自考unit7

英语二复习精要UNIT 11、word studyobjective,accompany,argue,define错误！未找到引用源。

objectivea.错误！未找到引用源。

客观的，真实的。

错误！未找到引用源。

如实的，无偏见的。

We have to accept the objective reality as it is.我们必须接受客观事实。

The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgement. 文学批评家在分析和评价时应尽量不偏不倚。

n.目标，目的。

People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.人们为了实现第九个五年规划的经济目标而努力工作。

My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.我目前的目标是通过口试。

错误！未找到引用源。

accompanyvt./vi.1、伴随，陪同；2、为。

伴奏The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。

The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.这位孤独的老人让他的狗作伴。

All orders must be accompanied with cash.所有的订货单必须随附现金。

错误！未找到引用源。

arguevt./vi.争辩，争论，辩论作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with,about或over，for（赞成）或against（反对）。

She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。

第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。

2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。

并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。

3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。

4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。

nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。

2019年10月自考《00087英语翻译》复习资料Unit 1 stories1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭.2. average height 普通高度3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲.6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员.7. Chinese Communist Party中国共产党8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语言9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了.10. ‘This is for you,’Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would neverforget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.“这是为你安排的.”这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀. 有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥时, 要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江. 夜幕渐渐降临了, 他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候, 然后突然间, 整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊.11. The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sulliven, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.在我的记忆里, 安妮.曼斯匪尔德.沙利文教师来的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子. 从这一天开始, 我的生活与以前迥然不同, 一想到这一点, 我就感到非常兴奋.12. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.那天下午,我一声不响, 怀着期待的心情站在门廊里.13. Have you been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in ,and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen?I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “light! Give me light!”was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.不知你是否有过这样的经历---在海上航行遇上了大雾,周围一片白,好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方,大船上的人又紧张又着急, 一面用铅锤探测深浅,一面向岸边慢慢驶去, 你的心也怦怦直跳,生怕出事. 我在开始受教育之前, 就像这样一条船, 只是没有罗盘, 没有测探绳, 也无法知道离海港有多远. “光明!给我光明!”这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤, 也就在这时候, 爱心的光芒照到了我的身上.14. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.有个人握住了我的手, 于是我被抱了起来, 紧紧地抈在了她的怀里. 正是她来到我的身边, 将一切展切在我面前, 更重要的是, 是她将爱带给了我.15. monkey-like imitation.猴子模仿似的16. In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk.接下来的几天里, 我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下,学会了拼好些单词, 比如PIN, HAT, CUP 及一些动词, 如SIT, STAND AND WALK.17. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces, I tried vainly to put them together.那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物. 进屋时,我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃. 我摸索着来到壁炉前, 拾起那些碎片, 试图将它们拼接在一起, 却没办到.18. it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.当那感概万千的一天快要结束时, 我躺在自己的小床里, 感受这一天带给我的那些快乐, 我觉得没有人比我更幸福了. 一生中第一次,我期待着新一天的来临.19. 一切旧的传统观念, 一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度.All outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.20. 我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心, 又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样.I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.21.另一个地方On another occasion.22. 长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹, 而我的文章就像一个丑八怪, 不打扮, 看起来倒还顺眼些. Physically attractive people don’t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.22. 我最恨那些盗名欺世, 欺骗读者的谎言。

自考英语二课后习题答案【篇一：自考英语2课后练习答案(已经整理过)】第一部分 text a【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。

之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。

因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。

管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。

虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。

管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。

但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。

有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。

选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。

决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。

例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。

选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。

没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。

如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。

例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。

这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。

在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。

决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。

组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。

由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。

常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。

这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。

Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。

之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。

因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。

管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。

虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。

管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。

但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。

有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。

选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。

决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。

例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。

选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。

没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。

如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。

例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。

这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。

在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。

决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。

组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。

由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。

常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。

这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。

例如，市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道，但从更大的布局来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。

