1)Adj.深奥的，抽象的
Astronomy is an abstract subject. 天文学是一门深奥的学科。
Beauty is abstract but a house is not .美是抽象的，房子是具体的。
2）V.
○1“提炼”“抽取”
Rubber is abstracted from trees.橡胶是从树木提取的。
Salt can be abstracted from sea water.盐是从海水中提取出来的。
②“概括，写摘要”
He is abstracting a story for a book review.他在为一篇书评撰写故事摘要。3）n.摘要
an abstract of a lecture一个演讲的摘要
2.would rather do sth 情愿做….
would rather sb did sth 情愿sb做…
I would rather stay at home today. 我今天宁愿待在家里。
I would rather you came here tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。
情愿做….而不愿意做…：
would rather do sth than do sth
= would do sth rather than do sth
= prefer to do sth rather than do sth
= prefer doing sth to doing sth
I would rather go with you than stay here.
I would go with you rather than stay here.
I prefer to go with you rather than stay here.
I prefer going with you to staying here.
3.faith n. 信任,信仰
break one's faith with sb. 对某人不守信用
keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信
I kept faith with him.我信守了对他的诺言。
He who loses faith, loses all.失去信心的人, 失去所有。
have faith in 相信, 信任
in good faith 老实地；诚恳地
faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的
so+adj+a(an)+(单数可数) (+that…) It was ___so____cold a day that
Such+a(an)+adj.+n.(不可数)/ n (复数) It was ____such____a cold day that
so many/few +n (复数) (+ that…)
so much/little (不可数) (+that…)
eg.1) The book is ____so____interesting that I want to read it again.
2)the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.
3) the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.
4) There are ____so___many mistakes in yourcomposition tha t I can’t understand it.
5) He has made ____such____rapid progress that he got the first in the exam.
答案：so such so so such
_______that Mary was able to set up new branches elsewhere.（07陕西）
A. So successful her business was
B. So successful was her business
C. So her business was successful
D. So was her successful business
答案：B
5.consequently adv. 所以，因此
I overslept and consequently I was late for work. 我睡过头了,所以我上班迟到了。
Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently, he knows very little about it.（做插入语）福斯特先生从未去过中国, 所以对中国了解得很少。
It rained that day and ___ the baseball game was called off.
A. however
B. still
C. so
D. Consequently
答案：D
consequent adj. 作为结果的,随之发生的
consequence n. 结果
as a consequence/result of = because of=in consequence = so
She was found guilty, and lost her job in consequence (of it). 她被判有罪,因而失去了工作
6.aim
1）n.
○1(C) 目标
without aim 无目的的/ 无目标的
achieve one’s aim完成目标
miss one’s aim 打不中目标
○2(U) 对准, 瞄准
take aim at
The hunter took aim at the lion
sb/ sth’s aim is to do ……的目标是….
What is your aim in life? 你生活的目的是什么?
The governor’s aim is to increase citizens’ income.
2）v.
○1(以枪等) 对准,瞄准
take aim at the target= aim at the target瞄准靶子
.He aimed his gun at the tiger, fired but missed it.他用枪瞄准老虎并开火,但没打中
aim at doing = aim to do 瞄准, 力求做到,力争达到
Harry aims at becoming a doctor.
or: Harry aims to become a doctor.
aimless adj. 无目标的，无目的的
She led an aimless life.
○2打算,计划, 以……为目标, 立志做……
7.Conventional
adj.(traditional)常规的，通常的，传统的;受俗套束缚的，按习惯办事的，陈旧的,形式上的conventional weapons 常规武器
a conventional design 传统图案
conventional opinions 旧观念
The chairman made a few conventional remarks. 主席说了几句客套话。
8.typical adj.典型的；具有代表性的；象征性的(representative)
a typical character 典型人物
typical example 典型事例
He is a typical pupil; he is like most of the other pupils.
他是一个有代表性的学生，他和大多数其他学生一样。
9.adj. evident明白的, 明显的(apparent)
n. evidence 证据;证明
The applause made it evident that the play was a hit. 掌声显然表明该剧是成功的。
It is evi dent (obvious) (to sb) that …..
It's evident that you are tired. 显然你累了。
evident =in evidence 明显的
10.realistic n.现实主义的,逼真的,现实的real adj. 真的realize v. 实现
in a more realistic way 以一种更逼真的形式
reali sm现实主义→idealism 理想主义
reali st现实主义者
terrori sm恐怖主义
terrori st 恐怖分子
Sociali sm社会主义
Sociali st 社会主义者
11.hold …the Ideas/ value view that... 持有…的观点/ 价值观
I hold the plan can’t work.
adopt vt.
1.采取;采纳;吸收
After much deliberation, the president decided to adopt her suggestion. 再三考虑之后,我决定采纳她的建议。
2.过继,收养[(+as)]
Mr. Kern adopted the orphan as his own son. 克恩先生将那孤儿收养为自己的儿子。
3.正式通过,接受
The agenda was adopted after some discussion.经过讨论,议事日程获得通过。
adopted adj. 被收养的，被采用的adopted child
12.possess用作动词时，不能用于进行时。有多种不同的含义：
1）“有，拥有”。如：
The library possesses a number of the artist’s early works. 图书馆里藏有那位画家的一些早期作品。
2）“具有……的特质”。常见搭配有be possessed of sth，意为“具有某种品质或特征”。如：
I’m afraid he doesn’t possess a sense of humor. 恐怕他没有什么幽默感。
He is possessed of great natural ability. 他很有天赋。
3）“支配，控制”。如：
He was possessed by the desire to be rich.
possession
○1财产，所有物（常用复数）
The ring is one of her most valuable possession s.这只戒指是他最珍贵的财产之一。personal possessions个人财产
He lost all his possession s in the fire.
