四六级长难句
“本期长难句：
It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
句的剖析
句子主干：It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句。
成分分析：
①scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.为宾语从句；
②who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there为定语从句修饰scientists；
③where they are going and how they will get there是定语从句中know的宾语从句。
词的讲解
entire a. 全部的，整个的
reasonable a. 有道理的，合情理的
distract v. 分散注意力
auditor n. 审计人员
句的翻译
审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。
“本期长难句：
They gathered all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.
句的剖析
句子主干：They gathered all the data.主谓宾结构。
成分分析：
①not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers整个部分是data的同位语；
②performance statisti cs and biographical details为同位语中的第一部分；
③the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers为同位语中的第二部分；
④with high achievers作定语修饰experiments。
词的讲解
gather v. 聚集；推测
statistics n. 数据
detail n. 细节；资料
achiever n. 获得成功的人
句的翻译
他们尽其所能收集了一切数据，这些数据不仅包括表现数据和个人成长数据，还包括表现优异者在实验室实验中取得的实验成果。
“本期长难句：
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
句的剖析
句子主干：The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构，两个并列动词
成分分析：
①in those areas of science, in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom为状语；
②based especially on a mathematical or laboratory trainin g为定语修饰状语中的名词science。
词的讲解
trend n. 趋势，倾向
illustrate v. 说明，阐明
geology n. 地质学
in terms of 根据，以…为依据
句的翻译
很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现得最为明显，并且可以用英国的地质学发展作为例证来说明。
“本期长难句：
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
句的剖析
句子主干：One leading authority says that +宾语从句。
成分分析：
①宾语从句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control;
②并列连词not only…but also…连接两个并列的动词harnessed和brought;
③to help us sleep and feel better为目的状语。
词的讲解
intense a. 强烈的；认真的
harness v. 控制
conscious a. 有意识的
句的翻译
而一名顶级权威人士认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡得更香，使我们感觉更好。
“本期长难句：
In a recent interview with Quartz, Gates said that a robot tax could finance jobs taking care of elderly people or working with kids in schools, for which needs are unmet and to which humans are particularly well suited.
句的剖析
句子主干：Gates said that +宾语从句
成分分析：
① a robot tax could finance jobs宾语从句主语
② taking care of elderly people or working with kids in schools定语
③ for which needs are unmet and to which humans are particularly well suited.定语从句（which=jobs）
词的讲解
unmet a.（需求，要求等）未满足的
finance n. 财政，金融；资金
v. 为…提供资金
Quartz是一个服务全球商务人士的新闻网站。它没有提供全方位的新闻服务，而是集中关注全球经济、商业和技术领域的大规模趋势和变化。
句的翻译
盖茨在近日接受Quartz采访时说，机器人税可资助照料老人或在学校里与孩子一起的工作，这些工作岗位目前还供不应求，而人类尤其适合这类工作。
“本期长难句：
Part of the problem with relying on states to police themselves without national guidance is that if a state decided to drop the immunization requirement, things can get bleak in a hurry.
句的剖析
句子主干：Part of the problem is that …
成分分析：
① 介词短语with relying on states to police themselves without national guidance作后置定语修饰主语
② if a state decided to drop the immunization requirement, things can get bleak in a hurry. 表语从句
词的讲解
police v.管理；监督
immunization n.免疫
requirement n.要求
bleak a.没有希望的；令人沮丧的
句的翻译
依靠各州在没有联邦指导的情况下进行自行监督，会出现问题，其中就包括：如果州政府决定放弃接种疫苗的要求，局面会迅速地变得暗淡无望。
“本期长难句：
Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.
句的剖析
句子主干：Sternberg notes that+宾语从句
成分分析：
① traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge为宾语从句。
② best assess和fail to measure为并列的动词短语。
③ components also critical to problem solving and life success为creativity and practical knowledge的同位语。
④ critical to problem solving and life success为形容词短语修饰components。
词的讲解
analytical a. 分析的
verbal a. 口头的
component n. 成分
句的翻译
斯顿伯格指出传统的测试能最好地评估出分析能力和语言能力，但并不能衡量一个人的创造性和实际才能，而这些对于解决问题和取得人生成功而言也是极其重要的因素。
“本期长难句：
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
句的剖析
句子主干：science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that+主语从句
成分分析：
① our nation and the world…consequences of present actions为主语从句。
② that science can provide为定语从句修饰judgment。
③ concerning the future co nsequences of present actions为现在分词短语，修饰judgment。
词的讲解
available a. 可用的；可获得的
critical a. 重要的
句的翻译
但是科学确实能提供对于未来的最好指导，对于现在的行为之于未来的结果，科学能提供最好的评判，我们的国家和世界应该把重要的政策基于这种判断之上，这一点非常重要。
语法讲堂
① 主语从句：放在主语位置的从句叫主语从句。
② 主语从句的识别之一：It + be动词+形容词/名词短语+关系连词+句子
例如：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)
这是一个大家都认同的实事，一个有钱的单身男人一定渴望娶到一个可人的妻子。（《傲慢与偏见》）
③ 主语从句结构识别之二：关系连词+句子+动词
例如：
That the seas are being over fished has been known for years.
