Business Negotiation – Lesson 2 Chapter 1
Slide 1One of the most important things to remember in business is to never make enemies. You don’t have
to love everyone, but if you dislike someone make sure you don’t sho w it. Your enemy today may be your boss tomorrow.
Slide 2The basic principles of negotiation are:- communication, negotiable issues, common interests, give and take, trust and to be a good listener.
Slide 3The most successful negotiation ends with a win-win solution. Both parties must feel as though they have gained something. Both parties must negotiate towards a mutual gain.
Slide 4Before negotiations begin, both parties should know the
following six details:- why, who with, what, where, when and how they negotiate.
Slide 5Negotiation is a process
of exchanging information between two sides and both sides try to
understand each other’s points of view. Both parties know that they
have common and conflicting
objectives, so they try to find a way
to achieve a common and helpful objective that will be acceptable to them both.
Slide 6In summary: common
interests must be sought.
Negotiation is not a game. In a successful negotiation, everyone wins something.
Slide 7Success isn’t winning everything –it’s winning enough.
Slide 8In negotiation, both equality and mutual benefit are very important. Both parties are equal in status. They have equal rights and obligations. Remember that in a successful negotiation, each party
must gain something or there is no reason for the other party to participate. Both parties should prepare well for the negotiation and
be ready to satisfy the other
party’s needs on an equal basis.
Slide 9Through negotiation, both parties are seeking an arrangement of
a business situation. The purpose of this is to seek a win-win situation instead of a win-lose one. It is through sincere cooperation that this result can be made.
Slide 10Sincerity is very
important for a negotiator’s style. Develop trust between the two parties. Treat others as you want to be
treated, this will promote the negotiation and get successful
results.
Slide 11Keep it flexible and fluid. Do not be too rigid in what you want to give, and in what you want to take. All negotiations are a process of constant thinking, exchanging information and continuous giving. Before negotiation try and work out what the other party might be thinking, what their needs may be and what their tactics might be.
Slide 12During negotiation, it is very easy for conflicts to happen.
It may be that one side wants to take more than what they give. When this happens, either side may break out of the relationship. This is a lose-lose situation. It is in both
parties interests to find ways to minimize their conflict to achieve a win-win situation.
Slide 13Most business negotiations take place between suppliers and purchasers (sellers and buyers). A supplier cannot exist unless he has a purchaser.
Slide 14Of course in negotiations both parties want to give as little as possible, and to take as much as possible, gaining as much profit as possible in the process. So during negotiations both parties usually give only a little at a time.
Slide 15Both parties must be flexible and make changes during negotiation as required by the situation.
Slide 16Negotiators need to be cooperative and dedicated, to find the best solution possible, instead of just being concerned with their own needs.
Slide 17In negotiation, both
sides must try to reach an agreement that maximizes their own outcome. This may lead either side to be concerned only with their own gain
and ignore the needs of the other party. Remember that most business relationships last for a long period of time, so it is beneficial for both parties to gain a win-win situation and continue the business relationship.
Slide 18The three stages of negotiation are:- pre-negotiation, during negotiation and post-negotiation.
Slide 19The pre-negotiation stage begins from the first contact between the two sides. This is when they show interest in doing business with each other. During this stage the gathering of information will determine the success or failure of the negotiation. The information to be gathered by either party should include:- the market, policies, regulations and financial background.
Slide 20The second stage of negotiation (during negotiation) has five phases through which it must proceed. They are:- exploration (finding out what the other party want), bidding (giving), bargaining, agreeing and making it official (contract).
Slide 21 The third stage is post-negotiation. At this stage, all the terms have been agreed upon and the
contract is being drawn up, ready to be signed.
Business Negotiation – Lesson 4 Chapter 2
Slide 1Title page - Today we are working on chapter 2.
Slide 2Proper Behaviour in Business Negotiation. People always make assumptions before negotiation and try to guess what the other party are assuming. Assumptions may be
true or false, they need to be verified. Listening, talking, inquiring and observing are very important for a successful negotiation.
Slide 3Hidden Assumptions. We sometimes place ourselves at a great disadvantage with hidden assumptions about what other people’s
motivations and actions might be. Don’t assume you know everything about your opponents.