○2占有，拥有
take possession of 占领，夺取
come into possession of 被占有
in possession of (表主动）占有
in the possession of （表被动）…被占有
He is in ~ of the house. 他拥有这套房子。
=The house is in the ~ of him. 这套房子在他的占有之下。
-- Does the young man standing there _____the company?
-- No. The company is _____ his father.
A.have ~ of; in ~ of
B.in ~ of ; in the ~ of
C.take ~ of ; in the ~ of
D.have ~ of ; in ~ of
答案：B
13.convince
convince sb. to do sth=convince sb of sth.说服某人做…
Convince sb that使某人确信某事
He convinced me of his sincerity. 他使我确信他的真诚。
I was convinced to believe it.
Your mistakes convinced me that you hadn’t studied your lesson.你的错误使我确信你没有学习功课。
convince vt. “使确信；使信服”
convince sb. of sth. / that ...
区分：
by coincidence 碰巧, 由于巧合
what a coincidence （to do）！多么凑巧的事情啊！
What a coincidence to meet you here. 真巧在这儿碰到你。
I met him by coincidence.I didn’t know he was here.
14.a great/ good deal 大量; 大量
China has changed a great deal. (修饰v.)
He ran a great deal faster than me.(修饰比较级)
a great/good deal of+不可数
A great deal of money was spent on the project. 那个项目花费了大量金钱。（修饰[U]）
1）修饰可数名词：
many a few
a good/great many
A great many buildings have been built along the street.
a large/ big/ great/ / small number of
Many a +单数名词
More than one +单数名词
2）修饰不可数名词：
much
a good/great deal of
a large amount of (谓语动词用单数)
large amounts of (谓语动词用复数)
3）修饰可数和不可数名词
a lot of/lots of
plenty of
a large quantity of (谓语动词用单数)
large quantities of (谓语动词用复数)
练习：
1.____ the students in our school go to college in their teens.
A good many B. A great many of
C. A great deal of
D. A lot of
2. H e is ____ better now. Don’t worry about him.
A.more
B. a great deal of
C. a number of
D.a great deal
答案：D D
15.Shadow
1)n.影子
The willow’s shadow falls on the lake.垂柳的影子倒映在湖面上。
The shadow of this early tragedy has affected her whole life.她年纪轻轻遭此劫，影响了她一生。sit in the shade of a tree.树荫
2)v.尾随，跟踪
He kept looking behind, afraid of being shadowed.他不停的回头看，害怕被跟踪。
16.Ridiculous
1)adj.荒谬的，可笑的
It is ridiculous that she should accept a stranger’s invitation.
他竟然接受了一个陌生人的邀请真是荒唐。
ridicule.v./n.嘲笑，奚落与“laugh at”和”make fun of”意思相近。
He became an object of
They all ridicule my suggestion.
17.controversial
Adj.有争议的，引起争论的
He became a controversial figure in the world of politics.
他成为世界政坛上的一位有争议的人物。
n. controversy [ 'k?ntr?,v?:si ]争论；论战；辩论
The use of nuclear power is the subject of widespread controversy.
使用核武力是一个会引起广泛争议的问题。
18.scores of 很多
I have heard that scores of times.
Scores of people attended the special performance.
score =20
A score of people were present at the party. 有20个人参加了聚会
Two score of those people wanted to fly there. 那些人中有40人想乘飞机
19.attempt v.尝试，企图
v.①企图，试图；努力
②试图，尝试：努力去执行，做或完成
attempt doing反复尝试做
attempt to do企图做
attempt to do/doing = try to do/doing尝试做
The second question was so difficult; I didn’t even attempt it. 第二道题太难了，我连试都没试。
I attempted to speak but was told to be quiet. 我想开口说几句，但有人叫我别做声。
I attempted to read the entire novel in one sitting.
We attempted the difficult maneuver without assistance.
n. ○1袭击；攻击
an attempt on someone's life.对某人生命的攻击
○2企图或努力
make an attempt to do sth
at doing sth
She made an attempt to cook the dinner. 她试着做这顿饭。
The prisoner made an attempt to escape/ at escaping but failed.
at one’s attempt 在sb尝试下
one’s first attempt 初次尝试
例：Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first_________ .
A) intention B) attempt C) purpose D) desire
练习：
1) 他试图行走直到摔倒。
He______________________________
2) 他参加过考试，可是失败了。
He________________________ but failed.
3) 我企图说话，可是有人要我安静点。
I ________________ but was told to be quiet.
attempted walking until he fell over.
attempted the examination
attempted to speak
20.On the other hand
另一方面，相当于一个副词。常与on one hand连用。
On one hand……on the other hand一方面……另一方面
This job is not well paid, but on the other hand, I don’t have to work long hours.（插入语）
On one hand, I need a computer, but on the other hand,I don’t have enough money.
At hand在手边，在附近
By hand用手的，手工的
Go hand in hand with与……共同行动
21.Predict
1)v.预言，预测后面加名词做宾语或接that从句/wh-从句。
Nobody can predict what will happen in the future.
It is still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes.
现在还不可能准确预测地震的发生。
2) n. Prediction 预言，预测
Her prediction turned out to be correct.她的预言证明是正确的。
22.Specific adj. 明确的，详尽的，具体的，特有的
Can you be a bit more specific when you talk about your plan?
当你谈及你的计划时，你能说的再具体点吗？
Each organ in our body has its specific function.
我们体内的每个器官都有自己独特的作用。
This kind of disease is specific to houses.这种病只有马才会得。
23.figure n.
3)人物;名人He has become a figure known to everyone
4) 数字Where did you get those figures?
5)数量;金额;价格His work now commands huge figures.
.1) 外形;体形;人影I saw a figure in the darkness.
2) 体态;风姿She has a slender 细长的；苗条的figure.
区分：finger手指
24.delicate adj.
