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翻译论文英汉对比研究

翻译论文英汉对比研究
翻译论文英汉对比研究

《英汉对比研究》读书感悟

梁冰英语一班学号:1203613007 在平时英语学习过程中,同时也随着翻译的东西越来越多以及老师课堂上不断地指引讲解,对翻译的了解越来越深,我也越发感受到要想学好一门语言,翻译好一门语言,如果对其国家的文化和其本国人民的思维方式不了解,是没有办法真正学好、翻译好这门语言的。语的表现方法、思维方式等等都没有一个特别清晰的框架。读了《英汉对比研究》,除了对连淑能大师的佩服之外,真的是受益匪浅,不只是对翻译而言,对我的整个英语学科的学习也有很大的帮助。

顾名思义,该书的着眼点是英语和汉语的对比,通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解,把语言和文化结合起来,对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解,清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知,要想学好外语,对其特点的了解是必须的,而要了解其特点,最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。

在我看来,这本书的伟大之处在于不仅指出了英语、汉语、西方文化、汉语文化的不同,更解释了为何不同,这也是我获益最大的地方。例如,英语的句子语法注重逻辑性,这是因为在很大程度上西方人的思想受逻辑思维、抽象思维的影响,而汉语的哲学背景是儒、道、佛的悟性,所以汉语语法不拘泥于形式,偏重于意会。除此之外,我印象最深的是这本书中引用许多中外名家的观点和例证,并对其加以对比,使英汉的对比研究不再是单单的罗列,而是对语言的思考。比如,作者在讲英语是静态语言、汉语是动态语言这一章节时提到,西方许多专家学者认为英语并不是越“静”越好,也有文体学家认为兜着圈子以“静”代“动”的弱化表达法的滥用反而会使表达显得累赘、缺乏生气;同时,许多学者主张多用活泼的词减少英语的静态倾向。虽然很多地方在平时会略有体会,但在读了作者的具体清晰的对比罗列讲解以及权威例证之后,对英汉两种语言都有了更深的感悟。

以下将主要依照英汉语言文化的具体章节谈一下我读后的所学所获所想,对中西方思维的理解也会穿插其中,相信这也是自己对相关内容的一个重复记忆和思考。

综合语与分析语首先,英语词的形态变化较灵活,比如有灵活多变的前缀和后缀,也有动词和静词词形的变化等。性、格、数、时、体、语态、语气、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、人称、词性等变化都是汉语不具备的,只能借助词语、语序和隐含意义等来实现。其次是英汉语序的不同,英语相对汉语较为灵活,如英语中的次序倒置现象和较为灵活的定语位置。对其逻辑关系而言,汉语习惯“先因后果”,逻辑性较强的英语则按照逻辑性原则排列。英语和汉语虚词都较多,但种类不同,用法不同,各有特点。再者,就是我们最熟知的:英语是注重语调和重音的语言,而汉语则是声调语言,除了四声之外,还注重音节匀称。

刚性与柔性这里刚性和柔性指的分别是英语和汉语的语法。英语是每个句子通常都有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语的主谓结构的语言,句中各成分关系明确,人称、性、数等协调一致。对比之下,汉语则重语感,重变通,句子长短不一,重句子通顺。总之,汉语偏重意会,略于形式,明确体现了其“柔性”。同时,汉语较英语存在较多的歧义现象,这一点也是其偏重意会的思维背景所致。就如林语堂所言:“中国语法,显示出明确的女性特征”。

形合与意合所谓英语的形合,是指其语法意义和逻辑关系都是靠连接词、介词、从句等表现出来的,也就是说,英语注重的是“以形统意”,这一点,仍是因为西方人的思维方式注重逻辑性。而汉语则不受严谨主谓结构的约束,也很少使用关联词语,注重时间和事理的顺序,且多用四字格,属于明显的重形不重意的语言。因此在这一点上较英语而言,汉语较为简洁。

繁复与简短这里指的是句子的长短,英语较繁复,汉语则较短。这与两种语言各自的语法特点关系密切。如,英语中存在大量的从属结构,句子可以向后不断扩展,从句环环相

扣,再加上短语,往往显得句子繁长,其句首封闭,句尾开放的特征也是由于受到亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式的影响。与此同时,中文句子特点是向前延伸或重组分割,也仍旧受到悟性思维模式的影响,通常先摆事实后讲道理,所以语序比较自然,也因此句首开放、句尾收缩;总之,很难像英语那样一直向后扩展延伸,所以中文体现出比较简短的特点。

物称与人称物称与人称分别指的是英语和汉语的主语叙述方法。英语多用非人称或是无人称作主语,因为西方的哲学思维本质是理性主义,所以用非人称这一“旁观者”的角度来体现其客观、严谨、结构严密的特点。而汉语则因“万物皆备于我”“事在人为”的思维模式常常以自我出发来描述事物,有时候也会用隐含人称或省略人称。也正是因为这一特点,英语多采用被动式结构,汉语多用主动形式。

被动与主动英语中的被动句与物称倾向紧密相连,二者相互促进,同时,英语重形合和灵活多变的的特点也增加了被动句的使用频率。尤其是正式文体的被动句使用更多。虽然也有许多学者主张多用主动语态,少用被动语态,因为会使文章显得隐晦、无力,但不得不承认的是,被动式结构仍是英语一大特点。汉语则较少使用被动结构,但也不是没有,比如,我们常常使用“被”、“受”“让”等字来表达被动意义;汉语被动式的使用也受到汉语意义和形式的限制,这也与中国人的思维方式密不可分。所以,在英汉翻译的时候一定要注意这种句式的转换!