Slide 4Listening. Listening carefully to the words spoken by the other party is very important. You must understand what the needs of the other party are. Paying attention to phrasing (the vocabulary they use), their choice of expressions, the mannerisms of speech and the tone of voice they are using. All of these elements give you clues to the needs
of what the other party wants.
Slide 5The barrier of listening. Some topics are rather difficult and hard to comprehend, do not get distracted, stay focussed. If necessary ask the speaker to repeat something that you have missed or do not fully understand. When you are taking notes, concentrate on the concepts and principles first and
then if you have time, write down the facts.
Slide 6Active listening. When someone is making a point or presenting an opinion, do not
interrupt until they have finished speaking. Then you can ask them to repeat any parts that you didn’t understand.
Slide 7Negotiation language. You should only communicate the
points needed, to encourage the
action your party desires.
Your party should be informative, to support only the details necessary to make your offer clear. Keep your sentences simple. Your presentation should be fair and consider both the pros and the cons. Your presentation should be cooperative and friendly, not argumentative or hostile. It should emphasize the positive points, not the negative points.
Slide 8Aspects to be aware of. Listeners judge you by how you talk. Your speaking voice is one of the
first impressions people have of you.
A person may be characterized as friendly if his or her voice sounds warm and well modulated. If someone has a flat monotonous voice they will be judged as dull and boring. Do not talk too fast or you will give the impression that you are nervous and not confident.
Slide 9Asking questions. In an appropriate situation you should ask the other party “What do you want from this negotiation? What are your
expectations? What would you like to accomplish?” Be quiet after
asking a question, encourage others
to talk as much as possible so you
can gain more information. When you ask questions, make sure you listen
to the answers.
Slide 10Answering questions.
Always give yourself time to think about the question being asked.
Never answer until you clearly understand what is being asked. Do
not be embarrassed to ask them to explain the meaning of their question. Before negotiations begin, anticipate what questions may be asked, so that you can plan your answers before the negotiation.
Slide 11Observing. Besides
listening to the other party in an attempt to learn their desires and needs, you must also closely observe their gestures. Body language and gestures are very important. Our entire bodies, including our head, arms, hands, fingers and even our posture can convey a message.
Slide 12Eye contact. A person
who looks away a lot while listening
to you is showing that they are not happy with with you or what you are saying.
Slide 13 The mouth. When you meet
or greet someone, you should do so
with a warm, genuine smile.
Slide 14Hands. What you do with your hands is a very significant form
of body language. Your handshake reveals clues to what you really
think of someone. A firm handshake gives the impression of confidence and seriousness. The weak handshake has no energy at all and suggests a lack of confidence, interest and warmth. If the other party puts both of his/her hands on the table and
he/she leans forward, it means they
are confident and ready to get down
to business.
Slide 15 The nose. Touching the nose or slowly rubbing it usually means someone has doubt in what they are saying and maybe it could
indicate that this person is lying.
Slide 16 The legs. A person whose legs are crossed, and who is leaning away from you is probably very competitive. If someone has their
legs crossed and their arms crossed they will be difficult opponent. If the person has their legs crossed and they are swinging the top leg it means that they are probably bored
with your ideas and opinions.
If someone likes you or your ideas
they will lean forward slightly in a relaxed manner with a slightly curved back.
Slide 17 The Feet. A person whose toes are turned towards each other (pigeon toed) or tucked under the
chair is very timid or scared.
Business Negotiation – Lesson 6 Chapter 4
Slide 1 Title Page– Today we
will work on chapter 4.
Slide 2Preparing for Negotiation.
A successful negotiation is
determined by its preparation. Thinking beforehand about who you are going to meet, what is going to be
discussed, and what will be the best approach is very important. Good preparation has an impact on the opening stages of a negotiation,
which sets the tone for the rest of
the meetings.
Slide 3Scheduling the first meetings. The first impression each side makes will most likely have a major effect on the style, progress and eventual outcome of the negotiations. Scheduling the first round of meetings is an important
task for both sides and should be handled in a manner that preserves
the professionalism of all the attendees. Arrive to the meeting promptly and be prepared to get right to work.
Slide 4Setting the agenda.