He is a delicate child.纤弱的,娇弱的，瘦弱的
Be careful with those wine cups—they are very delicate.易碎的
In such a delicate situation I have to weigh my words. 需要小心处理的;微妙的;棘手的在这样微妙的情形下,我必须权衡一下我的话。
What a delicate work of art!精妙的
delicate china.精美的瓷器
25.1)aggressive adj. 敢作敢为的;有闯劲的an aggressive salesman一干劲很大的售货员
;侵略性的;好斗的aggressive weapons /boy 攻击性武器
He is very aggressive. 他生性好斗。
We regarded the Iraq War as an aggressive one. 我们认为伊拉克战争是侵略战争。
2)aggressively adv. 气势汹汹地
3)aggression n.侵略（行动）
aggressor n. 侵略者
练习：
If you want to become a successful businessman, you must ______ _______ . 如果你想做一个成功的商人，你必须积极进取。
_____ __________ must be destroyed. 必须要销毁攻击性的武器。
be aggressive
Aggressive arms
26.In the flesh活生生，本人，亲自
Flesh n.肌肉；肉
Have you ever seen Jay Chou in the flesh?你见过周杰伦本人吗？
He wouldn’t believe until he saw in the flesh他直到亲眼目睹才相信。Flesh and blood肉体，血肉之躯
Though he is a hero, he is still flesh and blood.
Lose flesh减肥
Gain/put on flesh增肥
Flesh-eating食肉的
区分：fresh ：n. 开始；新生；泛滥
adj. 新鲜的；清新的；淡水的；无经验的
adv. 刚刚，才；最新地
27.preference n. - prefer v.
1)更加的喜爱,偏爱[U][C][(+for)]
A window seat is my preference.我喜欢靠窗的座位。
We dress simply by preference.首先, 最好
2)偏爱的事物(或人)[C]
Which is your preference, tea or coffee?你喜欢喝哪一样,茶还是咖啡?
3)偏袒[U][(+for)]
Parents should not show preference for any one of their children.
父母不应流露出对任何一个孩子的偏心。
4）Have a preference for偏爱
I have a preference for classic music.我更喜欢古典音乐。
We had a preference for sweet food.我们特别喜欢吃甜食.
5）优先(权);优惠权[U][C]
in preference to 优先于
I’d choose the small car in preference to the larger one. 我宁可选择那辆小的汽车而不要那辆大的。
She chose to learn the violin in preference to the piano. 她愿学小提琴而不学钢琴.
28.Appeal
vi. 1)呼吁,恳求appeal to sb for sth.
He appealed to me for help.
2)诉诸,求助[(+to)]
We will appeal to a variety of sources of information.
3)有吸引力,迎合爱好[W][(+to)]
The idea appealed to Mary.
4)【律】上诉[(+to/against)]
He appealed against/to the five-year sentence he had been given.
29.fragile adj.精细的；易碎的；脆弱的；
As he broke up with his girlfriend, his heart was fragile.
由于他同女朋友分手了，他的心很脆弱。
30.Reputation n.
have a reputation 享有盛名[(+for)]
○1名誉,名声The store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing. 该店买卖公平,声誉极佳。
He has a reputation fo r cheating in the exam.他以考试作弊而享有盛名。
○2好名声,声望;信誉
This restaurant has a fine reputation.这家餐厅信誉很好。
lose one’s reputation 失去盛名；
Cheating at the game ruined that player‘s reputation.比赛时作弊败坏了那位选手的声望。live up to one’s reputation 不负盛名
win a high reputation 赢得很高的声誉
·You must live up to your promise. 你必须实践自己的诺言。
They are always exhorted to deliver results and to live up to their parents' high expectations
他们无时无刻被提醒要考取好成绩，实现父母对他们的高度期望。
31.more than＋名词意为“不仅仅”，more than just相当于not only, not just的意思。如：Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. 詹森不仅是一名讲师，他还是一个作家。The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art.
博物馆展示的不仅仅是视觉上的乐趣。
1) more than+数词，意为“超过”相当于over，其反义词组为less than。如
There are more than two hundred people in the park. 公园里有200多人。
2)“more than＋形容词/副词”是“很”或“非常”的意思。如：
I am more than content with what you said. 我对你的讲话十分满意。
She was dressed more than simply. 她穿着太朴素了。
3)在“more ... than ...”结构中，肯定“more”后面的内容而否定“than”后面的部分，常译为“是……而不是……”或“与其说……不如说……”。如：
Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.
听到这巨大的声响，男孩与其说是害怕不如说是感到很惊讶。
32.visual 形容词adj.
1）视力的;视觉的Near-sightedness is a visual defect.近视是一个视力缺陷。
2）看得见的,可被看见的;视觉的
Primary school teachers use a lot of visual aids. 小学教师使用大量的视觉教具。
3）光学的
Telescopes and microscopes are visual instruments. 望远镜和显微镜是光学仪器。
32.Fragrant芬香的;馥郁的（同p11.29）
Love is a fragrant flower; and friendship is a sweet fruit.
爱情是一朵芳香的鲜花，友情是一颗甜美的果实。
33.Contemporary
1)adj.
○1当代的
His lecture is about contemporary American novelists. 他的演讲是关于当代美国小说家的。He has furniture of contemporary style.他有现代款式的家具.
○2同时代的;同年龄的
be contemporary with 与…同时代
Was Jonson contemporary with Shakespeare? 琼森是否与莎士比亚同辈?
2)n. [复数]
○1同时代的人;同年龄的人He was looked down upon by his contemporaries. 他被他的同时代的人瞧不起。
○2同时期的东西
○3当代人,现代人
34.permanent adj.
