中山大学分子生物学2012,2018年考博真题

2012哈尔滨医科大学，肿瘤外科真题回忆，完整版（公共+腹外）公共部分：一. 名解1.癌的启动2.肿瘤促进剂3.细胞分化4.奢侈基因5.单核苷酸多态性SNP6.肿瘤的演进7.肿瘤转移8.肿瘤特异性抗原9.信号传导10.肿瘤细胞的永生性二.简答1.肿瘤血管与正常血管异常2.遗传性肿瘤与散发肿瘤区别3.肿瘤抗原出现的分子机制4.癌基因按功能分类5.化学预防剂的防癌机制腹外部分一.名解1.ypTNM2.CME3.胃癌N3a期4.AFP5.前哨淋巴结微转移二.简答1.结肠癌穿孔按病理和临床表现分哪三类型2大肠癌可切除肝转移NCCN2012治疗策略3.结肠癌2期高危因素4.原发性肝癌的病理类型5.胰头癌的表现6.乳头溢液有哪些疾病7.影像引导下乳腺肿块微创活检的注意事项8.前哨淋巴结宏转移的意义和腋窝处理9.早期胃癌的内镜表现10.NCCN中国版胃癌手术原则三.论述1.预防吻合口瘘的关键因素2.进展期胃癌综合治疗趋势3.乳腺癌新辅助化疗的意义和注意事项中山大学2012考博肿瘤学试题:1 增强CT的作用?2 简述癌基因激活的方式3 肿瘤多药耐药性及发生机制4 简述与人类肿瘤有关的病毒并举例说明.选答题:1 肿瘤的三级预防2 简述抗肿瘤的化学药物近期毒性及处理3 食管癌的放疗原则4 抗肿瘤新靶点药物5 霍奇金和非霍奇金淋巴瘤的区别？6 乳腺癌的放疗？北京协和医学院学院2012年肿瘤学专业真题回忆一：名词解释1PET-CT 2 肉瘤样癌3RECIST 4 肺隔离病二判断三单项选择四不定项选择五填空，较多，记不清了，只要看过书，相对比较简单六简答：1 谈谈不同影像学检查在胃肿瘤诊断和分期中的作用2 谈谈在临床工作中你如何解读病理报告七论述题1 小细胞肺癌的综合治疗原则2 如何鉴别以纵膈淋巴结肿大为特征的淋巴瘤、结节病及肺癌纵膈淋巴结转移2012年山东大学医学院肿瘤学（E卷）一、名词3*101 gross tumor volume2 IGRT3 PSA4 Gene therapy5 HPV6 Carcinoma in situ7 SRS8 SAD9 Adoptive cellulor immuntherapy10 Apoptosis二简答8*61 树突状细胞抗肿瘤的机制2 与肿瘤侵袭有关的因素3 细胞周期及对放疗敏感性4 早期乳腺癌手术指征及放疗指征5 各种肿瘤浸润的特点6 食管癌放疗过程中的副反应及处理原则三论述题11*21 现代肿瘤放射治疗学的进展2 乳腺癌治疗原则及内分泌治疗策略2012武汉大学肿瘤学专业——肿瘤学试题（完整版）问答题1. 应用联合化疗药物的配伍原则（10分）2 恶性肿瘤的分期及意义是什么（10分）3 恶性肿瘤的特征有哪些（10分）4 试以乳腺癌为例说明肿瘤外科治疗的原则（10分）5 说明肿瘤的三级预防（20分）6 什么是询证医学？其证据如何分级？（20分）7 病例分析：患者，女性，65岁，体检发现右下肺一1.5cm结节，无吸烟史，既往有糖尿病史，血糖控制在8.0mmol/l。

