附录
附录A 英文文献
Dump Truck Overview
Compartment is equipped with automatic devices for dumping cars. Also known as dump trucks, construction vehicles, from motor vehicle chassis, hydraulic lifting mechanism, taking the composition of power devices andFreight platform.
In civil engineering, often with the excavators, loaders, belt conveyors, such as joint operations, constitute a loading, transportation and unloading production lines, to carry out earthworks, gravel, loading and unloading loose materials transport. Compartment can be loaded automatically as a result of a certain tipping point of discharge, discharge significant savings of time and labor, reduce the transport cycle, increase productivity, reduce transportation costs, and to identify the loading capacity. Transport machinery is commonly used.
Engine, chassis and cab of the truck the same structure and general. Can train to the tipping or lateral tipping, through manipulation of the system control rod movement, tipping beyond the more common to promote the piston rod so that tipping inside. A small number of two-way tipping. The allocation of oil by high-pressure valves, tubing into the lifting hydraulic cylinder, inside the front fenders have a driver's safety. Engine through the transmission, hydraulic pump driven from power devices, hydraulic tipping body inside fuel tanks, hydraulic pumps, distribution valves, hydraulic lifting cylinder, control valves and tubing and other components. Hydraulic tipping body inside the tank, pump, distribution valves, hydraulic lifting cylinder, control valves and tubing and other components. Engine through the transmission, hydraulic pump driven from power plant, high pressure oil through the distribution valve, hydraulic cylinder tubing into the lift, push rod so that tipping inside. After tipping more to the common piston rod through the control system to control movement, will enable the train to stop at any position on the need for the tilt. Compartments use of its own gravity and hydraulic control reset.
Dump Truck of the main technical parameters are loaded with weight, and marked volume loading. New car or car repair factory commissioning must be carried out so that
the process inside a smooth lifting action without strings. Use of the site shall be the right choice of lubricating oil, saving unloading time and labor, the attention of lubrication cycle, lifting oil change schedule strictly. Shipment according to nominal load, overloading is strictly prohibited.
Dump truck classification:
1. In accordance with the carrying capacity of the chassis can be divided into series dump truck, dump in tons of series and series of large-tonnage Dump;
2. By the driver dump the form of the bridge can be divided into single-, double-bridge dump, dump eight after the first four, the first four series of ten different models;
3. By unloading the hydraulic lifting mechanism can be divided into different Monacrosporium biparietal dump and dump.
Structural analysis of the dump truck:
Mainly by the hydraulic dump truck dump bodies, cars, and its annexes constitute the frame. Hydraulic dump them inside the structure of institutions and manufacturers in various different modifications, the following compartments and the lifting mechanism in accordance with the pattern of the two aspects of the structure of that dump truck.
1、compartment type
Node compartments by use of different body types can be broadly divided into: general rectangular bucket compartment and inside mine.
Ordinary rectangular compartments for the carriage of goods in bulk. Plate with subsequent automatic opening and closing of institutions, to ensure smooth unloading of goods. Ordinary rectangular compartment thickness as follows: pre-board 4 to 6mm, side panels 4 to 8 mm, after the board 5 to 8 mm, bottom 6 to 12 mm. For example: dump truck license ChengLi common standard rectangular compartment thickness as follows: 4 at the end of the first 4 side 8 5.
Inside bucket mining is applicable to a larger particle size, such as large stones of goods in transit. Taking into account the impact of goods and touch buildings, mining bucket inside the design of more complex shape, with thicker material. For example:-way power bucket mining dump truck license compartment standard thickness as follows: 6 at the end of the first 6 edges 10, and some models in the floor on some angle iron welded to increase the train capacity of stiffness and impact resistance.
2 、lifting body type
Dump truck lifting mechanism is the core of the primary advantages and disadvantages of discriminant indicators truck.
Type lifting mechanism common current: F-type lifting mechanism to enlarge tripod, T-style tripod lifting mechanism to enlarge, double lift, the former top-lift and double rollover.
Enlarge tripod-type lifting mechanism is currently the most frequently used means of a lift for 8 to 40 tons of dead weight, train length of 4.4 ~ 6 meters. Advantage of the structure of mature, stable lifting and cheap; disadvantages inside the frame on the main floor of the closed height of the larger plane.