UNIT 1 Text A New words1. critical [ˈkrɪtɪkl] adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2. non-fiction [nɒn 'fɪkʃn] n. 纪实文学3. position [pəˈzɪʃn] n. 观点；态度；立场4. statement [ˈsteɪtmənt] n. 说明；说法；表态5.question['kwestʃən]v. 表示疑问；怀疑out of question / out of the question6. evaluate [ɪ'væljʊeɪt] v. 估计；评价；评估7. context [ˈkɒntekst] n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉8.value ['vælju:] n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观valuableinvaluable=pricelessvalueless9. represent [ˌreprɪ'zent] v. 描述；表现representative [ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv] adj./n.10. assertion [əˈsɜːʃn] n. 明确肯定；断言11. sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的sufficiencyinsufficient12. statistic[səˈfɪʃnt] n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料13. integrate ['ɪntɪɡreɪt] v.（使）合并，成为一体14. authority [ɔ:ˈθɒrəti]n.专家；学术权威；泰斗an/the authority on sth.authorize15. compare [kəm'peə(r)] v. 比较；对比compare A with Bcompare A to B16. subject ['sʌbdʒɪkt] n. 主题；题目；题材17. consistent [kənˈsɪstənt]adj. 相符的；符合的18. inconsistency[ˌɪnkən'sɪstənsɪ] n. 不一致19. assumption [ə'sʌmpʃn] n. 假定；假设20. case[keɪs]n. 具体情况；事例in casein case of firein case that…a case in pointconfirmed/suspected cases21. directly [dəˈrektli] adv. 直接地；径直地22. identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] v. 找到；发现23. valid ['vælɪd]adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的validity [vəˈlɪdəti] n. 有效性，正确（性）invalid24. credible [ˈkredəbl] adj. 可信的；可靠的incredible=unbelievable25. landmark[ˈlændmɑ:k] n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26. relevant [ˈreləvənt] adj. 紧密相关的；切题的relevancy ['reləvənsi:] n. 关联；恰当irrelevant27. current ['kʌrənt] adj. 现时发生的；当前的28. appropriate[ə'prəʊprɪət] adj. 合适的；恰当的inappropriateIt's (not) appropriate that ….29. bias ['baɪəs] n. 偏见；偏心；偏向30. considerably[kənˈsɪdərəbli]adv. 非常；很；相当多地considerconsideringconsiderableconsiderateconsideration31. Democrat n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32. Republican n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33. reflect [rɪ'flekt] v. 显示；表明；表达34. informed[ɪnˈfɔ:md] adj. 有学问的；有见识的well-informedill-informedUNIT 1 Text B New words1. confidence['kɒnfɪdəns] n.自信心；把握相关词：confidentbe confident of sb. / sth.have / lose confidence in sb. / sth.注意比较：confident / confidential2. program ['prəʊɡræm] v. 训练；培养3. mastery ['mɑ:stərɪ] n. 控制；驾驭4. destiny['destənɪ] n. 命运；天命；天数5. dramatically [drə'mætɪklɪ] adv. 巨大地；惊人地；显著地6. quality['kwɒlətɪ] n. 质量；品质7. subconscious [ˌsʌbˈkɒnʃəs]adj. 下意识的；潛意识的8. please[pli:z] v. 使满意；使愉快9. command[kə'mɑ:nd]n.（给人或动物的）命令10. knowingly [ˈnəʊɪŋli]adv. 故意地；蓄意地11. impact ['ɪmpækt] n. 巨大影响；强大作用12. matter['mætə(r)]v. 事关紧要；有重大影响13. confident [ˈkɒnfɪdənt] adj. 自信的；有自信心的14. sense [sens] n.（对重大事情的）感觉，意识15. eliminate[ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] v. 排除；清除；消除eliminate all grammatical mistakesbe eliminated in the first round16. disempower[dɪsɪm'paʊər]v. 剥夺；使失去权利；剥夺力量注意构词法：dis（表示否定）+em（使，赋予）+poweren- / em-常见的动词前缀，如：enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等。