多年以来人们一直知道，海洋被过度捕捞了。
“本期长难句：
The examples of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.doczj.com/doc/af9471572.html,, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract
online customers.
句的剖析
句子主干：The examples show that+宾语从句
成分分析：
① of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.doczj.com/doc/af9471572.html,, and other pioneers作example的同位语。
② a Web site…online customers为宾语从句。
③ selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, ho spitality, and security为现在分词短语修饰a Web site。
词的讲解
interactivity n. 互动性
hospitality n. 友好性
security n. 安全性
句的翻译
像Virtual Vineyards, https://www.doczj.com/doc/af9471572.html,这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、服务性和安全性合理结合，且销售正确产品的网站是可以吸引网上客户的。
语法讲堂
① 宾语从句之一：将从句放在实义动词之后宾语的位置。
② 宾语从句结构识别之一：动词+连接词+句子
例如：
I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.
我一直觉得是爱而不是时间治愈了所有的伤痛。
“本期长难句：
During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
句的剖析
句子主干：Levin asserted that+宾语从句and even cited his son
成分分析：
① During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders meeting作状语。
② music is not the cause of society’s ills为宾语从句。
③ a teacher in the Bronx, New York为son的同位语。
④ who uses rap to communicate with students为定语从句修饰a teacher。
词的讲解
verse n. 歌词，诗句
stockholder n. 股东
assert v. 声称，认为，宣称
句的翻译
在上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说：“音乐不是引发社会问题的原因”，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，他用说唱音乐与学生进行沟通。
语法讲堂
① 同位语：充当同位语的先行词多为抽象名词，如idea, news, report等。
② 同位语从句识别：名词+连接词+句子
例如：
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed—we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
我有一个梦想，有一天，这个国家能真的站立起来兑现他信条的真正含义：我们认为以下的真理是不言自明的，那就是人生而平等。
“本期长难句：
His finding reflects the fact that a long but inequitable period of economic growth has lifted many developing countries into middle-income status but left a minority of their populations mired in poverty.
句的剖析
句子主干：His finding reflects the fact that…
成分分析：
① the fact 后面是一个由that引导的同位语从句。
② 同位语从句中，主语是a long but inequitable period of economic growth，谓语has lifted…，（has）left…是由“but”连接的并列结构。
词的讲解
inequitable a. 不公平的，不公正的
a minority of 少数，一部分
mire v. 陷入泥坑；陷入困境
句的翻译
他的发现反映了一个事实，即长期不平衡的经济增长让许多发展中国家晋升到中等收入的地位，但却也使他们中的一小部分人深陷于贫困之中。
语法讲堂
① 同位语：充当同位语的先行词多为抽象名词，如idea, news, report等。
② 同位语从句识别：名词+连接词+句子
例如：
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed—we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
我有一个梦想，有一天，这个国家能真的站立起来兑现他信条的真正含义：我们认为以下的真理是不言自明的，那就是人生而平等。
“本期长难句：
A video of a passenger being forcibly dragged from a United Airlines flight on April 9th, after too few people volunteered to give up their seats, has sparked an outpouring of complaints about flying in America.
句的剖析
句子主干：A video has sparked complaints
成分分析：
①after引导时间状语从句，其中主语为too few people，谓语为volunteered，宾语为to give up their seats。
词的讲解
forcibly ad. 强制地
outpouring n. 〔强烈感情的〕倾吐，流露
complaint n. 抱怨
句的翻译
4月9日美国联合航空公司的一架航班因自愿放弃乘机的人数不足，一位乘客被强行拖拽下了飞机。这段视频引发了人们对在美国坐飞机的各种抱怨。
语法讲堂
① 状语从句：是由从属连词引导的从句，其作用是作状语修饰整个句子，相当于副词，所以又称为副词性从句。
② 时间状语常用引导词：when, as, since, before, after, while, not…until…, hardly…when…“ 本期长难句”
Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.
