Attributive Clause
（一）定义及相关术语
定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；
关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：
A、引导定语从句；
B、代替先行词；
C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
* who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man
who是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
I. relative pronoun(关系代词)
sth—Subject---(that/which) sth---Object---(that/which/0)
sb--- Subject---(that/who) sb--- Object---(that/whom/0)
1. The wallet___________ was found by the student has been handed into the teacher.
2. The flowers_____________ Henry gave to Mary were thrown into the river.
3. Who will help the child________________ is standing in the winter wind.
4. I have never seen a student like the one__________________ you told me about yesterday.
5. Do you know the names of the students_____________________ you played football with yesterday.
sth’s---whose+n.=the+n.+of which/of which+the+n.
sb’s--- whose+n.
1. I visited a scientist _________________name is known all over the country.
2. He has a friend ____________________ father is a doctor.
3. I once lived in the house ___________ roof has fallen in.
替换
1.The classroom __________ roof is broken will soon be repaired.
2. The classroom _________________ is broken will soon be repaired.
3. Do you like the book __________cover is black?
4. Do you like the book __________________ is black?
“that” is often used in the following situa tions
1. Have you taken down everything ____________ Mr. Li said?
2. All ______________ can be done has been done.
3. The first place _____________ they visited in London was the Big Ben.
4. This is the best film ____________ I have ever seen.
5. This is the very dictionary ___________ I want to buy.
6. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing____________ he owns.
7. Look at the man and his donkey ___________ are walking up the street.
10. The first time _____________ I saw Henry was last week.
“who- vs th-”
1. Who is the man ____________ is standing by the gate?
2. Which is the T-shirt ____________ fits me most?
3. Those ________ want to go please sign your names here.
4. He __________ does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
II. 关系副词(关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导)
Adverbial of time: when = prep + which
Adverbial of place: where = prep + which
Adverbial of reason: why = for + which
1. October 1, 1949 was the day____________ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
2. Do you remember the years ___________ he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.
3. I visited the farm _____________ a lot of cows were raised .
4. Shanghai is the city ________________ I was born.
5. The reason _____________ he was punished is unknown to us.
6. I don’t know the reason _____________ he looks unhappy today.
III. 介词+关系代词
(1). 介词+which/whom
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出
The school _________________ he once studied in is very famous.
The school__________________ he once studied is very famous.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine_____________________ you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine _______________you asked.
This is the boy __________________I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy __________________ I played tennis yesterday.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer_____________________ we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer_________________ we have often talked.
*若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，关系代词指物时只可用which，关系代词是所有格时用whose。
含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面如：
look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch ______________I am looking for.
The babies ___________________the nurse is looking after are very healthy.
(2). 名词+of+ which/whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.
(3). 数词+of+ which/whom
She’s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
(4). 代词+of +which/whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(5). 最高级+of + which/whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
IV. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1. sentence, +which attributive clause
2. As ..., + sentence/ sentence, +as attributive clause
(as + be said, be known, be expected, be reported)
3. the same/so/such+n+as attributive clause
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, _______________ I don’t believe.
Tom was late for school again and again, ______________ made his teacher very angry.
___________ is known to all, China is a developing country.
We won the game，_________ we expected.
I’ve never heard such stories ___________ he tells.
He is not such a fool ___________ he looks.
This is the same dictionary______________ I lost last week.
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 同一
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 同类
特殊用法
*the way---that/in which/省略
1.The way __________________ he answered the questions was surprising.
2. I don’t like the way ____________________ you laugh at her.
*one of the n,(pl.) + attributive clause(verb pl.)
the only one of the n,(pl.) + attributive clause(verb singular.)
1. He is one of the students who/that__________ been to the Great Wall.
2. He is the only one of the students who/that__________ been to the Great Wall.
添加插入语
Edison made a lot of inventions, ____ of great importance.
A. which I think are
B. which I think they are
C. which I think they
D. I think which are
一（2014安徽卷）22．The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A. When
B. where
C. why
D. which
【举一反三】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
二（2014北京卷）26. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates recommended to me..
A.who
B. which
C. when
D. Where
【举一反三】The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A.which
B.what
C.that
D.where
三（2014福建卷）31. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.
A. who
B. when
C. which
D. where
【举一反三】Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity sight matters more than hearing.
A.when
B.whose
C.which
D.where
四（2014湖南卷）31.I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A. as
B. why
C. when
D. where
【举一反三】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
五（2014江苏卷）22. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ______a good impression is a must.
A. which
B. when
C. as
D. where
【举一反三】It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
六（2014江西卷）28. Among the many dangers______ sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog .
A. which
B. what
C. where
D. when
That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. when
七（2014山东卷）10. A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A. which
B. whose
C. who
D. why
The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. what
八（2014陕西卷）13. Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
【举一反三】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A. they
B. where
C. what
D. that
九（2014陕西卷）15. ________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
A. Why
B. When
C. That
D. What
【举一反三】Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers.
A. when
B. how
C. that
D. whether
十（2014四川卷）4. I now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children. ______ is quite unexpected.
A. that
B. which
C. who
D. it
【举一反三】ed came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this
B. that
C. what
D. which
十一（2014天津卷）12. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
A. all of which
B. each of which
C. all of them
D. each of them
【举一反三】It is reported that two schools, are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
A.they both
B.which both
C.both of them
D.both of which
十二（2014浙江卷）5. I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
A. when
B. where
C. which
D. why
【举一反三】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. which
十三（2014重庆卷）9.We'll reach the sales targets in a month____we set at at the beginning of the year.