Setting up a business:建立一个公司：独资企业；合资企业；公司；授权经营1.Sole Proprietorship:（A sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled byone person.）A:Simple to Establish;Free in Decision-Making;Easy to Keep Opreational and Financial Secrecy;Less Tax burden;Exclusive Use of Profits.D:Unlimited Liability;Limited Access to Capital;Limited Managerial Expertise. 2.Partnership(Those who believe that”two heads are better than one”often chooseworking in a partnership rather than running their business alone)A:Improved Access to Capital and Credit;Greater Possibility for Good Management;Definite LegalFramework;Better Prospects for Groweh.D:Unlimited Liability;Internal Conflicts;Problem of Continuity.3.Corporation:A:Limited Liability;Easy to Expand;Separated Ownership andManagement;Continuous life;D:Double Taxation;High Organizing Costs;Lack of Secrecy.4.Franchising:A:Instant customer recognition;still enjoy some independence as asole proprietor.D:Do not guarantee success;sacrifice some independence.Marketing: an overview1.The Functions of Marketing 营销的功能：Marketing Research ;Acquiring;Selling;Transportation;Storge;Finance and Credit;Risk Taking;Standardization and Grading.2;The Marketing Mix 营销组合：Product Price Promotion PlaceMarket Segmentation 市场细分：Geographic Variables;Demographic Variables; Psychographic Variables;Produce-use Variables3.Types of products产品分类：Consumer Products ; Industrial Products4.Development of New Products:Generating New Produce Ideas;Screening; Development;Testing;Commercialization5.Product Life Cycle产品的生命周期：Introduction,Growth;Maturity;Decline. Pricing Objectives 定价的目标:Prodit-Oriented Objectives;Sales-Oriented Objectives;Follow-the-Leader Objectives.Princing Strategies定价策略:Skimming Strategy;Penetration Strategy;Loss Leader Pricing Stratrgy;Odd Pricing Strategy;Price Lining Strategy.Wholesalers 批发商1.Retailers零售商:Department Stoeres;Discount Srores;Supermarkete;Hypermarkets; General Stoers;Specialty Stores;Door-to-Door Sellers;Mail-Order Houses;Vending Machines;Virtual Stores.2.The Cost and Value of Middlemen 中间商的价值Time Utility ; Place Utility ; Ownersship Utility ; Information Utility ; Form Utility 3.Modes of Transportation 运输方式：Rail;Truck;Pipeline;Water;Air.Promotion1.Advertising:Newspaper,Television,Radio,Direct,Mail,Magazines,Internet,Outdoor, Others2.Personal Selling:Prospect,Quqlify,Approach,Make Presentation,Handle Objections, Close,Follow-up.Money and Banking1.Money:portability,divisibility,stability,durability,acceptability.Printed paper纸币，metal coins硬币2.what does money do?medium of exchange，a store of value,a unit of account3.Types of Money钱的分类:M-1:currency,demand deposits,and other checkabledeposits现金，活期存款，支票存款;Time deposits定期存款。

Unit 7T ext AFamilies“Family”_ the word has different meanings f or different people, and even the di ctionary gives us sev eral definitions: “a group of people related by blood or marriage,’’“two adults and their children,’’“ all those people descended f rom a common ancestor,’’“ a household,’’ and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father, and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others, having a family simply means having children. Some f amilies have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every f amily has a sense of what a f amily is. It is that f eeling of belonging, of love and security that comes f rom living together, helping and sharing.There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended f amilies. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and f ather) and thei r children. The mother and f ather f orm the nucleus, or cent er, of the nuclear family. The children stay in the nuclear f amily until they grow up and marry. Then they f orm new nuclear families.The extended f amily is very large. There are of t en many nuclear families in one extended f amily. An extended f amily includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended f amily are related by blood (grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands, wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended f amily are called relatives.Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the f amily home in order to f ind work. In industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but most extended f amilies do not live together. Theref ore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended f amily as the society industrializ es: In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear f amily is changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want f ewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the f ather of a nucl ear family earned money f or the family while the mother cared for house and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear f amilies in the United States are two-earner families_ both the f ather and the mother earn money f or the f amily_ and in a f ew families the mother earns the money while the f ather takes care of the house and the children. Many nuclear f amilies are also “splitting up’’ _ more and more parents are getting divorced.What will be the result of this “ splitting”of the nuclear f amily? Social scientists now talk of two new f amily f orms: the single parent f amily and the remarried f amil y. Almost 20% of all American f amilies are single parent f amilies, and in 85% of these f amilies the single parent is the mother.Most single parents f ind it very dif f i cult to take care of a f amily alone, so they soon marry again and f orm remarried f amilies. As social scientists study these two new f amily f orms, they will be able to tell us more about the f uture of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. (565 words) (3) (23)T ext BThe Changing American FamilyThe f amily is important to people all over the world although the structure of the family is quite different from one count ry to another. In the United States, as in many countries in the world, the f amily is changing. A generation or two ago, the traditional f amily, in which the f ather was boss, was customary. Now the modern f amily, in which both the f ather and the mother are equal partners, is more common. Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern f amily, there are also some very important diff erences.The traditional f amily of yesterday and the modern f amily of today have several similarities. The traditional f amily was a nuclear f amily, and the modern f amily is, too. The role of the father in the traditional f amily was to provide f or his f amily. Similarly, the f ather in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in the traditional family took care of the children’s physical and emotional needs just as the modern mother does.On the other hand, there are some great diff erences between the traditional f amily and the modern f amily. The f irst important dif ference is in the man’s role. The traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who worked outside the home. If the wi f e worked f or pay, then the husband was not considered to be a good provider. In many f amilies today, both husband and wif e work f or pay. Theref ore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his working wi fe. Also, the traditional husband did not help his wif e with the housework or m eal preparation. Dinner was ready when he cam e home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual f or him to cook.The second diff erence is in the woman’s role. In the traditional f amily, the woman may have worked f or pay during her f irst years of marriage. However, af ter she becam e pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care of her family and home. In contrast, in many f amilies today, the modern woman works outside the home even af ter she has children. She’s doing two jobs instead of one, so she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wif e learned to live within her husband’s income. On the other hand, the modern wif e does not have to because the f amily has two incomes.The f inal difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional f amily, the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a traditional f amily were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get ready f or school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready f or school. Their mother is busy getting ready f or work, so they may even have to make their own breakfast.In conclusion, the American family of today is diff erent f rom the f amily of f i f ty years ago. In the modern f amily, the roles of the f ather, mother, and children have changed as more and more women work outside the home. The next century may bring more important changes to the American f amily structure. In should be interesting to see.(614 words) (6)(17)。