句的剖析
句子主干：it is perfectly ordinary
成分分析：
① Although mental…our lives是although引导的让步状语从句。
② as引导的是原因状语从句，在原因状语从句中，包含一个that引导的宾语从句。
词的讲解
cure-all n. 万灵药
ordinary a. 普通的，平常的
direct…through… 指引……通过……
句的翻译
尽管心理健康是我们生活中的万能药，但它其实非常普通，你会发现在你难以做决定时，它一直在指引着你。
语法讲堂
① 状语从句：是由从属连词引导的从句，其作用是作状语修饰整个句子，相当于副词，所以又称为副词性从句。
② 状语从句常用引导词：although、though、even if、even though.
“ 本期长难句：
His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
句的剖析
句子主干：His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those
成分分析：
① who may believe that为定语从句修饰those。
② 第一个that引导的是宾语从句。
③ 第二个that引导的是结果状语从句。
词的讲解
self-contentedness n. 自满
position n. 地位
additional a. 额外的
capability n. 能力，才能
句的翻译
对于那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国年轻人不需要获得额外的语言能力的人，大卫的分析应该会结束这些人的自满情绪。
语法讲堂
① 定语从句：由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分。
② 定语从句结构识别：名词+连接词+句子
例如：
A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.
这行诗描述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上的格斗。他们从这座桥上掉了下去，掉进了河里。
“ 本期长难句：
To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
句的剖析
句子主干：animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
成分分析：
① who are unaware是定语从句修饰those。
② that animal research was needed…new treatments and vaccines是宾语从句。
词的讲解
unaware a. 未觉察到的；未意识到的
vaccines n. 疫苗
句的翻译
有一些人他们不知道动物研究对于这些治疗方法和一些新的治疗方法以及疫苗而言是必须的，对于他们来讲，动物研究说得好听是浪费，说得难听就是残忍。
语法讲堂
① 宾语从句之一：将从句放在实义动词之后宾语的位置。
② 宾语从句结构识别之一：动词+连接词+句子
例如：I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.
我一直觉得是爱而不是时间治愈了所有的伤痛。
“ 本期长难句：
This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species.
句的剖析
句子主干：This…person pushed the human race over a historic threshold…
成分分析：
① 第一个for引导原因状语从句，从句使用强调句型“it was+被强调部分+that…”。
② 第二个for引导的介词短语作从句的时间状语。
词的讲解
nameless a. 无名的，不知名的
historic a. 历史上重要的
threshold n. 起始点；在〔重要事件〕的开端
predominantly ad. 绝大多数，主要地
句的翻译
这个无名小卒将人类推到了一个历史性的起点，因为在那一年人类在历史上第一次成为以城市人口为主导的种群。
语法讲堂
1. for有两种词性：⑴介词⑵连词
⑴for作介词使用，
例如：
We need a new battery for the radio.
我们的收音机需要一节新电池。
⑵for作连词使用，
例如：
I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her.
我不知道她是年老还是年轻，因为我从没见过她。
2. 强调句结构识别：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他
3. 强调句的作用：用来强调主语、宾语和大多数状语。若强调部分是物，用that连接；若强调部分是人，可用who或that连接。
“ 本期长难句：
Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in every few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference.
句的剖析
句子主干：Trying to…is hard…
成分分析：
① 本句中，Trying to…in politics是动名词短语作主语；
② because引导原因状语从句说明hard的原因。
③ because引导的状语从句中，表示否定意义的短语in every few countries放在句首，后面句子用部分倒装，故have提前。
语法讲堂
① 主语说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句等皆可做主语。
② 动名词短语可作句子主语，
例如：
Travelling abroad is popular these years.
近年来出国旅游很流行。
③ 表示否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，用部分倒装。
例如：
At no time does the plain look so perfect as in early autumn.
平原看上去从没像初秋时这么完美。
词的讲解
quantify v. 量化
measure v. 测量；估量
make a difference 有作用，有影响
句的翻译
我们很难量化和估量出妇女在政治领域的影响，因为很少有国家有足够多的妇女从政，进而产生足够大的影响。
本期长难句：
The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals.