1)永久的,永恒的;永远的Nature is permanent. 自然是永恒的。
2)固定性的;常在的
This is my permanent address. 这是我的固定地址。
35.signature n. 署名签字
The teacher put her signature to a letter.老师在信件上签字。
Sign n. 符号，标记Signal n.信号
U1(选修六) 1.Abstract 1)Adj.深奥的，抽象的 Astronomy is an abstract subject. 天文学是一门深奥的学科。 The word “honesty” is an abstract noun. Beauty is abstract but a house is not .美是抽象的，房子是具体的。 2）V. ○1“提炼”“抽取” The workers are abstracting metal from ore.工人们正在由矿砂提炼金属。 Rubber is abstractedfrom trees.橡胶是从树木提取的。 Salt can be abstracted from sea water.盐是从海水中提取出来的。 “概括，写摘要” He is abstracting a story for a book review.他在为一篇书评撰写故事摘要。 3）n. an abstract of a lecture一个演讲的摘要 2.Would you rather have Chinese or Western-style paintings in your home? would rather do sth情愿做…. would rather sb did sth情愿sb做… 情愿做….而不愿意做…： would rather do sth than do sth = would do sth rather than do sth = prefer to do sth rather than do sth = prefer doing sth to doing sth I would rather stay at home today. 我今天宁愿待在家里。 I would rather you came here tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 I would rather you hadn’t told me about it yesterday.我宁愿你昨天没有告诉我关于它。 我宁愿跟你走而不愿意待在这里： I would rather go with you than stay here. I would go with you rather than stay here. I prefer to go with you rather than stay here. I prefer going with you to staying here. 3.faith n. 信任,信仰 break one's faith with sb. 对某人不守信用 keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信 I kept faith with him.我信守了对他的诺言。 He who loses faith, loses all.失去信心的人, 失去所有。 faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的 have faith in 相信, 信任 in good faith 老实地；诚恳地 4.As there are so many different styles of Western art , it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text． salad/adv + that… so+adj+a(an)+(单数可数) (+that…) so many/few +n (复数) (+ that…)
选修六知识点 -----高二英语备课组 Unit 1 Art 1.achieve one’s aim 实现某人的目标without one’s aim 漫无目标的 with the aim of 意在…，以…为目标aim at doing sth /aim to do sth 意欲，力求做某事 be aimed at (doing) sth.目的在于…，旨在… 2.be typical of……是特有的，是典型的… E.g. It’s typical of him to forget. 3.be possessed of sth. 具有（某种品质或特征）be possessed with/by 被…控制 take the possession of sth 占有某物，拿到某物 in possession of /in the possession of 归…所有（用法与in charge of & in the charge of相同） 4.a great deal 大量（a great deal of 修饰不可数名词） 5.make an attempt to do/at doing sth 尝试做…at one’s first attempt 第一次尝试 in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事attempt to do/ at doing sth 尝试做某事 6. on the one hand…on the other hand （般指两个相反或相对的方面）一方面…另一方面 for one thing ..for another thing…常陈述情况一致的两个方面，用于解释原因，表列举 7.be worth doing = be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done 值得做… be well worth doing sth.（主动表被动）It’s worthwhile to do/doing sth. 值得做… 8.have/lose faith in 对某人信任/失去对某人的信任 9.keep one’s figure 保持身材have a good figure 身材苗条figure out 算出，解决，理解 10. would rather do ..than…= would do …rather than… I would rather go on foot than take a bus.= I would go on foot rather than take a bus. 11. in preference to 优先于have a preference for 更喜欢… 12.appeal to (对某人)有吸引力；（使某人）感兴趣appeal for 恳求/呼吁… 13 win/earn reputation 赢得名声have a reputation for 以…而闻名. establish reputation 建立名誉 a good /bad reputation 好/坏名声 live up to one’s reputation 名不虚传…不负盛名… 14.动词不定式作后置定语： 1.用在序数词、形容词最高级后. E.g. He is the first to come here. 2.用在被序数词、形容词最高级、next、last、only等修饰的名词后. Eg. The best way to solve the problem is to make a plan. 15.more than + 数词表示“多于，超过”I have taught English more than 15 years. more than + 名词表示“不仅仅”The museum displays more than the visual delights of art. more than + 动词/形容词/副词表示“非常”I’m more than pleased to help you . more than + 句子表示“超过…的能力范围”The beauty is more than I can describe. 16. 句型what is known to us all is that…= it is known to us all that …= As is known to us all, … 17. 