A. which
B.where
C. when
D.what
【举一反三】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently.
A. which
B. what
C. them
D. those
一、听力理解(共20题，每小题1.5分, 共30分)
二、
第一节(共5题，每小题1.5分, 共7.5分)
请听下面5段对话,选出最佳选项。
1. How does the man come here?
A. By bus.
B. By taxi.
C. By car.
2. Why isn’t Helen present?
A. She forgot to come.
B. She changed her decision.
C. She wasn’t invited.
3. What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?
A. Husband and wife.
B. Mother and son.
C. Doctor and patient.
4. What’s the man’s job?
A. A shop assistant (商店服务员).
B. A tailor (裁缝师).
C. A salesman (售货员).
5. What does the man mean?
A. He can’t go to the cinema.
B. He can go to the cinema on Saturday morning.
C. He can go to the cinema on Saturday evening.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分）
请听下面5段对话或独白,选出最佳选项。
请听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6. When will the man go on holiday?
A. In spring.
B. In summer.
C. In winter.
7. Where is the man going?
A. Switzerland.
B. Italy.
C. Austria.
请听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
8. What is the man?
A. A businessman.
B. A salesman.
C. A scientist.
9. Where does this conversation most probably take place?
A. On a train.
B. On a bus.
C. On a plane.
10. Why is the woman traveling?
A. She is traveling on holiday.
B. She is traveling on business.
C. She is traveling to give some lectures.
请听第8段材料,回答第11至13题。
11. Why is the woman calling?
A. To buy a table.
B. To book a table.
C. To serve lunch.
12. When does this restaurant stop serving lunch?
A. 1 pm.
B. 2 pm.
C. 3 pm.
13. How many people will come with the woman for lunch?
A. One.
B. Two.
C. Four.
请听第9段材料,回答第14至17题。
请听第10段材料,回答第18至20题。
18. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The Barcelona Olympic Games.
B. TV programs on Chinese television.
C. Effects of television on our lives.
19. Where was the survey of 300 youngsters made?
A. In Shanghai.
B. In Wuhan.
C. In Beijing.
20. According to the passage, what is quickly replacing (取代) printed material as the major (主要
的) source of news for most Chinese?
A. Internet
B. Television
C. Reading
第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
Long ago, a king had two sons. As they grew up, the king wanted to find a fair way to 36 one of them as Crown prince. But the two princes were 37 in intelligence, personal charm, and health. It was very hard to decide which one should be Crown prince. The king then tried to find a 38 in one which was not shared by the other.
One day, he said, “My sons, the weight of sovereignty (王权) is very 39 . To find out which of you is 40 able to bear it, I am sending you together to a far corner of the kingdom. One of my officials there will place 41 of the same weight on your shoulders. My crown will one day go to the one who first 42 bearing his burden like a king should.”
The brothers then 43 together. Soon they met an aged woman 44 under a burden. The younger one 45 that they stop to help her 46 the older one didn’t agree.
The older prince hurried on, but the younger one stayed
47 to give help to the aged woman. Along the road, from day to day, he met others who also needed 48 .
A blind man took him miles out of his way, and a lame (瘸的) man 49 his pace. At last, he reached his father’s 50 who gave him his burden. He went all the way home with it on his shoulders. When he 51 at the palace, his brother greeted him with 52 at the gate. He said, “I don’t 53 . I told Father the weight was too heavy to carry. How did you do it?”
The prince who was going to be king replied 54 , “I suppose when I helped others carry their burden,
I found the 55 to carry my own.”
36. A. compare B. match C. choose D. replace
37. A. equal B. interested C. fair D. famous
38. A. disadvantage B. habit C. mistake D. quality
39. A. empty B. large C. heavy D. little
40. A. best B. better C. most D. worse
41. A. sadness B. sovereignty C. responsibilities D. burdens
42. A. leaves B. returns C. goes D. reaches
43. A. set on B. took off C. set out D. held up
44. A. struggling B. singing C. smiling D. falling
45. A. agreed B. hoped C. ordered D. suggested
46. A. while B. so C. because D. since
47. A. up B. out C. behind D. ahead
48. A. money B. preparation C. help D. love
49. A. turned back B. slowed down C. picked out D. kept up
50. A. lawyer B. wife C. guard D. official
51. A. arrived B. left C. shouted D. looked
52. A. pleasure B. anger C. surprise D. joy
53. A. want B. get C. see D. understand
54. A. thoughtfully B. doubtfully C. sorrowfully D. carelessly
55. A. power B. charm C. strength D. courage
第三部分阅读理解（共２０小题；每小题２分，满分４０分）
Ａ
Confucius said, “In a group of three people, there is always something I can learn. Choose to follow the strengths of others, and use their shortcomings to reflect upon ourselves.”
As you can see from what Confucius said, everyone that we come across can teach us something useful. As long as we reflect on the lessons learnt from and by other people, we can continuously improve ourselves. But take note that when you reflect on these lessons, you apply some wisdom to each lesson because each situation is unique although they share some common principles.
We can learn a lot from everyone. We always tend to think that we can only learn from those who are higher in status or have more knowledge than us, but that is not really the case. We can learn from those who are lower in status than us as well, because the experience and knowledge of each person is very different.