英语（一）1-5章课后习题汉译英部分答案Unit 11 Reseraches show that successful language learners are similar in many ways.2 Language learning is active learning,learners should take advantage of chances to use the language.3 Learning a language(Language learning) should be active,independent and purposeful.4 Learning a language is different from learning math.5 Our teachers often offer(tell) some successful experiences in learning a language to us.1 They find it hard to master a foreign language.2 The research shows that those who succeed are similar in many ways.3 Successful language learners do not just depend on books or teachers.4 We are willing to help our friends.5 We should(must) learn new things independently,actively and purposely.Unit 21 Paying taxes is a responsibility of each citizen.2 Americans often say that there are two things can be sure of(or can not escape from) in life.3 It is because there are three levels of government in the United States that there are three types of taxes.4 Some states charge(or have) income tax(es) in addition to sales tax(es).5 Americans complain that (the)taxes are too high and the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.1 China leads the world with its silk products.2 Some states charge sales tax(es) in addition to income tax(es).3 Sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4 People are always complalining about the rise in the price(or the increasing prices).5 His mother said that he spent too much time on TV every day.Unit 31 There are 1000 visitors on the averagy every day.2 The Atlantic Ocean is half as big as the Pacific,but it is more than 4000 miles wide.3 It took him a long time to fall asleep last nightl.4 There are so many advertisements on TV that it is hard to remember how many there are.5 Many wrong ideas made people in Columbus’s age unwilling to sail west.1 The sailors were afraid(that) they might meet with the bad weather.2 The mountain is half as high as (the) Mount Tai.3 On the average,there are 45 students in each class of school.4 The climate affects the growing of plants(the plants’ growing).5 My work keeps piling up.Unit 41 It is hard(difficult) for you to remember information that does not make any sense to you.2 Association refers to associating information that we want to remember with information we have remembered.3 Categorizing the words helps (to) remember them.4 Needless to say,if the book in the library are kept in random order,readers couldn’t (can’t) find the books they want.5 Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help to preserve a memory.1 Their research mainly focuses on adults’ learning techniques(or technologies and skills)l2 It is meningful to know how to use these phrases.3 The group of adults(The adult group) consists of 155 persons.4 Needless to say,we all know the facts clearly.5 Memory refers to the ability to remember the past events and experiences.6 I always associate that song with my school life.Unit 51 During the World War Ⅱ the soldiers ate a great number of potatoes.2 There is a wrong idea that eating some kind of animal can make people get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.3 It is to be proved(or It has not been proved) whether fish is the best brain food.4 Milk contains rich protein,and many people drink it for breakfast.5 Today,a great many people have(hold) wrong ideas about some kind of food.1 We have not found a substitute for him.2 Children are eager to become as strong and brave as heroes in films(or in the film).3 He is supposed to be a person who runs fastest among us.4 Some stories are widespread,while(but) others are not.5 As a matter of fact,meat and potatoes can be eaten together.6 People often think of a school as a small society.英语（一）6-10章课后习题汉译英部分答案Unit 61 It is well known that diamonds are the hardest substances.2 Most diamonds today are not found in steam beds;they are mined from rock fomations deep inside the earth.3 Diamonds,as they are mined,do not look very impressive.4 He often does not stick to doing anything.5 The eruption of an active vocano is a terrible phenomnon.1 Please sort out what you want and throw away the rest.2 The price of the elevator is somewhat higher than they have expected.3 The pictures are very popular with young people.4 He stopped writing because his pen had run out of ink.5 Experienced people can immediatelly tell which one is true.Unit 71 There are many single parent families and remarried familiesin the United States.2 Undoubtedly,the extended family is related by blood and marriage.3 The nuclear family in China usually consists of father,mother and their single child.4 Family means a sense of belonging for both the young and the old.5 Most people are unwilling to live with their parents when they grow up.1 In today’s families,both the father and the mother earn money for the faimily.2 She is a teather,while her brother is an engineer.3 Traditionally,Chinese young people live with their parents until they grow up and marry.4 All my teachers care for my progress in study.5 In somoe families,both parents work and take care of the house and children.6 This group was split into two because it was too large.7 They are going to extend their research in this field.8 She divorced her husband two