2012年中山大学考博英语试题回忆中山大学2012年博士入学考试于3月10日11日两天结束。

一直比较懒，现在看到群里在讨论，整理如下。

根据考场，大体估计有三千来人参加考试。

你有心的话，就去看看官网上排的考场吧。

我看大约一百多个。

考试地点在海珠校区一号教学楼和逸夫楼。

提醒各位，如果要报的话，在那两天想住的好点就要定房的。

大体介绍题型：一。

阅读理解，共30分，六篇，每篇5个小题，每个小题1分。

难度低于六级。

有两篇考研真题。

二。

完型填空，共10分，二十个空，而且是不带选择项的。

每空0.5分。

难度一般。

三。

排序题，共15分，十个选项(a-j)中选出五个来，每个3分。

有些难。

内容是关于剑桥大学。

四。

英译汉,共15分，从一段文章中划出五句话来，每句话3分。

难度一般。

五。

汉译英，共10分，一小段，大约有连着的五句话。

国内政治方面的内容。

内容记住的一点点是：关于社会稳定，人民生活水平提高了，收入差距拉大，但是，仍然没有造成大的社会不稳定，也是由于穷人的生活水平也相应提高了。

(这是大意，不是原句子，有心的可以去网上找找有没有相关内容。

)六。

作文，共20分。

有两个话题，只能选一个回答。

今年的是views contradict .第二个话题的，没怎么懂意思。

根据我的理解是和自己看法一致的意见容易接受，看法不一致的不容易接受。

你同意哪种观点。

(我没看懂。

)下面，把自己还能记住的，还有在群里收集到的相关内容贴出来。

我的大脑不是硬盘，总会记忆有出入，如果给各位造成了误导，请尊重下我整理资料的辛苦。

同时，如果今年参加考试的战友，欢迎帮我改正。

下面是在群里看到大家找的回忆版：现贴出来：阅读理解的(没有按试卷题号排)阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changedin the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2(这个是考研题)American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.[B]. is but all too natural in language development.[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes[A]. modesty.[B]. personality.[C]. liveliness.[D]. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's[A]. interest in their language.[B]. appreciation of their efforts.[C]. admiration for their memory.[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.[B]. “radical” is to “conservative”.[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.[D]. “humble” is to “noble”难句解析：①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。