Most forms of double lift truck in 6X4, it is in the second on both sides of the bridge in front of more than one level of the tank is installed (usually 3 ~ 4), the hydraulic cylinder on the fulcrum of a direct role in the compartment floor. Double advantage of lifting the main floor for the inside frame of the closing high on a smaller plane; the shortcomings of the hydraulic system is very difficult to ensure synchronization of two hydraulic cylinders, give less smooth Health on the inside bottom of the overall stiffness higher.
Lift the top way before the simple structure, inside the frame on the main floor of the closed high plane can be very small, vehicle stability, the smaller the hydraulic system pressure, but the first trip at the most larger-cylinder class, the high cost .
Double-sided cylinder roll force is better, less travel to achieve double-rollover; but more complex hydraulic piping, Health cited a higher rate of roll-over accident.
Dump Truck Selection:
Dump Truck with the development and improvement of domestic purchasing power, dump truck is not in the traditional sense, what the living can do everything dump truck, from the design point of view is different goods, different working conditions, the development of different regions of different products. This requires users to buy vehicles specific to the use of manufacturers.
1、chassis
In the selection of the chassis, the economic benefits that are to be considered, such as: the price of the chassis, loading quality, overloading the capacity of 100 kilometers fuel consumption, maintenance fee, etc.. In addition, users should also consider the following chassis parameters:
① plane height on the chassis frame. General 6x4 chassis frame height on the plane
for the 1050 ~ 1200. The higher the value the greater the vehicle center of gravity, the more easily overturned. Factors affecting the value is the tire diameter, suspension of the layout and height of the main frame section.
②chassis rear overhang. The numerical impact of the General Assembly of Health cited the stability of dump truck, resulting in roll-over accident of Health cited. This value is normally between 500-1100 (except truck rollover).
③ vehicle reasonable match, use and reliable.
2、upload
Dump Truck manufacturer modified the current cohabitation, choose the selection of dump truck manufacturers is equally important than the choice of products. In addition to look at products, but also the ability of equipment manufacturers, dump truck load of design, whether it is a mature technology and equipment, after-sales service commitment, whether or not to buy such accessories.
附录B 英文文献翻译
自卸车概述
车厢配有自动倾卸装置的汽车。又称为翻斗车、工程车，由汽车底盘、液压举升机构、取力装置和货厢组成。
在土木工程中，常同挖掘机、装载机、带式输送机等联合作业，构成装、运、卸生产线，进行土方、砂石、松散物料的装卸运输。由于装载车厢能自动倾翻一定角度卸料，大大节省卸料时间和劳动力，缩短运输周期，提高生产效率，降低运输成本，并标明装载容积。是常用的运输机械。
发动机、底盘及驾驶室的构造和一般载重汽车相同。车厢可以后向倾翻或侧向倾翻，通过操纵系统控制活塞杆运动，以后向倾翻较普遍，推动活塞杆使车厢倾翻。少数双向倾翻。高压油经分配阀、油管进入举升液压缸，车厢前端有驾驶室安全防护板。发动机通过变速器、取力装置驱动液压泵，车厢液压倾翻机构由油箱、液压泵、分配阀、举升液压缸、控制阀和油管等组成。车厢液压倾翻机构由油箱、液压泵、分配阀、举升液压缸、控制阀和油管等组成。发动机通过变速器、取力装置驱动液压泵，高压油经分配阀、油管进入举升液压缸，推动活塞杆使车厢倾翻。以后向倾翻较普遍，通过操纵系统控制活塞杆运动，可使车厢停止在任何需要的倾斜位置上。车厢利用自身重力和液压控制复位。
