光学体积描记术
PPV, positive predictive value阳性预测(价)值
PRBCs, packed red blood cells 浓缩红细胞
PSA, pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤
psi, pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸
PSV, peak systolic velocity最大收缩速度
PT, prothrombin time凝血酶原时间
PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 经皮腔内血管成形术
PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯
PTT, partial thromboplastin time部分凝血致活酶时间
PVI, peripheral vascular intervention 周围血管介入
PVR, pulse volume recording脉搏容积记录仪
QALY, quality-adjusted life year质量调整生命年
QoL, quality of life 生活质量
RAAA, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 破裂腹主动脉瘤
RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products高级糖基化终末产物受体RAO, right anterior oblique 右前斜位
RAS, renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄
RBC, red blood cell 红细胞
RCT, randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验
Re, Reynolds number 雷诺数
RFA, radiofrequency ablation射频消蚀
RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸
RI, resistive index 对抗指数
RIND, reversible ischemic neurologic deficit 可逆性缺血性神经障碍
RP, retroperitoneal 腹膜后的
RR, relative risk 相对危险度
RS, Raynaud's syndrome 雷诺氏综合征
rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂
RUDI, revision using distal inflow 流入道远端的修复
SBP, systolic blood pressure 收缩压
SD, standard deviation 标准差
SE, standard error 标准误
SEPS, subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery 筋膜内镜下手术
SF-36, Short Form (36) Health Survey 健康调查简表-36
SFA, superficial femoral artery 股浅动脉
SFJ, saphenofemoral junction 股隐交界处
SK, streptokinase 链激酶
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮
SMA, superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉
SMC, smooth muscle cell 平滑肌细胞
SOD, superoxide dismutase超氧化物歧化酶
SPECT, single-proton emission computed tomography 单光子发射计算体层摄影
SPJ, saphenopopliteal junction 隐腘静脉交界处
SSV, small saphenous vein 小隐静脉
STEMI, ST-segment myocardial infarction ST段异常心肌梗死
SVC, superior vena cava 上腔静脉
SVS, Society for Vascular Surgery 血管外科协会
TAA, thoracic aortic aneurysm 胸主动脉瘤
TAAA, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 胸腹主动脉瘤
TAAD, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection 胸主动脉瘤和夹层
TAO, thromboangiitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎
TASC, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease 周围动脉疾病治疗的泛大西洋跨协会建议
TCD, transcranial Doppler 经颅多普勒
TEE, transesophageal echocardiography 经食道超声
TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair 胸主动脉修复术
TF, tissue factor 组织因子
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β转化生长因子-β
TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1 TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术TLR, target lesion revascularization 靶病变血管重建
TMA, transmetatarsal amputation 经跖骨截肢术
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α肿瘤坏死因子-α
TOS, thoracic outlet syndrome 胸廓出口综合征
t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator 组织纤溶酶原激活剂
TT, thrombin time 凝血酶时间
TTE, transthoracic echocardiography 经胸壁超声心动图
TXA2, thromboxane A2 血栓素A2
UFH, unfractionated heparin 普通肝素
UK, urokinase 尿激酶
u-PA, urinary plasminogen activator (urokinase) 尿纤溶酶原激活物
USPSTF, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force美国预防服务工作队
VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery电视辅助胸腔镜手术
VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1血管细胞粘附分子-1