The best thing about this type of learning, reflecting othe r people’s strengths and shortcomings onto ourselves, is that we do not pay for the mistakes that are made. The only cost to us is the time that is needed to learn about and reflect on these lessons from other people’s lives.
As we all know, some mistakes can be ones which people cannot afford to make, for instance, a broken friendship or a financial loss. Thus constantly using other people’s strengths and shortcomings to reflect upon ourselves makes us realize the costs of these mistakes and reduces the possibility that we will make similar mistakes.
What can we do now to learn from others? By keeping our eyes and ears open. Be observant and able to realize what strengths and shortcomings other people have. A lot of people in this world like to complain about their lives. Listen to them and make your own assessment (评估) and from your own assessment, reflect upon your life and make improvements where necessary.
56. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Confucius thought we should learn from strengths of others.
B. It is by reflecting on the lessons learnt by others that we can improve ourselves.
C. Only from those who have more knowledge than us can we learn.
D. Reflecting upon other people’s strengths and shortcomings can he lp us make fewer mistakes.
57. The underlined part “this type of learning” in the fourth paragraph probably refers to ______.
A. learning from other people’s mistakes
B. learning from others’ experiences
C. finding what strengths and shortcomings other people have
D. reflecting others’ strengths and shortcomings onto ourselves
58. From the fifth paragraph, we learn that _______.
A. sometimes we can afford the costs of a broken friendship
B. our reflection will necessarily reduce our mistakes
C. some reflection will help to improve ourselves
D. reflection will stop us from making any mistakes in life
59. The passage is probably taken from ______.
A. a magazine about life
B. a book about travel
C. an advertisement
D. a research report
60. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. How to improve oneself.
B. How to use the shortcomings of others to reflect upon ourselves.
C. How to learn from other people’s strengths and shortcomings.
D. How to reduce the mistakes in one’s life.
Ｂ
In 1871, James Ritty opened the Pony House in Dayton, which quickly became very famous in the city. However, Ritty found that some of his employees would take the customers’ money and pocket it rather than hand in the cash that was meant to pay for the food, drink, and other goods. Ritty got tired of this behavior.
In 1878, on a trip to Europe, Ritty became interested in a mechanism that counted how many times the ship’s propeller (螺旋桨) went around. He wondered if something like this could be made to record the cash deals made at the Pony House. As soon as he got home to Dayton, Ritty and his brother John began working on a design for such a piece of equipment and their third model that year was a success. The first cash register (收款机) was invented a year later.
Ritty opened a small factory to make cash registers. Soon the responsibilities of running two businesses tired him out. He sold all his interests in the cash register business to Jacob Eckert and focused on his bar. Jacob Eckert later sold the business to John H. Patterson.
Patterson continued to i mprove on Ritty’s invention, adding paper rolls to record the day’s deals in each price range. When a deal was completed, a bell equipped in the cash register rang and the amount was noted on a large dial (标度盘) on the front of the machine. During each sale, a paper tape was punched with holes. At the end of the day, the businessman could add up the holes. Improvements in the cash register continued in later years. Charles F. Kettering designed a cash register with an electric motor.
Ritty died in 1918 at the age of eighty-one. His cash register idea lived on, however, as did his bar.
61. Ritty had an idea of inventing the cash register when ______.
A. he was working on a ship
B. he was on a trip to Europe
C. he was checking his employees’ work
D. he was doing experiments with his brother John
62. How old was Ritty when he invented the first cash register?
A. 32.
B. 42.
C. 43.
D. 47.
63. Which of the following parts was NOT a part of the cash register improved by Patterson?
A. Paper rolls.
B. An electric motor.
C. A bell that showed the end of a deal.
D. A large dial on the front of the machine.
64. From the passage, we can learn that __________.
A. the Pony House closed after the death of Ritty
B. the invention of the cash register went well from the very beginning
C. Ritty stopped the cash register business because of lack of money
D. Ritty was more interested in his bar than the cash register business
Ｃ
Parents who work late often don’t make it home before their kids go to bed. So instead of coming home earlier, some parents are keeping kids up later, New York’s ＴｉｍｅＯｕｔＫｉｄｓreports in its March issue. The magazine reports a father who regularly works until 8 pm and came home night after night to find his son asleep. The family thought of a solution (解决方法): the 3-year-old boy now goes to bed at 9 pm.
Three-year-old Claire of Brooklyn doesn’t go to bed until 10 or 11 pm. “If we lived elsewhere in the country, Claire’s bedtime would probably be earlier,” said her mother, Becky Rent. “But this is just the New York City way, and it works for us.”
Although babies and toddlers at least have the chance to sleep late the next day, school kids have to get up early. Childhood is a risky time to miss out on sleep. In September last year, a report reported that shorter sleep time, particularly before the age of three and a half, resulted in lower cognitive (认知的) performance and other problems. “The results show the importance of giving a child the opportunity to sleep a t least ten hours per night throughout early childhood,” the authors said.
Lisa Spiegel, founder of Soho Parenting, told ＴｉｍｅＯｕｔＫｉｄｓthat rather than keeping kids up late, busy parents should try to find a few nights a week when they can come home early to get some time to be with their children. Making sure children have enough time in bed can never be taken lightly. And if working late is quite necessary, put the kids to bed on time and start making time with them at breakfast rather than supper, which is usually the family meal.