句的剖析
句子主干：The aim is to ensure that…
成分分析：
① 本句是主系表结构；
② that引导的是宾语从句；
③ 宾语从句的主干为employees have an explicit tool，其后为三个并列的不定式结构，在宾语从句中作目的状语。
语法讲堂
① 宾语从句结构识别之一：动词+连接词+句子
② that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，口语中一般可以省略。
例如：
I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.
我一直觉得是爱而不是时间治愈了所有伤痛。
词的讲解
explicit a. 清楚明确的
aspiration n. 抱负，志向
句的翻译
目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的工具，以帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负，确定从事某些行业的可能性，并设立目标（通常是短期的）。
“ 本期长难句：
In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.
句的剖析
句子主干：…Arum and Roksa found…
成分分析：
① found之后是省略that的宾语从句；
② skills后面的that引导一个定语从句，用来修饰先行词the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills；
③ that引导的定语从句中包含两个并列的不定式短语to thrive…economy和to lead…change 作目的状语。
词的讲解
critical a.批判的
thrive v. 兴旺，欣欣向荣
dynamic a.动态的；不断变化的
句的翻译
特别是，阿鲁姆和罗克萨发现，大学生没有培养批判性思维、分析推理以及其他更高级的技能，而这些技能是在当今知识经济中取得成功，以及在这个充满复杂挑战和瞬息万变的时代领导我们国家发展所必备的。
A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语： （4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基 础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。 （2）位置：在谓语动词之前。 （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。 （2）位置：在主语之后。（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。 3、宾语 （1）定义：（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语 （1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的 （2）位置：在系动词之后 （3）什么可以充当表语： A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾） A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子： A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词 D.介词短语： E.非谓语动词： F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后
复杂长难句分析 现在，常常听到同学抱怨：“四、六级考试中，阅读部分句子里的单词都是认识的，但可是句子太长，结构太复杂，句子意思理解起来很慢、很吃力，有时候根本看不懂”。的确，目前在四、六级考试阅读部分中出现含有50-70个词汇的长句子已经司空见惯。所以，我们必战胜那些“复杂长难句”，才有可能在“四、六级”这个战场上大获全胜！ I. 并列平行结构 英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如分号、逗号、破折号等把若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂、多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的. 1.I wanted her to know that my heart was with her,and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.（注：owe s.th to sb的用法） 要点:that my heart……and that I thought为两个并列宾语从句；owed her ……and was going…… 为两个并列的谓语结构。 参考译文：我想让她知道我的心和她在一起，而且我认为英国欠了她很多，很快就会怀念她。 2.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless,that thousands of travelers fly safely every day,and (that)millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day. 参考译文：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。 3.Review important points mentioned in class as well as points(that) you remain confused about. 要点：as well as为连接词组，意为“不但……而且……；既……又……”，在句中连接并列成分。还要注意as well as的用法与not only…but also…相同，但重点通常在as well as前面的部分。 参考译文：不仅要复习你仍然混淆不清的地方，而且要重温课堂上提到的要点。 II. 插入结构 插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时这些介入成分又较长，从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，从而造成阅读上的障碍。 插入成分最明显的标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。下面我们就集中辨析这一类结构的句子。 1. During the rest of this century,as never before,history will be the study of population. 要点：as never before为插入语，插于状语和谓语之间，意为“前所未有”。 参考译文：在本世纪末，对人口的研究将前所未有地成为历史。 2. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,… 要点：此句的主语和表语之间插入了由as引导的时间状语从句；pollen grains are subject to为定语从句，修饰the potential hazards。 参考译文：因为花粉在长距离输送中存在的潜在危险是巨大的…… 3.We live in a time when,more than ever before in history ,people are moving about. 要点：定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。 参考译文：我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期的时代。 4.While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 要点：此句的宾语” a teaching post” 之所以放在” in a local newspaper” 之后是因为它带有较长的后
When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past,from the media,peers,family,friends,etc.,we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed or contrary to our fundamental values.(2009四级快速阅读) 【分析】主句：we begin to realize我们开始意识到...... 修饰成分：that some of our conclusions are flawed or contrary to our fundamental values.宾语从句做realize的宾语 When we begin to...时间状语从句其中question和challenge并列做谓语 what we think做challenge的宾语从句 we have learned from our past,from the media,peers,family,friends,etc.又做 think的宾语从句译为“从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到 的东西” 【必背词汇】assumption n.假设 flawed adj.有缺陷的，有错误的 fundamental adj.根本的，基本的 【翻译】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。 