years ago.Unit 81 Information stored in the computer can be transmitted via satellite to a user.2 Today,a single satellite is capable of receiving and transmitting 18,000 telephone calls simultaneously.3 The new high technology helps us and also harm us.4 In order to meet the 21st century,is very important to learn computer well.5 The purpose of learning a new technology lies in applying it.1 Satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts,but also telephone calls.2 In theory,everyone can receive and education.3 You should follow the doctor’s instructions on how to take the medicine.4 The computer system can transmit sounds as well as pictures simultaneously.5 It is the modern technology that learns us to success.6 This patient should be isolated from other patients.7 This soldier displayed his bravery and skills.8 His experiments have fully demonstrated the psychological principle.Unit 91 Popular words belong to everyone.2 On the other hand,language has a number of learned words.3 The atmosphere of these two classes of words is quite different.4 There are some words,which we know after we grew up.5 We have learned some popular words before we were able to read.1 Success belongs to those who apply themselve to work.2 Having got to that country,he found there is little occasion to speak Chinese.3 The mutual understanding is of great importance to friendship.4 There are nno two leaves which are the same in the world.5 When I say they are friends,I do not mean they share everything.6 The meeting concerned trade and agriculture.7 If the situation goes worse,a serious problem may come up.8 I prefer to go there today rather than tomorrow.9 Automobiles are made up of many different parts.10 The escaped prisoner is still at large.Unit 101 The principle of the “cause-and-effect” relationship helps to solve some scientific problems.2 Rapid developments int science stimulate many enterprises to seek a new way out.3 Respect for the views of others is alse a scientific attitude.4 Opne-mindedness means an ability to accept new and sometimes even disagreeable ideas.5 Chidren are always curious about everything.1 Man wondered why a bird could fly,but man couldn’t.2 The child took apart the toy,but he didn’t know how to put it together.3 Regardless of what will happen,they will carry out this experiment.4 Although she was very tired,she was still willing ot help others.5 We shouldn’t laugh at those who have made mistakes.6 We are determined to seek the answer to these problems.7 In the light of our present knowledge,the finding may be regarded as acceptable.8 You should adapt yourself to the new environment.英语（一）11-15章课后习题汉译英部分答案Unit 111 Many people in Beijing have made early morning shopping into a hobby.2 I ran across his earlier works at a second-hand store.3 You wouldn’t believe someone will buy someone else’s cast-offs.4 Not long ago,he came up with a workable plan.5 We are bound to win the battle.1 This store has put up many signs in the neighbourhood.2 Some people are fed up with modern city life and have moved to the countryside.3 Last weed I run across a friend of mine in the park.4 Without having money on him,he is bound to return back.5 He is faced with a very serious problem now.6 All the useless items should be got rid of.7 Our duty is to meet the ever-increasing needs of our people.8 All the goods are priced at a half part of their original price.9 The music really turns me off.10 He has clearly set out his views in this book.Unit 121 A good dictionary should be regularly added with new content.2 The writing of each word in a dictionary is based on a certain rule.3 The task of writing a dictionary begins with reading vast amounts of materials and making cards.4 Not all dictionaries have their authority.5 I was got into a dispute with an Englishman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.1 It is widely believed that the language is continuously developing and changing.2 She was regarded as the doctor in town.3 In the library these books are placed according to the authors’ names.4 These children are deeply influenced by their parents.5 They disputed the reality of my conclusion.6 The child was brought up in a distant mountian village.7 It is not always necessary for you to look up in a dictionary when you meet a new word.8 Once you get into a bad habit,you will difficulty get rid of it.9 To the best of my knowledge,it is not absurd to have the idea that fish is best brain food. Unit 131 Insurance reminds us that we live in an unsafe world.2 People are unwilling to discuss insurance for three reasons.3 We should not depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurances.4 although accident,illness and death are not pleasant subjects,we must face them.5 An American spends as much as $2,000 buying health insurance every year.1 When a stranger is at your door,you should be on guard.2 In fact,we spent almost as much time in searching for this book as we read it.3 Her letter reminds me of the good time that we spent together.4 Except few professional insuers,most people don’t entirely understand what insurance is.5 This method has been proven to be still effective.6 At best,he can do half as many as he did last year.7 It occurred to me that he had