65. Many parents in New York push back their children’s bedtime so that _________.
A. they can help their children with their homework
B. their children can form the habit of staying up late
C. they can get some time to be with their children
D. they don’t have to prepare breakfast for their children
66. According to the passage, ＴｉｍｅＯｕｔＫｉｄｓis a _______.
A. medical organization
B. magazine about children
C. medical report
D. website about sleeping
67. What are parents advised to do if they really have to work late?
A. Take their children out at the weekend.
B. Let their children stay up late waiting for them.
C. Take their children with them when they go to work.
D. Have breakfast with their children instead of supper.
68. The first two paragraphs tell us that .
A. having enough sleep is very important
B. lots of parents in New York don’t care for their children’s health
C. some kids in New York are kept up late by busy parents
D. most parents in New York have to work late every night
Ｄ
The African elephant is the largest living land animal. The animals have very strong social bonds and live in family groups headed by a female elephant. Grown-up males sometimes join the group. Elephants are excellent swimmers. They have few natural enemies besides human beings, and they are dying out due to loss of habitat and poaching (偷猎). They are killed for their ivory tusks.
African elephants average about ten feet tall at the shoulder, and weigh about six tons which is about 5,400 kg. Males are larger than females. Both males and females have tusks, which are large, pointed ivory teeth. They have wrinkled, gray-brown skin that is almost hairless.
African elephants have large ears which are up to five feet or one and a half meters long. The ears are shaped like the continent of Africa. They not only help elephants hear well, but also help them lose heat, as hot blood flows near the surface of the skin.
Elephants breathe through two nostrils at the end of their trunk, which is an extension of the nose. The trunk is also used to get water and food. To get water, the elephant sucks water into the trunk, and then curls the trunk towards the mouth and squirts (喷射) the water into it. The trunk has two grasping extensions at the tip, which it uses like a hand.
Elephants eat roots, grass, leaves, fruit, and bark. They use their tusks and trunk to get food. These herbivores spend most of their time eating. Female elephants can eat up to 300 to 600 pounds of food each day.
69. We can infer from the first paragraph that .
A. elephants don’t like living near rivers
B. elephants don’t like staying with their family members
C. African elephants are smaller than Asian elephants
D. grown-u p male elephants don’t often live in family groups
70. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Hunters kill elephants for their ivory tusks.
B. Female elephants are generally not as large as male elephants.
C. Male elephants are usually leaders of the family groups.
D. Elephants’ ears look like the shape of Africa.
71. What does the underlined part in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Roots.
B. Animals.
C. Africans.
D. Elephants.
72. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Life style of African elephants.
B. How to save African elephants.
C. Tusks — the most valuable part of elephants.
D. African elephants — the largest living land animals.
Ｅ
One year, I moved to California and took a job in a small hospital’s emergency department. As the newest member of the group, I got the shift to work on Christmas Eve.
At 9 pm, the ambulance brought in a man in his 60s who was having a heart attack. I did my best and he survived. Emergency physicians don’t have continuing relationships with patients like other doctors. Often they pass through our hands and out the door and we rarely see them again.
The following year, I was still the newest member of the group, and I got Christmas Eve duty again. At 9 pm, a clerk told me there was a couple wanting to speak with me. When I got near, the man introduced himself as Mr Lee and said, “You probably don’t remember me, but last Christmas Eve you saved my life. Thank you for the year you gave me.” He and his wife hugged me, handed me a small gift an d left. I was more than a little surprised and touched.
In the third year, I volunteered for the shift. Once again, at exactly 9 pm, the Lees appeared, carrying a bundle. It was their new grandchild. Each year at exactly 9 pm, he’d appear, twice with new grandchildren. One year he came with a great-grandchild.
Mr Lee, his family and I spent 13 Christmas Eves together. Mr Lee died after he brought me a gift — a crystal bell with the word FRIENDSHIP on it. Since then, I ring that bell every Christmas Eve at exactly 9 pm.
73. According to the passage, we can learn that ____.
A. the author spent all his life in California
B. Mr Lee felt grateful to be saved by the author
C. the author was sure Mr Lee would come to see him the first year
D. Mr Lee came to visit the author with his grandchild each time
74. What is this passage mainly about?
A. How a doctor spends his Christmas Eve each year.
B. A new doctor’s hard life in a hospital.
C. How a patient was saved one Christmas Eve.
D. The friendship between a doctor and a patient.
75. Which of the following is the correct order of the story?
①Mr Lee brought me a gift for the last time.
②The couple thanked me for saving the husband’s life.
③The couple came again with their newly born grandchild.
④I got the shift to work on Christmas Eve in the hospital for the first time.
⑤An old man was brought in and I saved his life.
A. ④-⑤-②-③-①
B. ②-④-③-①-⑤
C. ④-⑤-③-①-②
D. ②-③-①-④-⑤
第二节．七选五
Brain Transplants
Research on the human brain has been attracting more and more scientists in recent years.
1 If we compare a human brain to a hard disc, what the scientists are doing is to make better use of the hard disc.
The idea that a human brain could be transplanted may come from Frankenstein. In 1999, an experiment turned a bear into a dolphin. 2 They were made of the memory area in the dolphin’s brain containing information about swimming. They had a series of useful information, which was saved into a button-sized chip (芯片). Later the information was transplanted into the action memory area in the bear’s brain. 3 It proved to be a highly successful experiment and a bear was turned into a dolphin.