But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that,unlike many investments,should yield huge dividends.(2009.阅读6Text4) 【分析】主句：economists say经济学家声称 修饰成分：about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,形容词短语做定语，修饰families families can console themselves with the knowledge做say的宾语从句 that college is an investment做the knowledge的同位语从句 unlike many bank stocks与许多银行股票不同，做插入语 that should yield huge dividends定语从句，修饰an investment 【必背词汇】console v.安慰，慰藉 investment n.投资 yield v.产生，得出 dividend n.股息，红利，收益 【翻译】但是经济学家们声称，即将因为支付儿女大学四年聚会玩乐外加学习的费用而背上债务的那些家庭可以安慰自己说，上大学是一项投资，与许多银行股票不同，这项投资将收获巨额收益。 What parents do,in other words,is of deep concern to the state,for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society.(2010.阅读6Text 1) 【分析】主句：What parents do is of deep concern to the state.主系表结构国家对家长的作为密切关注 修饰成分：in other words“换句话说”插入语 for the obvious reason原因状语 that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of
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应用范围——阅读及翻译 1.简单句：只有一套谓语动词的句子。简单句只和谓语动词有关系，谓语动词为自带时态、语态以及单复数的实义动词或系动词。 2.简单句的基本结构（5种）——不加修饰的简单句 ?主谓 ?主谓宾 ?主谓双宾 ?主谓宾宾补 ?主系表 简单句的五种基本结构是由5种不同的谓语动词所决定的，无论多长多难的句子的主干都要对应其中一种基本结构。 ——加修饰的简单句（不简单的简单句） 英文修饰只有状语、同位语、定语（前置和后置定语） 3.英语语言成分（9种、区别中文） ①主语 ②谓语 ③宾语 ④补语 ⑤系动词 ⑥表语 ⑦状语 ⑧同位语 ⑨定语 4.复合句：简单句+从句，充当某一成分的句子就是从句。 英语6种从句：主、宾、表、状、同位、定语从句 5.并列句=简单句and简单句 6.长难句：简单句的基本结构+修饰+从句+简单句 7.分析长难句:顺读，读到修饰加（），用指向被修饰的词，读到从句加【】，判断从句属于6种中的哪种，读到并列就拆分。 例：The girl [who often helps me with my English] is from England. 这个女孩来自英国。 加上修饰：这个经常帮助我英语的女孩来自英国。 01:作文模板:解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1.问题现状 2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face | problem-----A, which is becoming more andmore serious. First, ---------(说明A的现状). Second, ------------(举例进- -步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a
长难句分析三大黄金规则 1.一个句子有且只有一个谓语，如果一个句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语，则必有连词或从句的出现（注意定语从句和宾语从句连词的省略，to do,doing没有be动词都不是谓语动词） 2.去除所有修饰成分，介词短语，非谓语动词，修饰语等 3.唯一仅前：一个谓语仅能对应最近的主语（从句到主句） In a2001study of158hospital nurses,those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn't get the job done.(2005.四级阅读.Text2) 【分析】主句：those were more likely to say+that宾语从句 修饰成分：who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge定语从句，修饰those they were in good health than those...作say的宾语从句 who felt they couldn't get the job done定语从句修饰those 【必背词汇】considerable相当多的，相当大的 coped with对付，应付 【翻译】2001年，一项针对158名医院护士的调查研究表明，那些可以很好地应付繁重的工作负担的人，更有可能表露他们的身体状况良好;而那些无法胜任工作的人则不然。 So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation’s schools singled out those in the smugly green village of Berkeley,Calif.,as being among the worst in the country.(2009.六级阅读.12.Text1) 【分析】主句：So you can imagine the reaction 修饰成分：when a recent USA Today investigation...singled out those...as being among the worst...时间状语从句 of air quality介词短语作定语，修饰investigation around the nation’s schools地点状语 in the smugly green village of Berkeley,Calif.介词短语作定语，修饰those 【必背词汇】investigation调查 single out sth as...挑出...作为... smugly自鸣得意地；沾沾自喜地 【翻译】近来《今日美国》对全国范围内学校周边空气质量进行了一次调查，调查结果指出那些一向以位于加州伯克利绿色小镇自夸的学校拥有全国最差的空气质量，大众对此的反应可想而知。 Precisely because readers from different historical periods,places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 1. But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. 2. The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. 3. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen. 4. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers. 5. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power. 6. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. 7. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. 8. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading. 9. “In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours.”Says Isaac Stern. “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music.” 10. What does the phrase ‘learning to use a computer’mean? It sounds like ‘learning to drive a car’; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. 1、但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语：（4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础， 断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ） 在进行第一步的时候注意以下5种情况： 1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。 2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。 3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当 成谓语动词。 4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前 结束。 5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性 例如：that ：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词； than 、before 、after 、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词