九、耳鼻咽喉科学（一）名词解释1.Corti 器2.OSAHS3.Reinke 间隙4.半月裂孔5.贝佐尔德（Bezold）脓肿6.鼻道7.鼻肺反射8.鼻前庭9.鼻丘10.鼻阈11.鼻中隔偏曲12.传动性聋13.胆脂瘤14.窦口鼻道复合体15.腭扁桃体16.耳聋17.耳硬化症18.负压置换法19.光锥20.喉弹性圆锥（elastic cone）21.喉阻塞22.呼吸暂停低通气指数23.交替性鼻塞24.胶耳26.利特尔区（黎氏区）27.林纳试验（RT）28.梅尼埃病（Meniere’s disease）29.三凹征30.筛漏斗31.筛前神经痛32.生理性鼻周期33.声带小结34.声门裂35.声门旁间隙36.声门区37.声门上区38.声门下区39.四凹征40.听骨链41.听力曲线（纯音听阈图）42.听阈43.蛙鼻44.危险三角区45.韦氏误听46.吴氏鼻-鼻咽静脉丛47.吸气型呼吸困难48.腺样体面容49.响度重振（recruitment phenomenon）50.嗅裂、嗅沟51.牙源性上颌窦炎52.咽淋巴内环53.咽峡54.咽隐窝55.易出血区56.增殖体面容58.总鼻道（二）简答题1.鼻出血病因及止血方法2.鼻咽癌病因、临床表现及治疗方法3.扁桃体切除术适应征和禁忌症，手术并发症4.变应性鼻炎发病机制，分类，临床表现，并发症，治疗方法，该如何选用抗生素5.耳源性颅内外并发症6.喉的生理功能7.喉阻塞病因、临床表现，分级、检查和治疗原则8.急性扁桃体炎鉴别诊断9.急性会厌炎病理、临床表现及治疗10.慢性鼻窦炎的症状、鼻窦炎性头痛的特征、治疗原则及其方法11.慢性单纯性鼻炎和慢性肥厚性鼻炎鉴别12.气管、支气管异物临床表现13.三种慢性化脓性中耳炎鉴别，各型的临床特点和治疗原则14.上颌窦恶性肿瘤临床表现和治疗15.小儿喉部解剖16.咽的生理功能17.蝶窦各壁的毗邻关系18.成人食道生理狭窄的成因及距门齿距离19.化脓性中耳炎并发症20 慢性肥厚型鼻炎的临床表现和治疗21.急性化脓性中耳炎的临床表现和治疗22.腺样体肥大的临床表现23.气管切开术的适应症，并发症及处理24.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症的定义及标准25.人体感知声音的过程26.慢性分泌性中耳炎的病因、症状、体征、治疗原则、治疗方法27.急性鼻窦炎的疼痛特点28.耳聋的分级29.林纳试验（－）的临床意义及见于哪些疾病30.咽淋巴结内环包括什么31.鼓室 6 壁结构32.列举有声嘶的十种疾病33.鼻源性框内并发症34.功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术的原理35.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的病因和治疗36.颈淋巴结分区（1991 美国耳鼻喉头颈外科学标准）37.耳源性颅内外并发症病因及感染扩散途径38.鼻窦炎的分型各型最常由哪些病原菌引起临床上该如何选用抗生素39.急性鼻窦炎的发生与鼻窦解剖特点的关系40.急性化脓性鼻窦炎与鼻窦解剖结构有何关系41.鼻内镜手术的并发症42.鼻窦分组及开口43.扁桃体周脓肿的临床表现和治疗44.简述扁桃体血管45.慢性喉炎的临床表现及分型46.小儿急性喉炎临表鉴别诊断和治疗原则47.喉癌的转移途径48.分别列举出可以引起传导性聋和感音神经性聋各 5 种疾病49.小儿急性化脓性中耳炎的诊断标准和治疗原则50.慢性化脓性中耳炎的分类，临床特点，鉴别诊断和治疗原则51.咽鼓管生理功能52.ST(+)见于哪些情况53.施瓦巴赫实验的结果54.韦氏错听定义及原理55.食管四个狭窄部位和成因56.颈淋巴结清扫术分类57.特异性免疫疗法58.简述面神经的分支59.胆脂瘤的临床特点及囊袋内陷学说60.典型部位的鼻咽癌伴耳部症状61.喉癌的诊断依据、进一步的检查、鉴别诊断、治疗方法62.小儿急性喉炎、诊断及根据、还需做什么检查、有哪些鉴别诊断、治疗63.耳硬化的临床表现64.写出用间接喉镜检查喉部可见到的结构名称65.外耳道分哪几部分，各部分的比例如何66.何谓窦口鼻道复合体67.小儿喉炎较成人更易呼吸困难的原因十、眼科学（一）简答题（6 选 5 作答）1.单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎的临床表现以及治疗2.糖尿病视网膜病变的临床分期3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现4.急性闭角型青光眼的临床分期以及症状5.引起白瞳症的眼科疾病有哪些6.视网膜萎缩的病因（二）翻译关于角膜内皮（corneal endothelium）的一篇文章2018 年中山大学眼科学复试真题（一）名词解释ber 氏病2.圆锥角膜3.屈光不正4.樱桃红斑5.共同性斜视（二）简答题1.后发性白内障的病因和治疗2.原发性开角型青光眼的治疗3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现和治疗4.带状疱疹性眼炎的发病机制和临床表现5.屈光手术的新进展（三）翻译1.英译中：视神经的损伤相关内容2.中译英：眼部疾病的发病因素，如白内障和年龄的关系十一、皮肤病与性病学2018 年中山大学第三附属医院皮肤病与性病学复试真题（一）名词解释（都是英文）1.白癜风2.crest 综合征3.溃疡（二）简答题1.痤疮的病因2.足癣的分型和临床表现3.寻常型天疱疮的组织病理和免疫病理4.带状疱疹的临床表现。