自卸车的主要技术参数是装载重量，并标明装载容积。新车或大修出厂车必须进行试运转，使车厢举升过程平稳无串动。使用时各部位应按规定正确选用润滑油，大大节省卸料时间和劳动力，注意润滑周期，举升机构严格按期调换油料。按额定装载量装运，严禁超载。
自卸车的分类：
1.按底盘承载能力可分为轻卡系列自卸、中吨系列自卸和大吨位系列自卸；
2.按驱动形式可分单桥自卸、双桥自卸、前四后八自卸、前四后十等不同系列车型；
3.按卸载液压举升机构不同可分为单顶自卸和双顶自卸。
自卸车的构造分析：
自卸车主要由液压倾卸机构、车厢、车架及其附件构成。其中液压倾卸机构和车厢结构各个改装厂家不尽相同，以下按车厢和举升机构的型式两个方面说明自卸车的结构。
1、车厢型式
车厢结机构型式按用途不同大概可分为：普通矩形车厢和矿用铲斗车厢。普通矩形车厢用于散装货物运输。其后板装有自动开合机构，保证货物顺利卸出。普通矩形车厢板厚为：前板4到6mm，边板4到8 mm，后板5到8 mm，底板6到12 mm。比如：程力牌自卸车普通矩形车厢标准配置板厚为：前4边4底8后5。
矿用铲斗车厢则适用于大石块等粒度较大货物的运输。考虑到货物的冲击和碰幢，矿用铲斗车厢的设计形状较复杂，用料较厚。比如：程力牌自卸车矿用铲斗车厢标准配置板厚为：前6边6底10，而且有些车型在底板上焊接一些角钢，以增加车厢的刚度和抗冲击能力。
2 举升机构型式
举升机构是自卸车的核心，是判别自卸车优劣的首要指标。举升机构的型式目前国内常见的有：F式三角架放大举升机构、T式三角架放大举升机构、双缸举升、前顶举升和双面侧翻。
三角架放大式举升机构是目前国内使用最多的一种举升方式，适用载重量8~40吨，车厢长度4.4~6米。优点为结构成熟、举升平稳、造价低；缺点为车厢底板与主车架上平面的闭合高度较大。
双缸举升形式大多用在6X4自卸车上，是在第二桥前方两侧各安装一支多级缸（一般为3~4级），液压缸上支点直接作用在车厢底板上。双缸举升的优点为车厢底板与主车架上平面的闭合高度较小；缺点是液压系统很难保证两液压缸同步，举生平稳性较差，对车厢底板的整体刚度要求较高。
前顶举升方式结构简单、车厢底板与主车架上平面的闭合高度可以很小，整车稳定性好，液压系统压力较小，但前顶多级缸行程较大，造价很高。
双面侧翻液压缸受力较好，行程较小，可实现双面侧翻；但液压管路较复杂，举生翻车事故发生率较高。
自卸车选型：
随着自卸汽车的发展和国内购买能力的提高，自卸车已经不是传统意义上的什么活都可以干的万能自卸车，从设计角度讲也是按不同的货物、不同工况、不同地区开发不同的产品。这就要求用户在购买车辆时要向厂家提供具体使用情况。
1、底盘
在选择底盘时，一般是按经济效益来考虑的，比如：底盘的价格、装载质量、超载能力、百公里油耗、养路费等。除此之外，用户还要考虑底盘的如下参数：
①底盘车架上平面离地高度。一般6x4底盘车架上平面离地高度为1050~1200。该
数值越大整车重心越高，越容易造成翻车。影响该数值的因素主要是轮胎直径、悬挂的布置和主车架截面高度。
②底盘后悬。该数值过大会影响自卸车举生稳定性，造成举生翻车事故。此数值一般在500-1100之间（侧翻自卸车除外）。
③整车匹配合理、使用可靠。
2、上装
目前自卸车改装厂家鱼龙混杂，选择自卸车时选择厂家比选择产品同样重要。除看产品外，还要了解厂家的设备能力、自卸车上装的设计、工艺装备是否成熟、售后服务承诺、配件是否能买到等。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
附录 科技译文： Numerical Control Numerical Control(NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machineComponents by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numerical data(numbers and data ) into the system.The system automatically interprets these data and converts to output signals. These signals ,in turn control various machine components ,such as turning spindles on and off ,changing tools,moving the work piece or the tools along specific paths,and turning cutting fluits on and off. In order to appreciate the importer of numerical control of machines ,let’s briefly review how a process such as machining has been carried out traditionally .After studying the working drawing of a part, the operator sets up the appropriate process parameters(such as cutting speed ,feed,depth of cut,cutting fluid ,and so on),determines the sequence of operations to be performed,clamps the work piece in a workholding device such as chuck or collet ,and proceeds to make the part .Depending on part shape and the dimensional accuracy specified ,this approach usually requires skilled
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b013427848.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b013427848.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/b013427848.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。