1. Many who today hear me somewhere in person , or on television , or those who read something I've said , will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. 结构分析：本句的主要结构是 may...or those...will think...。第一个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 many 。第二个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 those。I've said 是定语从句，修饰 something。I went to school far beyond the eighth grade 是宾语从句。 参考翻译：今天，许多当面或在电视上听到我讲话的人，或那些读过我的讲演稿的人会认为我的学历远远不止八年级。 2. My love for the alphabet , which endures , grew out of reciting it , but before that , out of seeing the letters on the page. 结构分析： which endures 是非限定性定语从句，修饰 love for the alphabet 。 out of reciting it 和 out of seeing the letters on the page是并列的两个状语，修饰主句的谓语动词 grew。before that 是介词短语作状语。it 代替的是 alphabet，that 代替的是 reciting it。 参考翻译：我对字母表经久不减的喜爱来自于背诵它，但在那之前，则来自于看书页上的字母。 1. A body at will remain at rest and a body in motian remnins in motian at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. 结构分析：这是一个并列复合句。and 连接两个句子，构成并列句。unless 是连词，连接一个省略了 it is 的子句“（ it is ) acted on... force ", 作前面两个主句的状语从句。at rest 和 in motion 是两个介词短语，分别作两个 body 的定语，意思分别是”处于静止状态中“和 “处于运动中“。翻译易采用逆序法，即先译 unless 从句，省略部分可以不译。 参考翻译：除非受到外力的作用，静止的物体将继续保持静止，运动的物体将继续作匀速直线运动。 2. But a committee faced with a major decision can't always move as quickly as the events it's trying to respond to. 结构分析：句子虽然很短却是主从复合句。句子的主句是 a committee can't move as quickly as the evevts。句中 faced with...是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 committee。在 as quickly as 中，第二个 as 是连词，后面省略了谓语。 it's trying to respond 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰 events；it 指代 committee。faced with a major decision 在意义上表示时间，翻译时可把它译成时间状语。 参考翻译：委员会在面临重大决策时，未必总是能对迅速变化的事件作出及时的反应。 1. A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early. 单词词组： be compared to ...被比作...，联想记忆：be compared with : 与...比较；get rid of 去除。 结构分析：在这个句子中，两个分号将句子分成了三个部分，后两部分出现了与上句相同的not + but ,即双重否定结构；第一个if从句省略了should，完整形式是if it ( should ) be good, 其中的it指代前面的book，第二个if从句的完整形式是if （it should be ）bad, it 也是指代book。
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/af9471572.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） 1. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 2. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 3. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t. 4. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner. 5. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. 6. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships. 7. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. 8. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race. 9. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 10. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. 1、根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。 2、这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一
大学英语四六级长难句分析
真题应用：四六级真题长难句分析 一、基本结构的长难句 1.断开 2.简化 二、特殊结构的长难句 1.分裂结构 2.嵌套结构 3.平行结构 基本结构的长难句 基本结构的长难句： 1. 断开 （1）标点 （2）连接词：从句开始于连接词，结束于？ （3）分析主谓 连接词断开，结束于标点 But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations ． (CET-6, 201312 仔细阅读2) If it has to hire a caregiver for every two children, it can ’t really achieve any economics of scale on labor to save money when other expenses go up. (CET-4, 201412 仔细阅读 1) 断开 1 标点 2 连接词 3 分析主谓 简化 1 定位谓语动词 2 去修饰找核心
More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. (CET-4, 201312 长篇阅读) 连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前 Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math, economics, chemistry, and so on. (CET-6, 201406长篇阅读) Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) 连接词断开，结束于第二个谓语动词前 Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master’s degree that qualifies them as nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more
英语四六级长难句结构分析经典一百句 长难句结构分析最新经典一百句（一） 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在 市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化 其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商 能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。 4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. [参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利， 如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定的权利。