not paid his income taxes for two months.8 He specializes in Motor Engineering in this college.Unit 141 They are not aware that this behavior can bother other.2 You must pay attention to your behavior in public places.3 Good manners are formed from childhood.4 If one doesn’t follow the social consensus,he can’t contact with others.5 Good cultivation helps you succeed in business.1 He fell asleep when he was listening to the long and boring report.2 They are not even aware that it is not a good habit.3 We should learn to respect others to avoid friction or conflict.4 They swore that no matter what happened,they would fulfil the task.5 The rude people will pay the price sooner or later.6 I’m not thirsty.Don’t bother to make tea for me.7 I’m deeply impressed by his attitude to his work.Unit 151 Violent films have great effect on preschool children.2 Parents should monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their children watch.3 Preschool children are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality.4 It is a good idea for parents to sit by their children’s side and give them some guidance when their children are watching TV programs.5 It’s proved by evidence that violent programs on television have bad effect on children’s growing up.1 The peace talks have long-lasting effects on the relationa between the two countries.2 Given good health,I hope to finish the work this year.3 I must point out that it is not a reality not to make any mistakes.4 Many young people are crazy about football.5 I think your plan is very good.But is there any other alternative?6 We should learn to distinguish the right from the wrong.7 You can interpret the term in many ways.8 He adopted a determined attitude toward this matter.9 What the mother said implied that her children might watch TV twice a week.10 His work is to monitor the broadcast of a certain foreign radio station.英语（一）16-20章课后习题汉译英部分答案Unit 161 More and more people are realizing that preventing the heart disease is more important than treating it.2 There is no doubt that many patients have benefited from regular exercise like walking,running,swimming and so on.3 The emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten years.4 The result of recent research shows that stress,smoking and a lack of exercise are the main factors that cause the heart disease.5 A federal government office said that the chances of success in the heart surgery were not high.1 In the past twenty years,China has developed at a high speed.2 The technological advances enable people to live more comfortably and happily.3 There is no doubt that people pay more and more attention to health.4 People often encourage children to imagine rather than imitate.5 We must rely on our own efforts to convert the result of research into productivity.6 As a result of sufficient preparation,the heart operation was performed successfully.7 Students benefit much from his lecture.8 Who should take full responsibility for this action?Unit 171 Panic attacks may last a few minutes or several hours.2 Heart attacks are most likely to endanger the v ictim’s life.3 Age,sex and the multiplicity of symptoms are the three factors that distinguish panic attacks and heart attacks.4 There are some explanations as to the causes of panic attacks,but they are similar in two points.5 The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.1 These days he has been suffering from headache constantly.2 There are now a lot of explanations as to the cause of this illness.3 Studies show that people who drink a lot as well as those who smoke are more likely to suffer from heart attacks.4 Some bad habits of life may endanger one’shealth.5 It is fairly necessary for some patients to seek psychological help.6 As yet we can not rule out the possibility of earthquake.7 The floor is too thin to bear the weight of the machine.8 The news about signing an agreement has not been confirmed.9 The endless argument eventually disrupted our plan.10 The author’s name mention ed several times in this article.Unit 181 I didn’t know the truth until I read your report.2 The goods will be posted to you in accordance with your requirements.3 The European Church interfered seriously with the advance of science in the Middle Ages.4 Today it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature the north at the top.5 He drove hurriedly in the direction of the Pole Star.1 I didn’t find that the children weren’t in their bedroom until midnight.2 Our conclusion is based on all available knowledge,rather than guess or imagination.3 She told us her past in the form of story.4 His estimate is far from being accurate.5 In accordance with the arrangement,we’ll go to visit the Summer Palace today.6 You can place full reliance on his promise.7 His point of view is just for your reference.8 In the past two years,they have attempted many scientific experiments.Unit 191 The natural enviroment in which animals live has been becoing worse.2 Hunters often hunt for their own purpose,regardless of the public living environment.3 If there are no natural reserves,it is likely that animals will become extinct.4 Countless examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed.5 Creating wildlife reserves is another