Recently, another memory transplant was performed at the Motor Nerve Research Institute of the University of California. The experiment had an entire transplant of the memory area. 4 The transplant was performed from a dog named Genius to a dog named Idiot. Genius could follow up to 100 gestures and orders made by its master. It was a real genius in memorizing. However, Idiot had no contact with people since its birth. It became an animal with nothing in its brain, without any memory.
5 When the two dogs woke up, Idiot had grasped all the abilities Genius possessed; it was good at memorizing and sensible. It could follow every gesture and any command given by its master. But Genius gave no response to its master, and did not recognize him at all.
A. The experiment was a complete success.
B. It included actions, moods, logic, words, images, etc.
C. Then it was released by means of electric power.
D. Different images have different meanings in the memory area.
E. Using the most advanced technology, detailed images were produced.
F. Discoveries show that messages are carried by the central nervous system in the brain.
G. One of the latest topics is how to change the human brain or combine it with the computer.
语法填空
One day Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen.
Suddenly, he 16 (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt but pay a fair price for it: Neither too much 17 too little.” His son looked surprised “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much., Father, but if I can pay less, 18 not save a bit of money?”
“That would be a very 19 (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours.” Nick said.
Nick’s guests 20 had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy a sale more cheaply. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell sale 21 a lower price would be that he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of this situation would be showing a lack of respect 22 the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”
“But such a small thing couldn’t 23 (possible) destroy a village.”
“In the beginning there was only 24 very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always 25 (think) that it was only small and not very important and look where we have ended up today.
语法复习学案 定语从句 I、概念 将下列两个句子合并成一句话 (1) Harry Porter is a boy. (2)The boyhas magic power. _____________________________________________________________________ 概念：_______________________________________________________________ 合并后的句子中，________ 是先行词，__________是关系词，____________________ ______________________________ 是定语从句。 关系词又可分为______________，有：________________________________________ __________________;和_________________，有_________________________________。II、用法 一. 关系代词的基本用法 观察例句并完成表格 ①The man who/that came to have supper yesterday was my uncle. ②He is the man who/whom/that I saw yesterday. ③This is the book which/that is written by Tom. ④I like the book which/that you bought yesterday. ⑤Mr. King,whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital. ⑥He lives in a room whose window faces south. 完成下列表格 练一练：语法填空 (1)The man ___________ is speaking at the meeting is a worker. (2) I live next door to a couple _____________ children often make a lot of noise. (3) The woman ___________________ they wanted to visit is a teacher. (4) This is a truck ______________ is made in China. 2.关系代词只用that不用which的情况 (1) ①That’s al l that I could do at that time. ②I’ve read all the books that you lend me. 从上面两个例句可以看出，当先行词是_______________或者被______________修饰时，只能用_________，不能用___________. I did nothing ______ might hurt you. (2)This is the best film that I’ve seen. The first song that I learned will never be forgotten. 当先行词被__________________或者_________________________修饰时，只能用_______不能用___________. This is the second book ______ I have ever written. (3)He is the very person that they are looking for. This is the only painting in this style that we have. 当先行词被____________, ______________修饰时，只能用_________，不能用___________. He is the only student _______ is always late. (4)I’ve never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now. 先行词既指_____又指______时，只能用_________，不能用_________. They talked of things and persons ______ they remembered in the school. (5) Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 主句是以__________或_________开头的特殊疑问句，只能用______，不能用_________. Who is the girl _______ is standing under the tree? Which is the T-shirt ________ fits me most? (6) Here is the hotel that you’ve been looking for? 主句以_________________开头时，只能用______，不能用_________. (7)My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn't far from here. 两个定语从句中，一个关系代词用which，则另一个要用______. 3.关系代词只用which不用that的情况 This is the room in which Mr. White lives. He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. The clock is that which can tell us the time. 钟是报时的装置。 由以上三个例句可以总结出只用which不用that的情况有： ①作______的宾语且_______提前时 ②引导__________定语从句时 ③先行词为______时 4. 关系代词as引导限制性定语从句的用法。
①阅读理解中的长难句； ②考关系词：语法填空（不给提示词）和短文改错（增删关系词、关系词用错）。 读句子，猜猜他是谁？ He is a player who is very famous in the world. Heplaysfootballwhichispopularallovertheworld. Heisamanwhosewifeisaworld-famoussinger. He lives in the country where the 2012 Olympic was held. Hewastheleaderoftheteamintheyearwhenthe18thWorld Cup washeld. Do you know the reason why he is so famous and successful? 定语从句
定语从句的概念 一、定语的概念 句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。定语可以由形容词，名词，不定式，分词，动名词或从句来充当，且定语往往翻译为“…的”。 即学即练 指出下列句子中的定语由何种词句充当： ①I have a pretty dog. 答案：pretty形容词 ②He is in the reading room.答案：reading现在分词 二、定语从句的概念 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词（跑在前面的词），定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。1)定语从句的结构： 圈出每句中被修饰的名词。 2/ 9