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor 血管内皮生长因子
VFI, venous filling index 静脉充盈指数
VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白
VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell 血管平滑肌细胞
VSS, Venous Severity Score 静脉严重性分级
VTE, venous thromboembolism 静脉血栓栓塞性疾病
vWF, von Willebrand factor 血管假性血友病因子
WBC, white blood cell 白细胞
WIQ, Walking Impairment Questionnaire 步行曲线调查表
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
welcome[]vt. & n. 欢迎；a. 受欢迎的 offer[]vt. & n. 提供；贡献 be about to[](不久)就要，即将 training[]n. 训练；培养 program[]n. 规划；(教学)大纲 general[]a. 一般的，普遍的 basic[]a. 基本的，基础的 course[]n. 课程；过程；疗程 biology[]n. 生物学devote[]vt. 贡献medical[]a. 医学的，医药的 anatomy[]n. 解剖学；解剖physiology[]n. 生理学biochemistry[]n. 生物化学 term[]n. 学期；期限；术语 internal[]a. 内服的；内部的 surgery[]n. 外科学，外科 and so on[]等等，诸如此类 clinical[]a. 临床的have to[]不得不，只好in addition[]另外follow-up[]a. & n. 接着的，后续的 advanced[]a. 高级的；先进的 besides[]ad. 此外；prep. 除…之外qualified[]a. 合格的campus[]n. 校园
storey[]n. 层(楼) collection[]n. 收集，收藏 central[]a. 中心的，中央的 laboratory[]n. 实验室，研究室 dormitory[]n. 宿舍altogether[]ad. 总共treat[]vt. 治疗；处理；对待 divide[]vt. 分；隔开speciality[]n. 专业；特征 department[]n. 科室；系；学部 traditional[]a. 传统的 affiliate[]vt. 使…加入；使附于 out-patient[]n. 门珍病人in-patient[]n. 住院病人 emergency[]n. 紧急情况 emergency room[]急诊室timely[]a. 及时的；合时的 available[]a. 可取得的；可用的 round the clock[]全天二十四小时 consult[]vt. 请教；看病；查阅 consulting room[]诊室complaint[]n. 疾病；主诉；抱怨 ward[]n. 病房 surgical[]a. 外科的pediatric[]a. 儿科的intensive[]a. 加强的；集中的 intensive care unit[]
1、颅脑 大脑 cerebrum 大脑纵裂 longitudinal cerebral fissure 大脑皮质 cerebral 大脑镰 falx cerebri 大脑导水管，中脑水管 cerebral aqueduct 中脑 midbrain, mesencephalon 小脑 cerebellum 小脑幕 tentorium cerebelli 丘脑，视丘 thalmus 延髓 medulla oblongata 侧脑室 lateral ventricle 第三脑室 third ventricle 第四脑室 fourth ventricle 第五脑室 fifth ventricle 脑桥，桥脑 pons 脑干 brain stem 间脑 diencephalon 中间块 intermidiate mass 尾状核 caudate nucleus 脉络丛 choroid plexus 胼胝体 corpus callosum 脑岛，岛叶 insula 大脑脚 cerebral peduncles 大脑外侧沟（窝、裂） lateral sulcus , sylvius fissure 穹窿 fornix 透明隔 septum pellucidum 透明隔腔 cavity of septum pellucidum 额叶 frontal lobe 顶叶 parietal lobe 枕叶 occipital lobe 颞叶 temporale lobe 缘叶 limbic lobe 大脑动脉环 Willi's artery circle 大脑前动脉 anterior cerebral artery 大脑中动脉 middle cerebral artery 大脑后动脉 posterior cerebral artery 基底动脉 basilar artery
信用证条款中英文对照——基础 27: Sequence of total 序列号 1/1 指只有一张电文 40A: Form of documentary credit 跟单信用证形式IRREVOCABLE 不可撤消的信用证 20: Data of issue 12345678 信用证号码 31C: Date of issue 开证日精 2002XXXX 31D: Date and place of expiry 信用证有效期 2002XXXX BENEFICIARY 'S COUNTRY 有效地 50: Applicant 信用证开证审请人（你们的客户名）ABC CO., LTD. CHINA 59: Beneficiary 受益人（你们公司名） EFG CO., LTD. ADDRESS 32B: Currency code amount 信用证项下的金额 USD XXXXXXX, 41D: Available with 议付适用银行 ANY BANK BY NEGOTIATION 任何议付行 42C: Draft at 开汇票 XXX DAYS AFTER SIGHT FOR FULL INVOICE V ALUE 见票XXX 天付款（发票全额） 42A: Drawee 付款人 ABOCCNBJXXX AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA, XXX BRANCH 某农业银行某支行 43P: Partial shipment 是否允许分批装运 ALLOWED 可以 43T: Transshipment ALLOWED 允许转运 44A: Taking charge 装船港口 XXXXXX PORT 44B: For transportation to 目的港 CHINESE PORT 44C: Latest date of shipment 最后装船期 2002XXXX 45A: Description goods and/or services 货物/ 服务描述 GENERAL MERCHANDISE 日用品 46A: Documents required 须提供的单据文件 1. COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN TRIPLICATE 一式三份商业发票 2. FULL SET OF CLEAN ON BOARD B/L MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID MADE OUT TO ORDER OF SHIPPER AND NOTIFYING APPLICANT