From a communication point of view,
the process of structuring and controlling a negotiation focuses on the importance of setting an agenda and a procedure for the meeting. The agenda includes the order of the
issues to negotiate and its main negotiation methods like what to negotiate first, what others to negotiate later and what is the final goal to attain etc.
Slide 5Negotiating Agenda. An agenda pay be presented by one side
or prepared by both parties, or each side may prepare a general agenda and a detailed agenda. The general
agenda is presented to the other side, and the detailed agenda is for your own use. Attention should be given
to the various issues to be discussed so that strategies can be developed. The issues might be listed so that
the major ones are discussed first. This will prevent wasting time on
minor issues and to make sure of
leaving sufficient time to discuss
the major ones.
Slide 6Preparing for negotiation. Do your homework. Successful negotiation results are directly
related to its smooth implementation and will bring enormous results.
Slide 7Establishing Objectives. The objective is the prerequisite of
a negotiation. Under the guidance of clear, specific, impersonal and
feasible objectives could the negotiation be in a positive position. Key elements of negotiation
objectives are:-
Who can contribute to this
negotiation, who will be affected by this negotiation, what are the maximum and minimum targets to seek. Minimum targets means the targets or benefits we would never give up, in other words there is no room for bargaining. Maximum targets are the targets or benefits we could think of giving up under critical conditions.
Slide 8Key elements of
negotiation objectives (cont.) When would we like to conclude the negotiation, where is the best place
for the negotiation, why has the
other party chosen us to negotiate with, what concessions are we willing
to make and what concessions will the other party be likely to make.
Making the objective of a negotiation rigid might cause the negotiation to breakdown. An alternative method of formulating objectives might be to
keep them fluid so that the
expectations can change with the circumstances of the negotiation.
Slide 9Issues and positions. Any information upon which there is disagreement can be organised into the negotiation issues. Issues are the things on which one side takes an affirmative position and the other side takes a negative position. Issues should be realistic. It is important that we should try to negotiate problems rather than our demands. Our demands are only a one-solution approach to the problems. There may be other solutions. It is said that your bargaining position should conceal (hide) as well as reveal (show), and as negotiations continue, concessions alternate from each side.
Slide 10Meeting places. Should you conduct the negotiation in your office, or should you go to the other party’s home ground? The general rule is that you perform better on your own home ground. A negotiator on home ground is more assertive and more confident. In contrast a negotiator that is a guest on the other party’s home ground may feel subordinate.
The fairest for both parties is to meet on neutral territory where no one will have the psychological edge.
Slide 11Opening the meeting. Good negotiating atmosphere is better to be formed at the very beginning of the negotiations. Therefore, both parties should seize the occasion of the first meeting when doing self-introduction or being introduced. Try to behave gracefully and speak clearly to make the impression of being kind, natural and honest.
Exercises from book Business Negotiation – Lesson 9 Chapter 5
Slide 1Title Page – Chapter 5
Slide 2The Bargaining Process.
The pattern of bidding and bargaining is seen by many people to be the core of the negotiation process. Almost
all the negotiations have something
to do with bidding and bargaining. The bargaining process is normally
very intense. Both sides are trying
to move to their own advantage. Or
if it is not possible to cut the cake so that both parties get what they want, then they bargain in such a way that the dissatisfaction will be equally shared between them.
Slide 3Bidding. The opening bid (price) needs to be ‘the highest’ because:- our first bid influences others in their valuation of our offer, a high bid gives room for manoeuvre during the later bargaining stages, the opening bid has a real influence on the final settlement level. The more we ask, the more we will achieve.
Slide 4Bidding (cont.). You
must be able to justify your original bid, you should not only seek to gain as much as possible but you also take the other party into consideration. Putting forward a bid that
unrealistic and cannot be defended
will damage the negotiation process. If we cannot defend our bid when challenged we will lose face and credibility.
Slide 5The Highest Realistic Bid. The highest defensible bid is not set in concrete. It is a figure that is
relevant to the particular circumstances. If the opposing party is pushing for their advantage, then for our advantage we must push for the highest price. If we have a lot of competition, we must tailor our opening bid to the level at which it at least enables us to be invited to continue negotiations.