He is a player who is very famous in the world. Heplaysfootball which ispopularallovertheworld. Heisamanwhosewifeisaworld-famoussinger. He lives in the country where the 2012 Olympic was held. Hewastheleaderoftheteamintheyear when the18thWorld Cup washeld. Do you know the reason why he is so famous and successful? 指出如下句子的先行词、关系词和定语从句： The boy who broke the window is Tom ’s brother. He was the leader of the team in the year when the 18th World Cup was held. 先行词：the boy、the year 关系词：who、when 定语从句：who broke the window is Tom’s brother.when the 18th World Cup was held. 2)为什么有不同的关系词？ He is a player who is very famous in the world. 拆分：He is a player. The player is very famous in the world.（主语） 拆分句子，并观察先行词在从句中充当什么成分。 I have never seen the girl who you mentioned yesterday. She is the teacher who we want to visit. 即学即练
高一英语定语从句教案 一、基本概念 1. 定语从句： 修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2. 先行词： 被定语从句修饰的名词 3. 关系词： 引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词有where, when, why。关系词常有3个作用：1）引导定语从句。2）代替先行词。3）在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二、关系代词和关系副词的意义及用法 指人：who, that,(指人常用who,不常用that) 主语 指物：which, that 指人：whom, who, that（who常用在在非正式和口语体中） 宾语(关系代词作宾语时常可省略) 关系代词指物：which, that 定语：whose （whose + n.=of which + n. ） 关系词 时间：when 关系副词----状语地点：where = 介词+ which 原因：why 解题技巧：关键看从句缺何种成分 三、例句练习讲解 1.Yesterday I helped an old man ＿lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 2.The man ＿you met just now is my friend. 你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。 3.This is the pen ＿he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的笔。 4.He has a friend ＿father is a doctor. 他有个父亲是医生的朋友。 注意：whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替，例： 门坏了的那间教室很快就会被修好。 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书吗？ Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 5.I still remember the day ＿I first came to this school.我仍然记得第一次来到这学校 的那一天。 6.Shanghai is the city ＿I was born. 上海市我出生的地方。 7.Please tell me the reason ＿you missed the plane. 请告诉我你错过航班的原因。 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+which”引导的从句替换 8.易错题：This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起而做错题。
Grammar 定语从句复习 一、关系代词的基本用法 (1)that 的用法 即指人也指物，作主语，宾语。在定语从句中，作______________ 可以省略。 ①She is the girl that you want to know. (宾语，指人) ②Do you like the book that you borrowed yesterday? (__________,________) ③This is the factory that produces cars. (_________,_________) (2)which 的用法 指物，作主语，宾语，作___________可以省略。 ①The southern Great Wall is a place which is famous . (__________,________) ②The building which they are building will be finished next week. (__________,________) (3)who 的用法 指人，作主语，宾语，作宾语可以省略。 My friend is a teacher who is wise. (4)whom 的用法 指人，作宾语，可以省略，还可以用who 和that代替。 Linda is the student whom I gave the book. (5)whose 的用法 即指人也指物，作定语，指人相当于of whom; 指物相当于of which. Bill Gates is a businessman whose wealth ranks first in the world. ①I’m painting a house, the roof _____________ is round. =I’m painting a house whose roof is round. ②They live in a house ,__________ windows face south. =They live in a house, the windows___________ face south. (6)as 的用法 1)即指人也指物，作主语，宾语。常用在the same…as…; such…as…; as…as…；as we all know,……句型中。 2)as翻译为“正如”,可以指代整个句子，放在句首和句中。 ①I want to have such a computer as he has. ②I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have. ③Yao Ming, as you know, is an excellent basketball player. ④Allen has made much progress in English, as/which delighted us. 练习：who/whom/that/which/whose/as 1. The earthquake_______________ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history. 2. We don’t know the number of people ______________ lost their homes in 1906 earthquake 3. The house ________________ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake. 4. The boy wanted to have the same books _______________ she had. 5. Luckily none of the people ______________ I know were killed in the earthquake . 6. Harry is the boy _____________ mother is our teacher .
定语从句导学案 定语从句 一、定义及相关术语 She is an English teacher (who likes singing songs . )先行词关系词/引导词 1.指代先行词teacher； 2.在从句中充当成分主语。 1.定语从句：一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或者代词之后，以补充说明该名词并使其具体化。相当于形容词，翻译成“的”。 2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词； C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系代词：which、that、who、whom、 whose 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语关系副词：when、where、why 二、关系代词关系代词 that which who whom whose 指代人/物物人人人/物在从句中作什么成分主/宾/表主/宾/表主/宾/表宾定语【练一练】用正确的关系代词填空。 1. The eggs _____________ were in the basket were not fresh. 2. The friend ____________ came to supper last
night wasn’t hungry. 3. The noodles ___________ you cooked were delicious. 4. I have a room __________ window faces south. 5. The girl _______________ I met is Lucy. 【注意】 that 与which 的区别 先行词指物时，引导词只用that不用which的四种情况： 1. 先行词是everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词或不定代词any, some, no, much, few, little, every ,all 等修饰时。 2. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 3. 先行词中既有人又有物时。 4. 先行词被the very, the only 修饰时。 先行词指物时，引导词只用 which 不用that 的两种情况： 1. 介词后。 2. 非限制性定语从句中。【练一练】 1. They had nothing ________ could cure of his disease. 2. This is the most impressive film _______ has ever been put on. 3. We have to consider the first thing ______ starts our work. 4. 5. 6. 7. That is the only way ______ leads to