常用医学英文缩写对照表 AB ACEI ACT AG AMI ANA ARDS ASO ATP AVNRT AVRT BB BEE BT BuN C3 CBC CCU CHE CK CPAP CPR CT CVP DBP DCT DIC DM EF ENT FDP FUO GNS Hb HCO3- HCT HIV Holter IABP IHSS 实际碳酸氢盐 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 激活凝血时间 离子间隙 急性心梗 抗核抗体 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 抗链球菌溶血素“0” 三磷酸腺苷 房室结折返性心动过速 房室折返性心动过速 缓冲碱 基础能量消耗 出血时间 尿素氮 补体C3 血常规 心血管监护室 胆碱酯酶 肌酸磷酸激酶 持续正压通气 心肺复苏 凝血时间 中心静脉压 舒张压 双氢克尿噻 弥散性血管内凝血 舒张期杂音 射血分数 耳鼻喉科(五官科) 纤维蛋白原降解产物 不明原因发热 葡萄糖生理氯化钠溶液 血红蛋白 碳酸氢根 红细胞比容 人类免疫缺陷病毒 24h动态心电图 主动脉内气囊反搏术 特发性肥厚型主动脉瓣下 NTG OB P(A-a)O2 P2 PaCO2 PAMPA PaO2 PCAP PCWP PEEP pH PPD Prn PT qh qid qn qod RF RI RR S3 S4 SaO2 SB TPN SBE SBP SGOT SGPT SK SM T3 T4 TAT TIL tid t-PA TPN TSH 硝酸甘油 隐油 肺泡气-动脉血氧分压差 肺动脉第二心音 动脉二氧化碳分压 氨甲苯酸 动脉氧分压 肺小动脉压 肺毛细血管压 呼气末正压 酸碱度 结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物 必要时 凝血酶原时间 每小时1次 每天4次 每晚1次 隔日1次 类风湿因子 胰岛素 呼吸频率 第3心音 第4心音 血氧饱和度 标准碳酸氢盐 全胃肠外营养 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎 收缩压 血清谷草转氨酶 血清谷丙转氨酶 链激酶 收缩期杂音 三碘甲状原氨酸 甲状腺素 抗蛇毒血清 短暂脑缺血发作 每天3次 组织型纤溶酶原激活物 全肠道外营养 促甲状腺激素
101 of 121 Laboratory General Checklist 07.28.2015 实验室常规检查表 supervisory review of work, reassignment of duties, or other actions deemed appropriate by the biorepository director.工作的监督检查， 分配职责，或采取其他行动，似乎是生物研究者们最欣赏的 Evidence of Compliance 合规的依据: ?Records of corrective action to include evidence of retraining and reassessment of competency ?纠正措施包括培训和评估能力证据记录，记录关于培训和 评估的胜任的积极行为 PHYSICAL FACILITIES 物质设施； Inspector Instructions: 检查员指示： ●Floor plan and equipment locations地面计划及设备位置 ●Overview of Building Automation System (BAS), if available如 果有可能，可以建筑自动化系统（BAS） ●Physical facility (adequate space, acceptable temperature/humidity, areas clean, adequate storage areas, adequate emergency power)物理设施（适当的空 间，可以接受的温度/湿度，清洁，充足的存储区域，足够 的应急电源） ●Perimeter security and access security to specific specimen collections ●确保周边安全性和特定的样本集的访问安全 ●Is the work area sufficient for you to perform your duties safely and accurately?你的工作是否足够安全、准确地履行你的职 责？
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
生物及医学专业名词表（中英文对照） 应用生物学Applied Biology医学技术Medical Technology 细胞生物学Cell Biology医学Medicine 生物学Biology护理麻醉学Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学Evolutionary Biology口腔外科学Oral Surgery 海洋生物学Marine Biology口腔/牙科科学Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学Microbiology骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学Molecular Biology耳科学Otology 医学微生物学Medical Microbiology理疗学Physical Therapy 口腔生物学Oral Biology足病医学Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学Parasutology眼科学Ophthalmology 植物生物学Plant Physiology预防医学Preventive Medicine 心理生物学Psychobiology放射学Radiology 放射生物学Radiation Biology康复咨询学Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学Theoretical Biology康复护理学Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学Wildlife Biology外科护理学Surgical Nursing 环境生物学Environmental Biology治疗学Therapeutics 运动生物学Exercise Physiology畸形学Teratology 有机体生物学Organismal Biology兽医学Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学Biometrics牙科卫生学Dental Sciences 生物物理学Biophysics牙科科学Dentistry 生物心理学Biopsychology皮肤学Dermatology 生物统计学Biostatistics内分泌学Endocrinology 生物工艺学Biotechnology遗传学Genetics 生物化学Biological Chemistry解剖学Anatomy 生物工程学Biological Engineering麻醉学Anesthesia 生物数学Biomathematics临床科学Clinical Science 生物医学科学Biomedical Science临床心理学Clinical Psychology Celluar and Molecular Biology精神病护理学Psychiatric Nursing 细胞生物学和分子生 物学 1 / 1