静态与动态前面提到过英语中名词化现象较为明显,比如常常把动词等转化或派生成名词使用,动词使用较少,大量非动词的使用使英语呈静态,这样有助于灵活造句,便于表达复杂的思想内容;但也不宜过分堆积名词,使语言失去活力。英语大量名词的使用也造成了介词的大量使用,英语中大量“名词+介词”的表达方式更增强了语言的静态感。相比而言,汉语则倾向于多用动词,比如“我被老师叫到办公室去做检讨”这样的动词连用现象,“蹦蹦跳跳”这样的动词重复现象,都使汉语呈现动态。因此。英汉互译的过程也一定要注意静态与动态的转换。

抽象与具体英语的名词化导致其抽象化,尤其是抽象词语的大量使用,本意是使语言表达显得冷静,含蓄。英语中也借助词缀从动词和形容词派生出大量的抽象名词,都使英语体现抽象性。汉语则擅长具体而形象的表达法,自古以来中国人就注重悟性,习惯于直觉和形象思维,比如,汉字的起源就是象形文字。汉语用词也倾向于具体,遇到抽象名词时常常用动词代替。这也与中国人的“形象思维”和西方人的“抽象思维”密切相关。因此,一般情况下,英译汉时一定要注意“实化”,反之,要注意可以通过意译或引申实现“虚化”。

间接与直接间接指英语表达比较委婉含蓄,汉语倾向于直接。间接的表达方法与西方人追求的含蓄、幽默、审慎是分不开的,是为了显得礼貌和庄重。而中国人则喜爱“贬己尊人”,因此汉语多用敬辞、谦辞和婉言,但这样的表述方式也不如英语里那样流行,近年来汉语学家也一直提倡准确、鲜明的文风。

替换与重复忌重复是英语的一大特点。由于西方人的求异性思维,他们追求标新立异,求异忌同,所以忌讳重复。所以,重复的内容往往采用替代、重复等方式避免。中国自古以来讲究音乐美,所以倾向于重复,也经常会用词语重叠,排比和对偶修辞等来实现重复。这里需要注意的是,中译英时一定要回避过多重复,否则翻译出来的英文只能让人觉得华而不实,词汇贫乏。

了解这些语言特点,也有助于平时的翻译和写作工作。比如,英语注重形合,且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系,所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合,形成复合句或长句;相反,由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化,无拖沓,所以在英译汉时也应当注意,常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用,了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如,英语通常为物做主语,而汉语则为人,所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的,如在写作的时候,

西方人喜欢引用专家学者,尤其是有科学依据的观点,而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的,概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响,形成了中国人的悟性,重人文,轻科学,而西方则讲求逻辑思维,以判断推理为主,提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习,尤其是翻译,不是一蹴而就的,它需要不断地理解学习和练习,更多时候,了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的,因为学习一门语言语言,在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。

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物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。

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毕业论文外文翻译模板

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软件工程论文参考文献 [1] 杜献峰 . 基于三层 B/S 结构的档案管理系统开发 [J]. 中原工学院学报,2009:19-25 [2]林鹏,李田养. 数字档案馆电子文件接收管理系统研究及建设[J].兰台世界,2008:23-25 [3]汤星群.基于数字档案馆建设的两点思考[J].档案时空,2005:23-28 [4]张华丽.基于 J2EE 的档案管理系统设计与实现[J].现代商贸工业. 2010:14-17 [5] 纪新.转型期大型企业集团档案管理模式研究[D].天津师范大学,2008:46-57. [6] 周玉玲.纸质与电子档案共存及网络环境电子档案管理模式[J].中国科技博览,2009:44-46. [7] 张寅玮.甘肃省电子档案管理研究[D]. 兰州大学,2011:30-42 [8] 惠宏伟.面向数字化校园的档案信息管理系统的研究与实现[D]. 电子科技大学,2006:19-33 [9] 刘冬立.基于 Web 的企业档案管理系统的设计与实现[D].同济大学,2007:14-23 [10]钟瑛.浅议电子文件管理系统的功能要素[J]. 档案学通讯,2006:11-20 [11] 刘洪峰,陈江波.网络开发技术大全[M].人民邮电出版社,2005:119-143. [12] 程成,陈霞.软件工程[M].机械工业出版社,2003:46-80. [13] 舒红平.Web 数据库编程-Java[M].西安电子科技大学出版社,2005:97-143. [14] 徐拥军.从档案收集到知识积累[M].是由工业出版社,2008:6-24. [15]Gary P Johnston,David V. Bowen.he benefits of electronic recordsmanagement systems: a general review of published and some unpublishedcases. RecordsManagement Journal,2005:44-52 [16]Keith Gregory.Implementing an electronic records management system: Apublic sector case study. Records Management Journal,2005:17-21 [17]Duranti Luciana.Concepts,Principles,and Methods for the Management of Electronic RecordsR[J].Information Society,2001:57-60.

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