Period 1 Grammar (relative pronouns of attributive clause sⅠ) 【学习目标】 1.To know some basic definitions, such as attributive clauses (定语从句), antecedent (先行词), relative pronouns（关系词）. 2.To learn how to choose a relative pronoun — that,which,who,whom,whose,as. 【学习重点与难点】 Important point: To grasp the way of selecting a relative pronoun. Difficult point: To identify the sentence parts (subject or object) that relative pronouns function as in attributive clauses. 【使用说明与学法指导】 1、带着预习案中问题导学中的问题自主设计预习提纲，对概念进行梳理，作好必要的标注和 笔记。 2、认真完成基础知识梳理，在“我的疑惑”处填上自己不懂的知识点，在“我的收获”处填写自 己对本课自主学习的知识及方法收获。 3、熟记relative pronouns of attributive clauses基础知识梳理中的重点知识。 预习案 一、问题导学 观察句子。 1.The boys are from Class One. They are playing basketball. → The boys who are playing basketball are from Class One. 2.The student is Wang Kun. The teacher has praised him. → The student whom the teacher has praised is Wang Kun. 3.The factory is over there. It produces cars. → The factory which produces cars is over there. 4.Football is a game. Most boys like football. → Fo otball is a game which most boys like. 二、知识梳理 1. 定语从句：一个句子作_______，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词。 2. 主句中被修饰的名词或代词叫_________。引导定语从句的词叫做_______。 3.关系词的三个作用：指代_________；位于定语从句句首，引导整个____________； 关系词在定语从句中________(作/不作)成分。 三、预习自测 请找出下列句子中的先行词和关系词。 1.The boy who is wearing a black jacket is my friend. 2.That’s the girl whom I teach. 3.The cake that my mother made is for my birthday. 4.He lent me the book which you talked about yesterday. 5.They all enjoyed the story that I told. 6.The man who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 7.There is an old man who wants to see you. 8.The problem that we are facing now is how to collect so much money. 9.These are the trees which I planted last year.
英语学科中考专项复习 宾语从句和定语从句教学设计 一：教学内容： 宾语从句的定义和结构、引导词、语序和时态 定语从句的关系代词 that, which, who ,whom,whose 二：学情分析： 九年级学生的英语水平参差不齐，成绩好的学生能够很好的掌握各个知识点，成绩中等的学生对于有些知识点可能是模糊不清，成绩不好的学生对英语可能完全是一窍不通。此次宾语从句和定语从句的专项复习，很多学生对两种从句认识不清，对他们应遵守的语法规则认识模糊，直接影响学生的理解句子的能力，尽管宾语从句和定语从句的考核只有两分，但它们涉及的面是广泛的。因此，我对这两种从句进行了详细的分析并通过历年各市的中考题来加深学生的印象。 三、教学目标 知识与技能：复习宾语从句的定义和结构、引导词、语序，掌握时态的变化以及定语从句的定义、结构和关系代词。 过程与方法：通过课堂活动，熟悉话题进行简单的交流，从历年中考题目中找出有关的信息，理解题意，并能简单归纳知识点。 情感态度价值观：通过课堂探究培养学生积极思考，踊跃发言的能力，增强他们解决问题的决心，提高学习英语的兴趣。 四、教学重点、难点： 重点：宾语从句的语序；定语从句的关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose的使用。
难点：宾语从句中，主句与从句在时态上的相互呼应；定语从句中关系代词的使用 五、教具： PPT课件、资料 六、教学过程： Step1、进行中考考情考点分析 分析：岳阳中考题型 2016,2018年考的特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，2017，2019年考的是定语从句.2019年湖南省有5个市考了定语从句，6个市考了宾语从句，而且都是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。所考题型都以单项选择题为主。 Step2、板书一些宾语从句和定语从句，让学生分析它们的相同之处以及不同之处，然后老师进行总结。 I heard (that ) he got into a good high school last year. I like music that sounds good. This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read. Could you tell me who he talked to just now? Tom prefers the singers who write their own songs. Do you know which city he has been to?
定语从句知识应该掌握到什么程度 Learning aims: 1. 关系副词where/when/why引导的定语从句 2. 介词+which/whom 引导的定语从句 1.关系副词引导定语从句 在定语从句中，关系副词主要有3个：when, where和why. 1）when 在定语从句中表时间，作状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如：time, day, season, age, occasion 等。 I can’t forget the night when I came to the farm. 翻译：__________________________________________________ 2)where在定语从句中表示地点，作状语，其先行词通常是place, city, town, factory, table, village, house等表示地点的名词 situation, case, condition, point等表示 抽象意义的名词。 The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 翻译：____________________________________________________ The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. 翻译：____________________________________________________ 3) why在定语从句中表示原因，作状语，先行词一般是reason. That is the reason why I did so. 翻译：___________________________ I don’t know the reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday. 翻译：_____________________________________________________ 【注意】 1)并非先行词表示时间、地点或原因时,引导词就用when, where 或why;若定语从句中不缺 状语而缺主语或宾语则须用which或 that引导定语从句。 I’ll never forget the days______ we worked together. I’ll never forget the days ______we spent together. Do you know the reason ______he failed in the exam this time The reason _____he gave me was reasonable. 2) when, where, why,引导的定语从句可用“介词+which”来替换。其介词可根据先行词和 定语从句中的谓语动词来判断。 A.when相当于at/in/on/during等+which. The date on which he joined the Party was July 1，1984. 翻译：
Grammar The Attributive Clause Idiom today God helps those who help themselves. StepⅠ. Revision 1.What is the Attributive Clause? 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 2·被定语从句限定的词是______, 引导定语从句的词叫做________ 。 3.关系词有三大作用，即连接（连接定语从句和主句）、替代（替代前面先行词）、成分（在定语从句中要充当一定的句子成分）。 4．关系代词包括___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___，使用口诀是：_____ ，_____ ；_____ ，_____。关系副词包括___ ___ ___。 Exercise把下列简单句合并成定语从句 1.The boy is my brother.He wears a red coat. 2.I have a cat. The cat is called Kitty. 3.The subject is English. I like it very much. 4.Nobody wants the house. Its roof is broken. Don’t forget the things that once you owned（拥有）. Treasure（珍惜）the things that you can’t get. Don‘t give up the things that belong to you(属于) and keep those lost things in memory. Please underline the attributive clauses and translate them. _____________________________________________________________________ _ 关系代词that 和which 在很多情况下可以互换，但哪些情况只能用that ? A.All______can be done has been done. 先行词(指物)本身是不定代词或先行词被不定代词修饰. B.Do you know the persons and the things I learned? 先行词兼有指人和指物的名词 C.This is the very book he is looking for. 先行词(指物)被the very /only/ next/ last 等修饰 D. This is the best TV is made in China. 先行词(指物)被形容词最高级和序数词修饰 E. Who you have ever seen can do it better ?