1.POMR (Problem-Oriented Medical Records)表格式住院病历 2.Biographical data:一般项目： https://www.doczj.com/doc/b41648422.html, Age Sex Marital status Nativity Race 姓名年龄性别婚否籍贯民族 4.Occupation Date of admission Informant History 职业入院日期病史叙述者病史 5.Chief complaint主诉 6.History of present illness现病史 Past history既往史： 7.Previous health status: well ordinary bad Infectious diseases 平素健康状况：良好一般较差传染病史8.Immunizations Allergies: N Y clinical manifestation 预防接种史过敏史无有临床表现 9.allergen: Trauma: Surgery: 过敏原外伤史手术史 10.Review of systems: (Tick if positive, cross out if negative. If postive, you should write down your disease history and brief course of diagnose and therapy) 系统回顾：(有打√无打×阳性病史应在下面空间内填写发病时间及扼要诊疗经过) 11.Respiratory system:呼吸系统 12.Sore throat chronic cough sputum hemoptysis wheezing 咽痛慢性咳嗽咳痰咯血哮喘 13.dyspnea chest pain 呼吸困难胸痛 14.cadiovascular system: 循环系统 15.Palpitation dyspnea on exertion hemoptysis syncope 心悸活动后气促咯血晕厥 16.edema of lower limbs precordial pain hypertention3 m4 G: a6 ] h 下肢水肿心前区疼痛高血压 Digestive system: 消化系统 Anorexia sour regurgitation belching nausea vomitting; L. N) o# e w! A$ H* W 食欲减退反酸嗳气恶心呕吐abdominal distention abdominal pain constipation diarrhea 8 G1 d; G# P$ `( ] 腹胀腹痛便秘腹泻8 t) }/ q7 i' v# ]6 V hematemesis melena hematochezia jaundice% c2 h& ^) w% r/ G% s# i9 c- h 呕血黑便便血黄疸 Urinary system: 泌尿系统 Lumbago frequent micturition urgent micturition urodynia 腰痛尿频尿急尿痛7 D) {2 U/ K# ?5 L9 L V9 G dysuria hematuria nocturia polyuria oliguria facial edema 排尿困难血尿夜尿多尿少尿面部水肿Hematopoietic system 造血系统 Fatigue dizziness blurred vision gingival bleedig 乏力头昏牙龈出血" j9 w, N. P5 j m! C subcutaneous hemorrhage ostealgia epistaxis ' z$ {% i; V4 r7 {- S 皮下出血骨痛鼻衄0 b* ?5 ] ~ R* a# b( A" g e* H Metabolic and endocrine system: 代谢及内分泌系统 Excessive appetite anorexia sweats cold intolerance 食欲亢进食欲减退多汗畏寒" f8 X: \! j |4 A r6 z polydipsia tremor hands change of character obvious obesity 0 [: z) L! A& M/ {+ y$ l 多饮双手震颤性格改变显著肥胖* D* N. t& S& i# | p- _& ] - E. ^% k" v5 ]6 A* g emaciation hirsutism hair losing pigmentation 消瘦多毛毛发脱落色素沉着: N d4 x! B5 R chang of sexual function amenorrhea 性功能改变闭经. T' J. A; Y, Z# ]2 f Musculoskeletal system - \+ }/ L6 H8 e8 A9 H; {# G
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
welcome[]vt、& n、欢迎；a、受欢迎得offer[]vt、& n、提供；贡献 be about to[](不久)就要，即将 training[]n、训练；培养 program[]n、规划；(教学)大纲 general[]a、一般得，普遍得 basic[]a、基本得，基础得 course[]n、课程；过程；疗程 biology[]n、生物学 devote[]vt、贡献 medical[]a、医学得，医药得 anatomy[]n、解剖学；解剖 physiology[]n、生理学 biochemistry[]n、生物化学 term[]n、学期；期限；术语 internal[]a、内服得；内部得 surgery[]n、外科学，外科 and so on[]等等，诸如此类 clinical[]a、临床得 have to[]不得不，只好 in addition[]另外 follow-up[]a、& n、接着得，后续得advanced[]a、高级得；先进得 besides[]ad、此外；prep、除…之外qualified[]a、合格得 campus[]n、校园 storey[]n、层(楼) collection[]n、收集，收藏 central[]a、中心得，中央得 laboratory[]n、实验室，研究室dormitory[]n、宿舍 altogether[]ad、总共 treat[]vt、治疗；处理；对待 divide[]vt、分；隔开 speciality[]n、专业；特征 department[]n、科室；系；学部traditional[]a、传统得 affiliate[]vt、使…加入；使附于 out-patient[]n、门珍病人 in-patient[]n、住院病人 emergency[]n、紧急情况 emergency room[]急诊室 timely[]a、及时得；合时得 available[]a、可取得得；可用得round the clock[]全天二十四小时consult[]vt、请教；瞧病；查阅consulting