短语：It was evident that…很显然…It is predicted that …据预测…concentrate..on 集中，全神贯注于in perspective 用透视画法by coincidence 巧合地break away from 挣脱，脱离scores of 许多.in the flesh 活着的，亲自，本人 every two years= every second year = every other year 每2年be allergic to 对…过敏 be well worth a visit 很值得参观to be specific 具体地说be specific to 特有的；独特的attitude to/towards 对…的态度convince sb of sth /that…使某人相信… Unit 2 Poems 1．convey sth to sb 向某人表达/传递某物convey sb/sth from A to B把…从A地运送到B地2.take one’s time 不急，慢慢来take sth seriously 认真对待某事 take sth for granted 认为…理所应当 3.run out of 用完了…表示主动意义，run out …用完了，主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等We are running out of the money. = The money is running out. (钱快要用完了) 4.be made up of=be composed of =consist of由……组成
人教版_高中英语必修一unit1_知识点总结 Survey n. 纵览,视察,测量v. 审视,视察,通盘考虑,调查 1. we stood on the top of the mountain and surveyed the countryside. 我们站在山顶上,眺望乡村? 2. a quick survey of the street showed that no one was about. 扫视街道, 空无一人? Add v. 增加 1. he added some wood to increase the fire. 他加了一些木柴,使火旺些? 2. if you add 4 to 5, you get 9. 四加五等于九? 3. add up all the money i owe you. 把我应付你的钱都加在一起? Upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴 v. 颠覆,推翻,扰乱,使心烦意乱,使不舒服 1. i'm always upset when i don't get any mail. 我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱? 2. he has an upset stomach. 他胃不舒服? 3. the news quite upset him. 这消息使他心烦意乱? Ignore v. 不顾,不理,忽视 1. i said hello to her, but she ignored me completely! 我向她打招呼, 可她根本不理我! 2. i can't ignore his rudeness any longer. 他粗暴无礼, 我再也不能不闻不问了? Calm n. 平稳,风平浪静 a. 平静的,冷静的 v. 平静下来,镇静 1. it was a beautiful morning, calm and serene. 那是一个宁静?明媚的早晨? 2. you should keep calm even in face of danger. 即使面临危险,你也应当保持镇静? 3. have a brandy it'll help to calm you (down). 来点儿白兰地--能使你静下来? Calm down vt. 平静下来(镇定下来)
Unit 18 Beauty词汇篇1 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1、掌握第三单元第一课及第二课的重点单词，短语及句型。 2、灵活运用第三单元第一课及第二课的重点单词，短语及句型。 1.beauty n. 美，美丽；美人；美好的东西；极好的榜样；典型的例子；好处，优点 ①[U]美，美丽（指抽象概念） Her beauty had faded over the years. 这么多年过去了，她渐渐失去了美貌。 ②美人，美好的东西；极好的榜样，典型的例子 She was considered a great beauty in her youth. 她年轻时是个公认的大美人。 词汇链接： ①beautiful adj. 美丽的 ②beautify vt. 美化，使美丽 短语拓展： ①beauty contest 选美比赛 ②beauty queen 选美比赛冠军，选美皇后 ③beauty salon/ parlour/ shop 美容院 ④beauty spot = beauty mark 美人痣；风景点 ⑤beauty products 美容产品 ⑥the beauty of... ......的优点，......的好处，......的妙处 ⑦the beauty of the sunset/ poetry/ his singing 落日/诗作/他的歌声之美 2.attractive adj. 有吸引力的，有迷惑力的；动人的，妩媚的
U5(选修六) 1 volcano n. 复数—volcanoes火山 an active volcano活火山 an extinct volcano死火山 a dormant volcano休眠火山 volcanology火山学 volcanologist火山学家 pianist钢琴家 physicist物理学家 Novelist小说家 2. erupt 1)（火山）爆发，喷发 Mount Vesuvius hasn’t erupted for a good many years. 维苏威火山已经多年没有爆发了。 2)（搏斗，暴力事件，噪音等）突然发生，爆发 Violence in street can erupt for no apparent reason. 街头暴力可以在没有明显原因的情况下爆发。 erupt into laughter/shouting/crying, etc.突然大笑/叫喊/大哭 He erupted into laughter without any reason. 他毫无理由地大笑起来。 3. alongside alongside= with “和” It’s a pleasure to work alongside such men. 与这样的人一起工作是一件乐事。 beside “在...旁边” The boat pulled up alongside the dock. adv. 在旁边;沿着;靠拢着;并排地 The police car pulled up alongside.那辆警车在旁边停下 4 equipment n.配备,装备 The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year. 把这个新医院的设备配齐要化一年时间。 equip v.装备,使有准备使能够做某事 Equip ourselves with knowledge Equip the army with modern weapons 5. bored (人)厌烦的 boring （物）令人厌烦的 I am bored with the same old routine day after day. The book is boring. bore v. (尤指无聊的长话)使(人)厌烦
地理——选修六知识点总结 环境保护 1、水体污染（1）成因：①工业废水②农业废水③生活污水的排放④水体富营养化（水华/赤潮）⑤原油泄漏造成海洋污染⑥洋流的扩散作用（2）治理方案：①禁止污水未经处理随意排入江河②建立污水处理厂③政府加强立法保护和执法力度④建立统一管理体制⑤建立有效应急机制，做好清污工作（3）危害：①破坏生态环境②危害人体健康③生物多样性减少④造成水质型缺水⑤农作物减产 2、固体废弃物污染（1）成因：①人口数量大幅增多②近代工业化与城市化发展的结果③农业生产所丢弃（2）治理方案：①进行资源回收利用②提高资源利用率③减少城市垃圾总量④改变垃圾处理方式⑤垃圾分类处理⑥加强立法监督工作（3）危害：①占据大量土地②造成土地资源浪费③污染土壤、大气、水体④危及人体健康 3、大气污染（1）成因：自然：①北方降水少，植被覆盖率低，土地荒漠化严重，大风天气多②火山喷发人为：①工业废气污染②汽车尾气污染③建筑工地增多④矿石燃料的燃烧（2）治理方案：①关闭高污染企业②节约和提高能源利用率③开发利用新能源④控制汽车尾气排放⑤使用清洁能源⑥健全相关法律法规⑦改变能源消费结构⑧开发煤炭脱硫技术（3）
