一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066 年）古英语时期（—英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）头韵体诗歌（alliteration））开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”Father “英国散文之父”（of English Prose））世纪）
二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066 年—15 世纪）中古英语时期（头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。诗人英国诗歌之父（）代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌八音节（（The 八音节）英雄双韵体（）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》Canterbury Tales）。托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15 世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》散文家（Le Morte d’Arthur）散文世纪末—世纪）
三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15 世纪末—17 世纪）文艺复兴时期（托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia）《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》，（The 人文主义者painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）. 托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。菲利普·锡德尼（Philip Sidney）：《阿卡迪亚》（Arcadia）被誉为现代长篇小说的先驱，“现代长篇小说的先驱《诗辨》现代长篇小说的先驱”（The Defense of Poesie）开创了近代英国的文学批评。埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spencer）：杰出的诗人诗人，享有“诗人中的诗人诗人中的诗人”的美称。（poet’s poet），首创了“斯宾塞诗节”诗人诗人中的诗人（Spencerian stanza）。代表作《仙后》（The Farie Queene）被誉为英国文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗”。他的诗歌包含了民族主义（nationalism）、人文主义（humanism）和清教徒主义（puritanism）等思想。克里斯托弗·马娄（Christopher Marlow）：伟大的剧作家剧作家，是“大学才子”University Wits）中最杰出的作家。代表作：《帖木儿剧作家“大学才子”（）中最杰出的作家。大帝》（Tamburlaine）《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》，（The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus）。威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）：伟大的戏剧家诗人戏剧家兼诗人（Venus and Adonis）和戏剧家诗人。代表作有：叙事诗《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》《露西克丽丝受辱记》（The Rape of Lucrece）《圣经钦定本》，（The King James Bible），四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《麦克白》（Macbeth），喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》Midsummer Night’s Dream）（A 、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）、《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）《第二十夜》、（Twelfth Night），历史剧（chronicle play）《亨利六世》（Henry Ⅵ）《理查三世》、（Richard Ⅲ）《亨利四世》、（Henry Ⅳ），传奇剧（miracle play）《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》（Pericles, Prince of Type）《辛白林》、（Cymbeline）《冬天的、故事》（The Winter’s Tale）和《暴风雨》（Tempest）。本·琼森（Ben Jonson）：杰出的剧作家风俗喜剧comedy of manners）剧作家，风俗喜剧的奠基人。《人性互异》（Every 剧作家风俗喜剧（（）的奠基人代表作：Man In His Humor）。约翰·多恩（John Donne）：杰出的诗人“玄学派”诗歌（Metaphysical Poems）的创始人。代表作《歌曲与十四行诗人，诗人诗》（Songs and Sonnets）。乔治·赫伯特（George Herbert）：“玄学派诗圣（the saint of the Metaphysical school）代表作诗集玄学派诗圣”，《神殿》（The Temple）。玄学派诗圣安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marwell）：“玄学派（the saint of the Metaphysical school）玄学派”诗人，《致他的娇羞女友》（To his 玄学派诗人代表作Coy Mistress）。弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）：杰出的散文家，哲学家，被誉为现代科学和唯物主义哲学（materialism）的创始人散文家，散文家哲学家，被誉为现代科学和唯物主义哲学（）的创始人。散文有：《随笔》（Essay）《论学习》、（Of Study）《论真理》、（Of Truth），哲学著作有：《学术的推进》（The Advancement of Learning）和《新工具》（The New Instrument）。资产阶级革命及启蒙时期（Revolutionary and Enlightenment Period 17 世纪—19 世纪）（世纪—世纪）
四．资产阶级革命及启蒙时期约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton）：杰出的清教徒诗人，是英国历史上仅次于莎士比亚的伟大作家。代表作有《为英国人清教徒诗人，清教徒诗人是英国历史上仅次于莎士比亚的伟大作家。民而辩》（Defence of the English People）《为英国人民再辩》，（Second Defence of the English People）《失乐园》，（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》，（Paradise Regained），诗剧（poetical drama）《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）。约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）：杰出的清教徒散文家散文家，代表作《天路历程》（Pilgrim’s Progress）。散文家约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）：桂冠诗人（、戏剧家桂冠诗人（poet laureate）戏剧家、文艺批评家）戏剧家、文艺批评家。代表作颂诗《亚历山大的宴会》、（Alexander’s Feast），政治讽刺诗《押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔》（Absalom and Achitophel），文学评论作品《论戏剧诗》（An Essay of Dramatick Poesie），“英雄悲剧”《印第安女王》（The Indian Queen）、《印第安皇帝》（The Indian Emperor）、《格兰纳达的征服》（The Conquest of Granada）、《残酷的爱情》（Tyrannick Love）和《一切为了爱情》（All for Love）。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）：杰出的诗人诗人，是英国新古典主义（Neo-classicalism）诗歌的重要代表。擅长写讽刺诗和新古典主义（诗人新古典主义）讽刺诗和运用“英雄双韵体”，被伏尔泰誉为“欧洲最伟大的诗人”。代表作《田园运用“英雄双韵体”heroic couplet）（）