room[]诊室 complaint[]n、疾病；主诉；抱怨ward[]n、病房 surgical[]a、外科得 pediatric[]a、儿科得 intensive[]a、加强得；集中得intensive care unit[]监护抢救小组(室) separate[]a、单独得；分离得separate、、、from、、、[]把…分开section[]n、(组织)部分 x-ray[]n、x射线 pharmacy[]n、药房；药学 sterilize[]vt、消毒；使…断种instrument[]n、器械；仪器 store[]vt、& n、储藏；店铺 in store for[]贮藏以备… bank[]n、库；银行；河岸 blood[]血库 transfusion[]n、输血；注入 staff[]n、工作人员(全体) medical staff[]医务人员 make up[]v、组成；决定；配制 be made up of[]由…组成 operator[]n、话务员；技术员operate[]vi、& vt、运转；开动engage[]vt、使从事于，使忙于put、、、through to、、、[]接通(电话)…go on[]进行；继续 preparation[]n、准备；制备；制剂perform[]vt、执行；施行；演出acute[]a、急性得；尖锐得appendicitis[]n、阑尾炎immediately[]ad、即刻，立即 rib[]n、肋骨 fracture[]vt、使折断；n、骨折arrange[]vt、安排；布置 arrange for[]为…作准备(安排) arrangement[]n、安排；布置；筹备right away[]立刻 by the way[]顺便 type[]n、类型；典型；榜样anesthesia[]n、麻醉
常用缩写 AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm 腹主动脉瘤 ABFB, aortobifemoral bypass 主双股动脉旁路术 ABI, ankle-brachial index 踝肱指数 ACA, anterior cerebral artery 大脑前动脉 ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme 血管紧张素转化酶 ACT, activated clotting time 活化凝血时间 ADA, American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病协会 ADP, adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷 AEF, aortoenteric fistula 主动脉肠道瘘 AF, atrial fibrillation 房颤 AFB, aortofemoral bypass 主股旁路术 AGE, advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终末产物 AHA, American Heart Association 美国心脏病协会 AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 健康保健研究及质量控制委员会AI, aortoiliac 主髂 AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征 AKA, above-knee amputation 膝上截肢术 AMP, adenosine monophosphate 单磷酸腺苷 APC, activated protein C 活化蛋白C APG, air plethysmography 空气体积描记术 aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time 活化部分凝血酶原时间 ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂 ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ARF, acute renal failure 急性肾衰 ASA, acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林 ATN, acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死 ATP, adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷 AVE, arteriovenous fistula 动静脉瘘 AVG, arteriovenous graft 动静脉移植物
Department of ophtalmology眼科children hospital儿童医院 E.N.T.department耳鼻喉科 tumour hospital肿瘤医院 Department of stomatology口腔科 chest hospital 胸科医院 Department of urology泌尿科 field hospital野战医院 Department of orthopedic骨科 isolation hospital隔离医院 Department of traumatology创伤科military hospital陆军医院 Department of endocrinology内分泌科municipal hospital市立医院Department of anesthesiology麻醉科maternity hospital产科医院Department of dermatology皮肤科mental hospital精神医院 Department of infectious diseases传染病科infectious hospital传染医院Department of pathology病理科
Department of psychiatry精神科 affiliated hospital附属医院 Department of orthopacdic surgery矫形外科training hospital教学医院 Department of cardiac surgery心脏外科 out-patient department门诊部Department of cerebral surgery脑外科 In-patient department住院部 Department of thoracic surgery胸外科Nursing department护理部 Department of plastic surgery矫形外科Admission office住院处 Department of physiotherapy理疗科Discharge office 出院处 electrotherapy room电疗科 Registration office挂号处 heliotherapy room光疗科 Reception room, waiting room侯诊室 wax-therapy room蜡疗科 Consultation room诊察室