危害：①污染大气②可吸入颗粒物增多，造成雾霾天，危及人体健康③引发酸雨④导致光化学烟雾事件 4、淡水资源短缺（1）成因：自然：①淡水资源总量有限 ②淡水资源陆地分布不均（中国：时空分布不均）人为：①不合理开发利用淡水资源②淡水资源需求大③水体污染（水质型缺水）（2）解决方案：开源：①修筑水库②调节季节降水分布不均③跨流域调水④调节空间降水分布不均⑤合理开发提取地下水⑥废水处理再利用⑦研发海水淡化技术⑧人工降雨节流：①改进灌溉技术②影响工农业生产③破坏生态环境④损害人体健康 ⑤引发国际冲突 5、耕地问题（1）原因：①人口持续增长②土地退化现象严重③非农业用地占用农业用地④不合理灌溉和使用农药造成土壤污染⑤耕地分布不均（2）解决方案：①实行耕地总量不断减少措施②提高土地利用率③提高耕地质量④控制人口数量⑤提高单位亩产⑥合理灌溉使用农药⑦防止非农用地占用耕地⑧合理利用土地资源，防止土地退化（3）土地退化的防治：生物措施：①因地制宜，退耕还林，还草②恢复生态林③营造经济林④加强科学管理工程措施：①修筑水利工程②修筑水土保持工程农牧业措施：①等高耕作②施用有机肥料③适时耕作 6、矿产资源枯竭（1）原因：①人口数量持续增长②工业化，城市化的发展③矿产需求量大④采矿时采富弃贫⑤矿产分
Unit 5 The power of nature 1.★考点appoint vt.任命;委派 appoint sb.as/to be 任命某人担任…… appoint sb.to do sth.指定某人做某事 make/fix an appointment 约会,预约 2.★考点burn to the ground 把……烧光;全部焚毁burn to the ground 把……烧光;全部焚毁 burn...to death 烧死…… burn down 烧毁,烧光 get burnt 被烧伤;遭殃 3.★考点be about to do...when... 正要做……,这时……be about to do...when... 正要做……,这时…… be doing...when... 正在做……就在这时…… had (just) done...when... 刚做完……这时…… be on the point of doing...when... 正要做某事这时… 4.★考点make one’s way to/towards 前往;向……走去make one’s way 前往;向……走去;成功,有所成就
give way for 让路;让位于 feel one’s way 摸索着前行 on one’s/the way 在去……的路上 lose one’s way迷路 5.★考点shoot v.(shot,shot)射击,射中 辨析shoot/shoot at 6.★考点anxious adj.忧虑的;不安的 anxiety n.焦虑 anxiously adv.焦急地 be anxious to do 渴望做…… be anxious for/about 为……担心/担忧 7.★考点panic vt.& vi.恐慌;惊慌 温馨提示 panic 的过去式、过去分词均为panicked,动词-ing形式为panicking。be/feel panic over/about 因……而恐慌
Vocabulary 1.flame ◎n. The whole building was soon in flames. burst into flames ※literary a sudden strong feeling a flame of passion anger desire hope ◎v. literary to become suddenly bright with light or colour, especially red or orange: Erica’s cheeks fla med (with anger.) https://www.doczj.com/doc/b18490183.html,sh---lace ◎ something firmly to something else, or to tie two things together firmly using a rope After lashing the boat to the bank, we ran for shelter from the storm. ◎to hit/attack sth. with violent force The man lashed the horse to go faster. Giant waves /wind/rain/sea lashed the sea wall. ◎if an animal lashes its tail, or if its tail lashes, it moves its tail fast and violently from side to side, often when it is angry ◎to criticize someone angrily –used especially in newspapers: Democrats lashed Republican plans, calling them extreme. Gallins lashed back at those who accused him of corruption. ※Olson lashed out at the media.(critcize sb. suddenly) She would suddenly lash out at other children.( to suddenly try to hit sb) n. (作为惩罚的)鞭打,抽打: They each received 20 lashes for stealing. *eye?brow /?a?bra?/眉毛 lash/eyelash睫毛 3.scoff ◎If you scoff at something, you laugh at it in a way that shows you think it is ridiculous David scoffed at her fears. Officials scoffed at the idea. ‘You, a scientist!’ he scoffed. It’s easy to scoff when you haven’t tried it yourself. 4.sway ◎to move slowly from one side to another:
必修六Unit 1 语言知识点一 编号: 28 编写人: 范培亮审核人:赵贵波 班级:_____ 姓名:________ 使用日期:______ 1. Would you rather have Chinese or Western-style paintings in your home? (1) would rather (not) do宁愿（不）做某事 (2) would rather do … than do宁愿…而不愿…; 宁可…也不… (=would do… rather than do) Eg. I ______ ________ _______ tell him the truth. 我宁愿不跟他讲实话。 She _______ _______ die ________ beg in the street.他宁死也不愿在街头乞讨。 (3) would rather + 从句宁愿某人做某事 从句中谓语用一般过去时，表现在或将来；从句中谓语用过去完成时，表过去的动作. I’d rather you _______ here tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 He would rather we ________ ________ with him. 他宁愿我们没跟他一块去。 拓展：prefer to do … rather than do宁愿做…也不做 He _______ ________ earn a living by selling newspapers _______ depend on his parents. 他宁可靠卖报谋生，也不依靠父母。 