effective measure to protect animals.1 He finds is very difficult to keep pace with the progess of physics.2 Now China can compete with most countries in the world.3 Provided we work hard,there is every likelihood that we can do better.4 More and more people are concerned about our natural environment.5 This warship is armed with nuclear weapons.6 I’ll tell you the truth provided you don’t reveal it to anyone.7 We are very glad that he could survive the heart attack.8 The danger can’t be ignored t hat tigers may become extinct in our country.Unit 201 Does this mean that most members of our society should go to jail?2 Real life is much more complex than what is described on TV.3 Though some acts don’t hurt anybody,they hurt our society.4 The police would never be able to keep an eye on every citizen,but every citizen should observe the laws conscientiously.5 Honesty comes from social pressure,and it is helpful to the security of society.1 The prices of these goods range from several dollars to several hundred dollars.2 In addition to the apples you want,I alse bought some oranges for you.3 His foreign friend has become used to living in China.4 Americans first take soup and end up with fruits when they eat meals.5 There is a stranger outside the house,I have been keeping an eye on him for a while.6 Bring an umbrella with you in case of raining.7 Can you tolerate the fraud?8 Crops are being threatened by the continuous drought.9 The company threatened the residents by cutting off the water supply.10 He doesn’t care about the price,so long as the quality is high.英语（一）21-25章课后习题汉译英部分答案Unit 211 Our everyday speech is made up in large part of uncertain words.2 The word “several” means different things in different contexts.3 Age can also influence one’s understanding imprecise words.4 The experiments show that the radio increases systemacally with age.5 Fat or thin,tall or short are also imprecise words.1 Our soldiers know how to pin down the enemy.2 He often compares himself with his classmates in his class.3 He is not so much a singer,as a music composer.4 If the manager is absent,who will be in him place?5 It is out of the question for Tom to finish the whole exam paper whithin two hours.Unit 221 Some people believe that doing physical exercise is totally a waste of time.2 I know exercise is very impo rtant,but I have no facilities,and my family don’t support me.3 The top health condition may help you to increase your confidence in your career.4 Although fitness will not guarantee that you will live longer,it can help you enjoy life.5 Pro or con,involvement in fitness exercise is beneficial to health.1 He set aside half an hour for us to ask questions.2 Further researches assured us that the result was correct.3 The famous author is engaged in writing a novel.4 The reason for the flood was the heavy rain.5 The young man was capable of finding the correct approach to the problem.Unit 231 Body language does not use words to express.2 Both the western and the eastern have the same understanding of some body language signals.3 Body language is very much tied to culture.4 In communication,misunderstanding of gestures or facial expresions may tend to cause embarrassment.5 In many countries,nodding indicates approval while shaking one’s head stands for dsiapproval.1 He was embarrassed for lack of money.2 What was his reaction to the news?3 With the help of the PLA men,the fire was soon brought under control.4 His speech won the approval of the audience.5 Don’t fiddle with my recorder.6 One’s likes and dislike s may change with surroundings.7 He frowned at her impatience.Unit 241 More than 2,000 rainforest plants are benificial in curing cancer.2 The destroying of large areas of rainforest plants does great damage to the balance of ecosystems inevitably.3 Most countries where rainforests are located are very poor and overpopulated.4 One solution to this problem is to cancel their international debts.5 The richer countries should use more recycled paper to reduce the damand for wood.1 We should double our efforts to speed up our socialist construction.2 The visit of the leader of this country will contribute much to the mutual understanding between the two nations.3 Because two sides had not reached an agreement,the talk had to be cancelled.4 In the face of danger,they showed great courage.5 Last but not least,we have to find a peaceful solution to this question.6 His success owes not to his fortune,but to his ability.7 Many English words derive from French.Unit 251 Cry is usually considered as characteristic of the female.2 That men don’t cry doesn’t mean that they are unable to cry.3 In the whole of animated nature,only the human species can shed tears when crying.4 It is unnecessary to cry whenever one wants to cry,but one should be able to cry when oen ought to cry.5 It is not a good idea to train little boys not to cry in their early childhood.1 Honesty is characteristic of children.2 The father disapproved of the marriage of this daughter to that poor young man.3 Necessity is mother to invention.4 Smith returned to his hometown,among other things,to see his mother.5 They could not in the least understand the principle.6 With regard to the price,we thought of it to be too high.。