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇 学英语教学担负着促使医学生从外语学习阶段向使用阶段过渡的任务,下面为大家分享医学英语翻译常用专业词汇，希望对大家有用。 医学英语翻译常用专业词汇如下： M (①meter ②molar) ①米②容积克分子的（溶液） MA (milliampere) 毫安（培） maceration 浸渍，浸软 maceration tank 浸渍槽 macerator 浸渍器 Mach 马赫（音速单位） machcardiogram (abbr. MCG) 心机械图（即对心电、心音、颈动脉波，心尖搏动图进行同步 记录，可对各图型和时相及其相互关系进行研究） machine(abbr. mach.) 机，机器，装置 machine parts 机器零件 machinery 机器，机械装置 macro- 巨，大，长，宏观 macroanalysis 常量分析 macrochemistry 常量化学
macroroentgenogram X 射线放大照片macroroentgenography X 射线放大工业照像术 made-up 人工的，制成的，预制的 madisterion 拔毛镊 madisterium 拔毛镊 madistor 晶体磁控管 magamp 磁性放大器 magazine ①杂志，期刊②箱，盒，办片匣，暗盒③软片盒magic 魔术，不可思议的 magic eye ①电眼②光调谐指示管 magic lantern 幻灯 magmeter 直读式频率计 magnalium 镁铝合金 magnesia anastomosis tube 镁氧吻合管 magnesium (abbr. Mg) 镁 magnet 吸铁器，磁铁 magnet for eye 眼用吸铁器 magnetic 磁（性）的 magnetic amplifier 磁性放大器，磁增强器 magnetic attraction 磁吸引 magnetic belt 磁性治病带 magnetic core memory 磁心存储器
学号：201209072108 班级：口腔二班姓名：陆小凯 Oral cavity Dentists use special terms to describe the surfaces of teeth. The labial surface(labi/o means “lip”), for incisor and canine teeth, is nearest the lips. The buccal surface(bucc/o means cheek), for premolar and molar teeth, lies adjacent to cheek, as illustrated in Figure 5-2. Dentists refer to both the labial and the buccal surfaces as the facial surface(faci/o means face). Opposite to the facial surface, all teeth have a lingual surface(lingu/o means tongue). The mesial surface of a tooth lies nearest to the median line and the distal surface, farthest from the medialline. Premolars and molars have an additional occlusal surface that comes in contact with a corresponding tooth in the oppsing arch. The incisors and canines have a sharp incisal edge. Figure 5-3 shows the inner anatomy of a tooth. label it as you read the following description: A tooth consists of a crown, which shows above the gumline, and a root, which lies within the bony tooth socket. The outermost protective layer of the crown, the enamel, protects the tooth. Enamel is a dense, hard, white substance-the hardest substance in the body. Dentin, the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. Yellow in color, dentin is composed of bony tissue that is softer than enamel. The cementum covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root. A periodontal membrane surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket. The pulp lies underneath the dentin. This soft and delicate tissue fills the center of the tooth. Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within the pulp canal. Root canal therapy is often necessary when disease or abscess occurs in the pulp canal. A dentist opens the tooth fromabove and cleans the canal of infection, nerves, and blood vessels. The canal is then disinfected and filled with material to prevent the entrance of microorganisms and decay. Three pairs of salivary glands surround the oral cavity. These exocrine glands produce saliva that contains important digestive enzymes. Saaliva is released from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland on each side of the mouth. Narrow ducts carry saliva into the oral cavity. 口腔牙医使用特殊的术语来描述牙齿表面。唇面（labi的意思是嘴唇）是指前牙最接近嘴唇的一面。颊面（bucc/ O是指面颊）对于前磨牙和磨牙是位于毗陵的面颊，如图5 - 2所示。牙医把唇和颊面称为面部表面(faci / o意思是脸)。牙医把唇和颊面称为面部表面(faci / o意味着脸)。和面部表面相反一面,所有的牙齿都有舌表面(lingu / o意味着舌头)。牙齿的近中面位于最靠近中线和远侧面，离medialline最远。前磨牙和磨牙咬合额外的表面与反向拱相应的颌面接触。切牙和尖牙有锋利的切缘。 图5 - 3显示了牙齿的内部解剖。下面是你要阅读的标签描述:牙齿是由牙龈表面的牙冠和埋在牙槽骨中的牙根组成。最外层是保护牙冠