组师》（Pastorals），讽刺诗《卷发遇劫记》（The Rape of the Lock）《愚人记》、（The Dunciad），哲理诗《批评论》（Essay on Criticism），《人论》（Essay on Man）翻译作品，《荷马史诗》（Homer Epics）（包括《伊里亚特》（The Iliad）和《奥德赛》（The Odyssey）。）托马斯·格雷（Thomas Gray）：感伤主义”诗人。《墓园挽诗》（An Elegy Written in a Country “感伤主义”Sentimentalism）（）诗人代表作Churchyard）。威廉·布莱克（William Blake）：诗人，代表作《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence）《经验之歌》，（Songs of Experience）。诗人罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns）：苏格兰杰出的农民诗人作品：农民诗人。《一朵红红的玫瑰》Red, Red Rose）（A ，《昔日的好时光》农民诗人（Auld Lang Syne）。理查德·斯蒂尔（Richard Steel）和约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joseph Addison）：合伙创办了《闲谈者》（The Tatler）和《旁观者》（The Spectator）。塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson）：著名的词典编撰家、词典编撰家、散文家、文艺批评家。《英语词典》A Dictionary of the English （词典编撰家散文家、文艺批评家代表作Language）《致切斯特菲尔德爵爷书》Letter to Lord Chesterfield）《诗人传》，（A ，（The Lives of the Poets）。丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）：英国现实主义小说家奠基人之一。代表作《罗宾逊漂流记》（The Life and Strange 英国现实主义小说家奠基人之一Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe）《铲除非国教教徒的捷径》，（The Shortest Way with the Dissenters）《摩尔·弗兰德斯》，（Moll Flanders）。乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）：杰出的讽刺小说家、散文家讽刺小说家、（A Modest Proposal）《格里，讽刺小说家散文家。代表作《一个小小的建议》佛游记》（Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver）《桶的故事》，（A Tale of a Tub）。塞缪尔·理查森（Samuel Richardson）：英国现代小说创始人。代表作《帕米拉，或美德有报》（Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded），英国现代小说创始人《克拉丽莎》（Clarissa）《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》，（The History of Sir Charles Grandison）。亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding）：英国现代主义小说理论的奠基人。代表作《约瑟夫·安德鲁》（Joseph Andrews）《爱，英国现代主义小说理论的奠基人米莉亚》（Amelia）《汤姆·琼斯》，（The History of Tom Jones）。托比亚斯·斯摩莱特（Tobias Smollett）：苏格兰小说家，现实主义作家。代表作：流浪汉体裁小说（picaresque novel）《蓝登传》苏格兰小说家，现实主义作家（The Adventures of Roderick Random）《匹克尔传》，（The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle）。劳伦斯·斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne）：杰出的感伤主义（（The Life and Opinions of 杰出的感伤主义（sentimentalism）小说家）小说家。代表作《项狄传》Tristram Shandy）（开创了意识流小说（the stream of consciousness），）《感伤的旅行》（A Sentimental Journey）。奥立弗·哥尔德斯密斯（Oliver Goldsmith）：杰出的剧作家、小说家、诗人和散文家剧作家、（The Good-Natur’d Man），剧作家小说家、诗人和散文家。代表作《好心人》《屈身求爱》（She Stoops to Conquer）《维克菲尔德牧师传》，（The Vicar of Wakefield），诗歌《荒村》（The Deserted Village）《世界公民》，（The Citizen of the World）。理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹（Richard Brinsley Sheridan）：伟大的戏剧家戏剧家。作品《造谣学校》（The School for Scandal）达到了“风俗喜剧”（comedy 戏剧家of manners）的之巅，除此以外还有作品《情敌》（The Rivals）。
五．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1819 年—1901 年）维多利亚时期（威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）：湖畔派”诗人（。代表作《独自云游》（I “湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets）“桂冠诗人”Poet Laureate））桂冠诗人”，（）Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）《孤寂的割麦女》，（The Solitary Reaper）《丁登寺杂咏》，（Lines Composed a Few Miles about Tintern Abbey）《序曲》，（The Prelude）。塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）：湖畔派”诗人（（The Rime of the Ancient Marine），“湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets）代表作《古舟子咏》）。《忽必烈汗》（Kubla Khan）《克里斯塔贝尔》，（Christabel）。罗伯特·索西（Robert Southey）：最年轻的“湖畔派”诗人（。代表作短诗《布最年轻的“湖畔派”诗人（Lake poets）“桂冠诗人”Poet Laureate））桂冠诗人”，（）莱尼姆之战》（The Battle of Blenheim），《我与死者做伴的日子已经结束》（My Days among the Dead are Past）《撒拉巴》，（Thalaba the Destroyer），长诗《克哈马的诅咒》（The Curse of Kehama）。乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）：伟大的诗人，诗人，英国浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》Child （诗人英国浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表代表作Harold’s Pilgrimage），长诗《唐·璜》（Don Juan）。波希·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）：著名诗人，浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表代表作运动的杰出代表。《阿多妮》（Adonais），《西风颂》（Ode 著名诗人，浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。to the West Wind），《解放了的普罗米修斯》（Prometheus Unbound），《致云雀》a Skylark）（To ，《诗辨》Defence of Poetry）（A 。约翰·济慈（John Keats）：诗人，《圣·阿格尼斯节前夕》（The Eve of St. Agnes）颂歌，《秋颂》Autumn）（To 、诗人代表作《夜莺颂》（Ode to a Nightingale）和《希腊古瓮颂》（Ode on a Grecian Urn）。艾尔弗雷德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson）：桂冠诗人”（Break，Break，Break），“桂冠诗人”Poet Laureate）主要作品《冲击、冲击、冲击》（），《尤利西斯》（Ulysses）《公主》，（The Princess）《悼念》Memoriam）《毛黛》，（In ，（Maud）。罗伯特·布朗宁（Robert Browning）：著名诗人，独创了戏剧独白诗（。《环与书》（The Ring 著名诗人，独创了戏剧独白诗dramatic monologue）代表作长诗（）and the Book）。伊丽莎白·芭蕾特·布朗宁（Elizabeth Barrett Browning）：罗伯特·布朗宁的妻子。代表作《孩子们的哭声》（The Cry of the Children）《葡萄牙，十四行诗》（Sonnets from the Portuguese）。马修·阿诺德（Matthew Arnold）：杰出的诗人和批评家。代表作《多佛海滩》（Dover Beach）。杰出的诗人和批评家但丁·加百列·罗塞蒂（Dante Gabriel Rossetti）：先拉
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
专八语言学必背 1. What is Language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.doczj.com/doc/b18096571.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line. 2) Prose 散文 a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌
英语专八人文语言学测试题 1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A language is a system B language is symbolic C Animal also have language D language is arbitrary 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human loanguage is __________. A arbitrary B non-arbitrary C logical D non-productive -ate” in the word “affectionate”？ 3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the “ A derivational morpheme B infectional morpheme C free morpheme D prefix 4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? A minimal pair B phonemic contrast C closed class words D bound morphemes 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? A synonymy B antonymy C homonymy D polysemy 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______. A the manner of articulation B the shape of the lips C the vibration of the vocal cords D the place of articulation 7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible. A mouth B lips C tongue D vocal cords 8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______. A voiced stop B voiceless stop C voiced fricative D voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ________. A semantics B pragmatics C sociaolinguistics D psycholinguistics 10. The utterance “We’ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______. A quality B quantity C relation D manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____. A // 12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences “Mary’s son is an engineer.” An . has a son.” is _______ A entailment B presupposition C synonymy D inconsistency 13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive? A The eqarth is round. B I now prinounce you husband and wife. C I’m really sorry! D I’ll be here tomorrow 14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to the presence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word. A conceptual meaning B social meaning C connotative meaning D affective meaning 15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning. A Speech B Locutionary C Illocutionary D Perlocutionary 16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division. A Speech community B Individual dialect C Regional dialect D Social dialect 17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed as _______.