Chapter 3200215. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixesC20. Almost ,all affixes are ________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.BoundV. Define the following terms. (10%)45. allomorphSome morphemes, however,are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Suggested answers: Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, whilederivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.50. Analyse the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner.suggested answers:Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 2004.19. Morphemes which are identical with root words are considered to be ______.Free200513. Structurally a（）is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.A. morphemeB. stemC. wordD. compoundA14. Unlike affixes,（）are often free morphemes.A. suffixesB. prefixesC. inflectional morphemesD. rootsD46. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples. Prefixation does not change the word-class of the the stem. It only modifies its meaning, . treat—maltreat.Suffixation changes the word-class instead of its meaning. . play-player.20117. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is ______.( )A. morphemeB. affixesC. rootD. stemA9. The plural morpheme "-s" is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.( ) A. packs B. bagsC. cheatsD. shipsB42. derivational affixAffixes added to other morphemes to create new words.20097．The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.（）A．/t/ B．/g/C．/p/ D．/k/B8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．twoC．three D．fourC9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（）A．works B．prewarC．postwar D．bloodyAⅣ．Define the following terms.51．morphemeThe smallest functional unit in the composition of words.20085. The root of the word “antecedent”is ______. （）A. ante-B. -ced-C. -dentD. -entB16. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ________ morphemes.inflectional17. The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.prefix46. What is suffixation? Give an example to illustrate your point46. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to sterms. Suffixes generally change the word class. For example, “play” is a verb, but “player” becomes a noun when the suffix –er is added to the stem “employ”.(chapter 1)2013年全国自考英语词汇学试题1. which of the following is NOT true?A. A word is the smallest free form of a LanguageB. A word is a sound unityC. A word has a given meaningword can be used freely in a sentence2. By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words, which of the following words belongs to functional words?A. fiveB. Sun. C . Run D. And3. Which of the following words is neologism?A. Dip( p15)B. Thou,C. InternetD. Bottom line31. In terms of the origin of words,words may fall intonative words and words.2012年7月全国自考英语词汇学试题1. Words can be classified into the basic word stock and non basic vocabulary by ______. 【】A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. grammar2. In formal use, “pot” means “cooking utensil”. Whereas, when it means “marijuana”, it is a ______. 【】 p14 chapter 1A. jargonB. terminologyC. slangD. argot3. Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. For example, the English expression “long time no see” is from ______. 【】 chapter 1A. LatinB. ChineseC. GreekD. French31. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______.全国2011年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码:00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. The development of English vocabulary can bedivided into the following particular historical period EXCEPT ______. ( )A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. New EnglishD. Modern English2. The definition of a word comprises the following points ______ . ( )(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentenceA. (1) and (2)B. (1) (2) and (3)C. (2) (3) and (4)D. (1) (2) (3) and (4)3. Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, . foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is ______ . ( )A. productivityB. polysemyC. stabilityD. collocabilityChapter two:2000年most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.（）A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.（）A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Helleniclanguage used in England between 450 and 1150 called _________________.(Angles,Saxon, Jutes), Old English2004年6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______.A. the growth of science and technology, economic and political changesC. the influence of other cultures and languagesD. all the above7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and CDA2005年8. From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to（）看分布图或p24A. GermanB. FrenchC. ScottishD. Irish15. The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French, Latin,（）p32A. Scandinavian and ItalianB. Greek and ScandinavianC. Celtic and GreekD. Italian and Spanish20. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to___________.. 15002006年9.Both English and _________ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.（）看分布图或p24A. CelticB. DansihC. FrenchD. ScottishNorman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of ___________ words into English.B, (CELTIC --Scottish) (Italic---French), French.2008年3. Identify the word that is of Scandinavian origin among the following. （）p26A. SkirtB. DressC. ModelD. Status4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? （）A. Old English was a highly inflected language.B. Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contribute to thegrowth of English vocabularyC. The word cloak is of French origin.D. Modern English is a synthetic language.２００９4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（）A．green revolution B．fast foodC．moon walk D．space shuttle6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（）A．four B．fellC．for D．autumn42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.B(social, economic,political…).D，creation20111. The development of English vocabulary can be divided into the following particular historical period EXCEPT ______. ( )A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. New EnglishD. Modern English4. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and ______ . ( )P23 A. India B. the Far EastC. the West AsiaD. America5.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a newupsurge of learning ancient Greek and ______ classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. ( )P28A. IndiaB. GermanC. RomanD. Chinese6. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( )A. Old English was a highly inflected language.B. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.C. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern English period.D. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.C,A(P23),C,B(English, Latin,French)。