辨析：prefer … to 与would rather … than 二者都表示“宁愿…而不愿…”前者后接名词、代词或动名词，而后者用动词原形。 Eg. He prefers ________ on foot to _________ a bus.他宁可步行去，也不坐牢。 He would rather ________ on foot than ________ a bus. 他宁可步行去，也不坐牢。 2. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century . consequently 意为“所以，因而”是副词，作修饰句子的状语，相当于therefore, as a result. Eg. Today it is Sunday. ___________ , I stay at home. 今天是星期天，因此我在家。 He had been ill for a long time. ___________(结果)，he failed in the exam. 3. During The Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. (1) 用图画、雕像等表示，描绘 Eg. This picture ___________ that battle. 这幅图画描绘了那场战役。 (2) 代表（某人、某团体） She _________ her colleagues at the union meeting. 她在工会会议上代表她的同事。 (3) 象征，表示The red lines on the map represent railways. 地图上的红线代表铁路。 拓展：representation n. 代表，描绘，象征representational adj. 代表的 representative adj. 典型的，代表性的；n. 代表，代理人 4. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and ..as they really were. as they were 照原来的样子。as sb./ sth. is/ was照现在/原来的样子 as sb./sth. do/be还可意为“按照…的样子”。as 引方式状语从句，相当于in the way in which. Eg. 我已经按照你建议的修改了我的计划。 ______________________________________________________________________. 5. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like …… evident adj. 明显的，明白的evidently adv. 明显地evidence n. 证据；证明 It is evident that…很显然…… It is evident to everybody that she loves music. 他爱好音乐，这是有目共睹的事实。 6. … their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. 1) as well as 既…又…; 不但…而且…; 也,又 He speaks Spanish _______ ______ ______ English and French. 他不仅会讲英语和法语，也会讲西班牙语。 提示：(1) as well as 强调前面的部分。 (2) as well as 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数以as well as 前面主语的单复数为依 据。另外，with, together with, except, apart from 等也是如此。 Eg : His children as well as his wife ________ invited to the party. 2) 与……同样好，不比……差 Eg: She cooks as well as her mother does. He plays football as well as, if not better than his brother. 他踢足球如果说不比他哥哥踢得更好，至少是和他哥哥一样好。 拓展：as well “也”，置于句末，相当于too或also. Eg : He is a scientist, and a poet _______ ________.他是位科学家，也是位诗人。 7. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. convince vt. 使（某人）确信；说服，使信服convinced adj. 确信的，坚信的
选修之6导数及其应用 一、变化率与导数 1.变化率 式子21 21 ()() f x f x x x - - 叫做函数f (x)从x1到x2的平均变化率.记Δx =x2－x1，Δy=f(x2)－ f (x1)，则平均变化率可表示为ΔyΔx. 2.导数定义 函数y= f (x)在x=x0处的瞬时变化率 lim. x y x ?→ ? ? 称为函数y= f (x)在x = x0处的导数，记作f ′(x0)或y′|x = x0，即 00 (+)() '()lim. x f x x f x f x x ?→ ?- = ? （3）(sin x)′=cos x （4）(cos x)′=－sin x （5）(ax)′=ax ln a （6）(ex)′=ex （7） 1 (log)' ln a x x a = （8） 1 (ln)' x x = 2.求导法则 （1）[f(x)±g(x)]′=f′(x)±g′(x) （2）[f(x)·g(x) ]′=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x) （3）f(x)g(x)′=f′(x)g(x)－f(x)g′(x) [g(x) ]2 （4）[Cf(x) ]′=Cf′(x)（C为常数）
3.复合函数的导数（理科） （1）复合函数：对于两个函数y = f (u )和u = g (x )，如果通过变量u ，y 可以表示成x 的函数，那么称这个函数为函数y ＝ f (u )和u = g (x )的复合函数，记作y = f (g (x ))． （2）复合函数求导法则： '''x u x y y u =? 即y 对x 的导数等于y 对u 的导数与u 对x 的导数的乘积． 三、导数的应用 1.单调性与导数 （1）在某个区间(a , b )内，如果f ′(x )≥0，且f ′(x )=0仅在一些孤立点上成立，那么函数y =f (x )在(a , b )内单调递增；如果f ′(x )≤0，且f ′(x )=0仅在一些孤立点上成立，那么函数y =f (x )在(a , b )内单调递减. （2）用导数单调区间：①求f ′(x )；②解不等式f ′(x )≥0，可得f (x )的单调递增区间，解不等式f ′(x )≤0，可得f (x )的单调递减区间（注意定义域）. 注意：上述定理的逆命题不成立. （3）求函数的极值的方法 求函数y = f (x )在区间[a , b ]上的最值的步骤如下： ①解方程f ′(x )=0； ②当f ′(x 0)=0时，如果在x 0附近的左侧f ′(x )＞0，右侧f ′(x )＜0，那么f (x 0)是极大值；如果在x 0附近的左侧f ′(x )<0，右侧f ′(x )>0，那么f (x 0)是极小值． （4）求函数的最值的方法 ①求函数y = f (x )在(a , b )内的极值； ②将函数y = f (x )的各极值与端点处的函数值f (a )，f (b )比较，其中最大的一个是最大值，最小的一个是最小值．
牛津6AUnit1知识点整理 AUnitone [词汇] alays总是question问题 as问ean意思是，意指 ust必须；应当should应当，应该 taeaal散步pic拾 public公共的，公众的sign标志；告示牌 consin堂兄弟；堂姐妹danger危险 aay开grass草；草地 eepoff让开；不接近shouldn't=shouldnot bird鸟cage笼子 quiet安静的，静静的aenoise发出的声音 soe吸烟litter乱丢杂物 par停放suddenly突然 soething某事；某物note钞票，纸币 looaround环顾，往四周看nearby附近 quicly快地picup拾起，捡起 eeper看守人eup上 point指fine罚款