2012北医专业基础—病理生理学（原题）一、名词解释（30分）1.pathogenesis process2.hypervolemic hyponatremia3.anion gap4.histogenous hypoxia5.hyperthermia6.oxygen paradox7.shock8.restrictive hypoventilation9.pulmonary encephalopathy10.false neurotransmitter二、简答（70分）1.血管内外液体交换异常引起水肿的机制2.代谢性酸中毒的类型及发生原因3.热休克蛋白的定义及其功能4.DIC的分期及各期的特点5.什么是无复流现象，其发生机制如何6.呼吸困难在哪种类型的心衰最常见？该型心衰引起的呼吸困难与那些因素有关？7.急性肾衰少尿期最严重的并发症是什么？其发生机制是？2012年同济大学病理生理学真题（回忆）一、名词解释：1.脑死亡2.MODS3.ARDS4.肾功能不全5.呼吸衰竭6.应激性溃疡7.充血性心力衰竭8.PH反常9.内生致热源10.热休克蛋白11.心室重构12.微血管性溶血性贫血13.激素不敏感14.等渗性脱水二、选择题三、问答题1.急性全身性DIC为何会引起广泛出血和休克，其机制如何？2.心力衰竭者腹水的发生机制（是一个案例分析，大概是这个意思）3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理变化4.简述急性肾炎发生的机制5.肝性脑病时假神经递质有哪些？它们是如何引起肝性脑病的？2012中山大学病理生理（A）：1.名词解释：（都是英文）缺血再灌注损失凋亡心源性休克功能性分流2.论述题1）急性低钾血症和急性高钾血症引起肌无力的机制区别2）DIC的发病机制3）从细胞增殖和凋亡方面论述肿瘤的分子机制4）什么是SIRS、CARS、MARS？它们和多器官功能衰竭的关系？交大病生简答：内毒素引起MODS的机制。

DIC晚期患者易发生出血倾向的机制。

2018年中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。

2012年中山大学硕士研究生入学考试试题（654）科目代码：654科目名称：生物化学（一）考试时间：1月8日上午一、填空题（每题1分，共30分），答案请注明每题的序号1、用谷氨酰胺转移酶（Glutamine amidotransferase）抑制剂处理正在生长的细胞，核苷酸合成过程中（）中间产物将会堆积。

2、在蛋白质生物合成（翻译）过程中，氨基酸的活化形式是（氨酰-tRNA）3、一种tRNA上的反密码子最多可以识别（ 3 ）个密码子。

4、在尿素合成过程中，其中的一个N直接来源于（）氨基酸。

5、磺胺类药物的作用机制是干扰（）的代谢。

6、机体从头合成的第一个嘌呤核苷酸是（）。

7、多聚腺苷酸聚合酶（Polyadenylase polymerase）也是一个聚合酶，但其特点是在催化mRNA 加尾时不需要（）。

8、遗传密码表中所有密码子对应的氨基酸有（61）个。

9、tRNA 3’端的核苷酸（碱基）是（）。

10、真核生物80S核糖体是由一个60S的大亚基和一个（40 ）S的小亚基构成。

11、精氨酸的等电点是（）（pK1=2.17，pK2=9.04，pK R=12.48）12、在280nm吸收最强的标准氨基酸是（精氨酸，因为还有两个环）。

13、从沿海地区到西藏后，人体内的BPG浓度升高，导致Hb与氧的亲和力（）。

14、柱层析的主要种类有分子筛层析、离子交换层析、亲和层析和（）。

15、粗肌丝的击球蛋白分子头部有（）结合位点和肌动蛋白结合位点。

16、由β（1→4）糖苷键连接D-葡萄糖产生的天然多糖是（纤维素）。

17、鞘脂的骨架不是甘油，而是（）。

18、O连接指寡糖与Ser或Thr 残基的侧链羟基O连接，N连接指（）。

19、酶在体内的活性调节方式主要有别构调节和（）。

20、在DNA的自动化测序中，荧光基团可标记在ddNTP或（）上。

21、心肌梗死的患者的血清中肌酸激酶和（）酶的活性增高，常用于心肌梗死的诊断。

22、乳酸循环是耗能过程，2分子乳酸异生成时需要消耗（）分子的A TP。