定语从句复习导学案 一．定义： 用来修饰或限制主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可以是整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 二. 类别：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 二者的基本区别：______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 四：常见考点： （一）.指物时只用that 或which 的情况 （二）指人时that 与who的区别 （三）如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词 （四）Whose 用法及转换形式 （五）as 与which的区别 （六）介词+关系代词 （七）定语从句中的主谓一致问题 （八）定语从句与其他从句的区分 详情如下： （一）.指物时只用that不用which的情况 1，当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。 2，当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。 3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 4 主句是There be结构，修饰主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。例句： There’s still a room that is free. 5、先行词中同时包括人和物时。例如： We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered. 6、当主句中有who,或which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免重复，定语从句要用that引导。例如： Who is the man that is standing by the door? (二) 指代人时只用who不用that的情况 1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。如： The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well. 2、在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。例如： There’s a gentleman who wants to see you. 3、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。例如： I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well. 4、一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who以避免重复。例如： The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting i s the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用whom。例如： The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago. （三）如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词 必须牢记一条：引导词不一定都是由先行词的定义来确定的，而是由关系词在定语从句中作什么成分来确定的。换句话说，先行词是表示时间的词，关系词不一定都是when,先行词是表示地点的词，关系词有时非where,先行词是the reason时，关系词why决非唯一，应仔细分析关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分。 比较下面的句子 ①I still remember the days ____we spent in the countryside ten years ago. ②The days are gone forever ____we didn’t have enough to eat. A. when B. on which C. that D. for which ③The place, ____I visited ten years ago, has turned big city. ④This is the very place ____the anti-Japanese soldiers fought over 60 years ago. A. that B. which C. where D .in which ⑤Have you asked her for the reason ____may explain for her absence? ○6Is this the reason _________ you were late?
Attributive clause(定语从句) 定义: 定语：修饰名词或者代词，翻译为“……的”the beautiful girl the handsome boy the lovely dog The girl in blue 定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语，所以叫作定语从句。一般放在名词或代词后面The boy who is reading is Tom. Hospital is a place where a doctor works. 关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为关系代词 （that,which,who,whom,whose）和关系副词(when,where,why)。 先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 限制性定语从句 第一部关系代词的使用 Task 1: 1、勾画出以下句子的关系代词 2、勾画出以下句子的定语从句 1）The limit that/which may prevent us from realizing our dream is our doubts of today. 2）The man who/that seeks something will be young forever. 3）The dream whose main content concerns about love will brighten the world. 4）The man whose dream has been forgotten will be forgotten by future. 5）Those guys who/whom/略God helps are people who/that never give up. 6) The dream which/that/略people hold should be always positive. 关系代词有_________________________________________________________ Task 2根据上题总结关系代词的用法。 先行词关系词在定语从 句中作主语关系词在定语从 句中做宾语 关系词在定语从 句中做定语 指人 指物 Conclusion: (1)当定语从句中缺少主语或者______的时候，用关系词_______________。 (2)当定语从句中缺少定语的时候，用关系词_________________。 (3)当定语从句中主语、宾语和定语都在的时候，用关系词_______________。问：什么情况下关系代词可以省略？ 注意：1、whose可指人或者物，修饰名词或者代词，在定语从句中充当定语。
定语从句
必备知识梳理考点一关系代词引导的定语从句： 一．who、whom、whose引导的定语从句
1.who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中可作主语也可作宾语，whom 在从句中只作宾语，两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语 时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。 I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. (2017全国卷阅读七选五) Campers, in my eyes, were people that/who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. 2.whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which，指人时相当于of whom。 (2016全国二卷阅读理解) I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students. 二．that、which引导的定语从句 1.which指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物 均可，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. (2016天津卷阅读表达) Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. 2.限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况： (1).先行词为不定代词anything、nothing、something、everything、 all、some、none、little few、the one等时； I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. (2).先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或其前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时； The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. (3).先行词被the only、the very、the last、any、every、each、few、