词组[ inthepar在公园2.onlyfouryearsold只有四岁 alotof=lotsof许多4.publicsigns公共标志 assb.aboutsth.问某人有关某事6.differentthings不同的东西 ontheall在墙上8.goin进去 stayaayfrothebuilding远离建筑10.onthegrass在草地上 1.eepoffthegrass远离草地1 2.alonthegrass走在草地上 3.bequiet安静1 4.aenoise发出吵闹声 noalotaboutsth.对某事了解很多16.nosoing禁止吸烟 nolittering不准乱扔18.noparing禁止停车 Donottouch.不准触碰。20.noeatingordrining此处禁止吃喝 1.taeaal散步2 2.aten-yuannote一张十元的纸币 3.looaround环顾四周2 4.alto…朝……走过去 picup捡起，拾起26.apareeper一个公园管理员 eupto…朝……走过来28.pointto…指向…… saytosb.对某人说30.overthere那边，那里 fine￥10罚款10元32.givesb.sth.给某人某物 3.tryagain在试一次
选修六unit1必背词汇1 realistic adj. __________；_____________ take possession of ___________________ abstract adj.________; n.___________ faith n. ___________；_____________ scores of _________________ faithfully adv. ___________________ consequently adv. ________________ attempt to do/doing _______________ aim n. ________; vi. & vt. ______________ conventional adj._________；____________ typical adj. ________________ have faith in ______________ evident adj. __________________ it is predicted that…._______________ adopt vt._____________；___________ possess vt.________；__________ possession n.（尤作复数）____________ superb adj.______________ technique n.________________ to be specific ______________ coincidence n.______________ appeal to sb for…_____________ by coincidence __________________ a great deal __________________ shadow n. _________________ have a preference for…_______________ ridiculous adj. ________________ controversial adj. ____________________ attempt n._________；________ on the other hand _____________ predict vt. ___________;__________ specific adj.___________；____________
选修六知识点归纳总结 ▲环境问题的表现：资源短缺，环境污染，生态破坏，全球环境变化 ▲环境问题产生的原因：（1）自然原因自然原因引起的环境问题，主要指火山爆发，地震，山崩，泥石流，台风，海啸，寒潮，水旱等自然界固有的自然灾害 （2）人为原因 1.资源的有限性与人类需求的无限性的矛盾（根本性的原因）2．短期经济利益与长远环境效益的矛盾3．局部利益与整体利益的矛盾4．个人行为和大众利益的矛盾 解决当代环境问题的关键是在尽可能短的时期内，控制世界人口的增长，使世界人口稳定在适度的规模 当代环境问题的特点： 1、危害的不可预见性 2、过程的不可逆性 3、规模的全球性 两种不同的环境观: 传统的环境观：人地关系：人地对立，基本观点：征服自然。后果：资源枯竭和环境破坏 新的环境观：天人合一，人地归一，保持平衡与协调。良性方向发展 可持续发展的概念和内涵 （1）概念可持续发展就是既满足当代人的需求，又不对后代人满足其自身需求能力构成危害的发展。它是一个涉及经济、社会、文化技术和自然环境的综合概念。 （2）基本思想①鼓励经济增长；②要保证资源的可持续利用和良好的生态环境；③谋求社会的全面进步。 （3）中国的可持续发展——《中国21世纪议程》 ▲水体富营养化:水体富营养化发生在淡水水体，称为“水华”；发生在海洋，称为“赤潮” 1、形成条件：较为封闭的海湾、湖泊等水体中，由于水体的流动性差，自净能力弱 河道中不的净化作用见课本 2、污染物：氮磷等植物营养元素 3、污染源：工业废水、生活污水、农业废水 4、危害——①水生植物和鱼类死亡②水质变坏③湖泊变沼泽 5、湖泊沼泽化本身是一种自然现象，进程缓慢。人类活动（水体富营养化与围湖造田）加快了这一进程 海洋石油污染 1、污染源：近海石油的开采、加工和运输，海上油轮泄漏 2、污染物：石油 3、危害： 直接危害：油污染能直接导致海鸟、海兽的毛、皮丧失防水和保温性能，或因堵塞呼吸和感觉器官而大量死亡。油膜和油块能粘住大量的鱼卵和幼鱼，并阻碍海藻的光合作用，底栖动物则还要受沉降到海底的石油的影响。 间接危害：石油在氧化分解过程中，因大量消耗水中的溶解氧，也会间接地对生物造成危害 4、常发区域：世界的主要港湾、主要航线附近、海上油井周围 5、怎样清除石油 ①分散：喷洒强效洗涤剂，不宜在近岸或渔场使用 ②沉降：撒粉状石灰，危害海底生物 ③吸收：利用麦秆等吸收石油，静水环境 ④围栏：小面积油污，静水环境 ⑤放任：任其自然分解 ⑥燃烧：油层达2mm，造成大气污染▲水污染的危害：①危害人体健康②降低农作物的产量和质量③影响渔业生产的产量和质量④制约工业的发展⑤加速生态环境的退化和破坏⑥造成经济损失 水污染的防治措施 （1）工业水污染防治对策 1.宏观性控制对策:优化产业结构与工业结构 2.技术性控制对策。如积极推行清洁生产，提高工业用水重复利用率，实行污染物排放总量控制 制度，促进工业废水与城市生活污水的集中 3.管理性控制对策，如完善法律法规，加大执法力度，健全环境监测网络 （2）城市水污染防治对策 1. 将水污染防治纳入城市的总体规划 2.城市废水的防治的防治应遵循集中与分散相结合的原则 3.在缺水地区应积极将城市水污染的防治与城市废水资源化相结合 4.加强城市地表和地下水源的保护 5.大力开发低耗高效废水处理与回用技术 （三）农村水污染防治对策 1.发展节水型农业 2.合理利用化肥和农药 3.加强对畜禽排泄物，乡镇企业废水及村镇生活污水的有效处理 固体废弃物（通常称为垃圾）是指在生产建设、日常生活和其他活动中产生的污染环境的固态、半固态废弃物质 城市垃圾的特点 1、数量大 2、品种多 3、变化大 当代垃圾产生的环境问题 1、自然环境对固体废弃物具有一定的自净能力，例如沙土掩埋、微生物分解等，使垃圾回归土壤 2、传统方式：用垃圾和粪便堆肥，使有机质回归土壤，不会造成环境污染 注意：上述两种方式，不能处理所有的固体废弃物。 3、固体废弃物的危害： ①污染大气②污染水体③污染土壤④占用耕地⑤影响环境卫生⑥危害人体健康 固体废弃物污染防治与综合利用 （一）固体废物减量化 1.对城市固体废物：逐步改变燃料结构，净菜进城、减少垃圾生产量，加强产品的生态设计，推行垃圾分类收集，搞好产品的回收、利用的再循环 2、对工业固体废物：淘汰落后生产工艺，推广清洁生产工艺，发展物质循环利用工艺 （二）固体废物资源化与综合利用 1.物质回收利用，如从废弃物中回收提取有用成分，如纸，重金属等 2.物质转换利用，如废渣生产建筑材料、水泥，进行堆肥，产生农肥，取代某种工业原料等 3.能量转换利用，如能有机废物的焚烧处理回收热量、发电，利用垃圾厌氧消化产生沼气 （三）固体废物的无害化处理处置 影响大气污染扩散和自净的因素： ⑴污染物排放量大小：若排放量小，则易扩散 ⑵气象条件：风速、风向、气温、湿度、云况、辐射等 凡是有利于增大风速、增强湍流的气象条件，都有利于污染物的扩散； 出现逆温天气，大气层异常稳定时，不利于大气污染物的扩散 ⑶地形：盆地、河谷地形，不利于污染物扩散