Slide 6Content of Bid. The content of the bid usually needs to cover a range of issues:- the price, how badly the product is needed, the amount of product needed, product credibility, credit terms (payment of goods), competition in the market. The parts of the opening bid in a commercial negotiation will not only be price, but a combination of :- price, delivery, payment terms, quality specification etc.
Slide 7Presentation Tactics. In the bidding presentation of the negotiation process, there are three guidelines to the way in which a bid should be presented:- firmly, clearly and without comment. The bid should be put firmly, seriously and without hesitations. It needs to be understood clearly so that the other party recognises precisely what is being asked. In the process of negotiation, it’s better to have the quotation typed on paper, to ensure the clarity of the bid and to show the other party a sense of seriousness and legitimation.
Slide 8Responding Tactics. Both sides at this time are trying to move the negotiation to a more favourable direction to their own side. It’s quite necessary to do some homework, researching the other side before responding to the bid.
The competent negotiator should make sure they understand what the other party is bidding, should have an idea how to satisfy the other party and at the same time try and figure out what the other party’s expectation s are. The competent negotiator should summarise his/her understanding of the bid as a check on the effectiveness of communication between the two parties.
Slide 9Bargaining. In this stage of the negotiation it is very important not to give the other party too much too soon. Bargaining should be to your advantage, however you must also make a fair deal in which both parties are equally satisfied or equally dissatisfied.
Slide 10Bargaining Moves. As we start the bargaining process we need to take two steps:- get it clear, assess the situation. It is vital to establish a clear picture of the other party’s requirements at the beginning. You must have a clear picture of what the other party is bidding already. Your main concern
is to understand what bid is being offered.
Slide 11Clarification of Opposers Bid. Check every item of the other party’s bid. Inquire the reason and bases of the bid, ask how important the item is and how much flexibility is in the bid. Pay attention to the other party’s e xplanation and response. Listen to the other
party’s answers without comment and reserve your opinion.
Slide 12Clarification of your Bid. Try not to divulge too much
information and knowledge, keep
things simple. Give only the essentials asked for, do not go into lengthy comments or justifications.
Slide 13Assessing the Situation. After understanding what the real expectations are of the other party, you have to assess the situation. Identify any differences between the two parties expectations are. Assess what direction should be taken in
order to obtain the best deal.
Slide 14Assessment. What will
the other party accept, what won’t
the other party accept, what will the other party negotiate, bargaining strengths and weaknesses, price,
terms and the probable settlement area.
Slide 15Assuming. Having assessed the differences between both parties you need to analyse the other party’s real position. Remember assuming is only guessing, you can never be certain that you are right.
Slide 16After Assessment. After assessment there are three options available:- to accept the terms
offered and asked for by the other party, to reject the terms offered
and asked for by the other party or
to carry on negotiating.
Slide 17Continue Negotiations.
In order to continue the negotiation, preparation should be made for the
next round. These preparations
involve the following steps:- provide a new offer from our party, seek a new offer from the other party, change the shape of the deal. In summary the first stage of bargaining involves understanding what the other party really wants, assessing the situation and the differences between both parties, preparing for the next round of negotiations.
Slide 18Influencing the Deal. A deal can be influenced by the situation. To influence the
situation a party can offer:- a different deal, better conditions and new opportunities.
Slide 19Making Concessions. Making concessions is the most popular tactics used in the bargaining process to keep the negotiations on going. Making concessions depends on many factors:- when to concede, what to concede and how to concede. Every concession is closely connected to a party’s own interests.
Slide 20Trading Concessions. A party should trade their concessions to their own advantage, doing their best to give the other party plenty of satisfaction even if the concessions are small. To trade concessions to your party’s advantage you should use the
following tactics:- listen to the other party very carefully, give the other party detailed specifications, show the other party how they can benefit from the agreement on the terms that are asked. Reserve concessions until they are needed in the negotiation, you may be able to negotiate an agreement without giving too many concessions.
Slide 21 Breaking an Impasse. In the bargaining process, the two parties may be rigid with what they want to give and what they want to take. If this occurs the
negotiations fall into a dilemma. This kind of situation is called negotiation impasse. The two parties should try to find the cause of it and actively search for ways out of the impasse. Negotiators strive to preserve their face, their status, their credibility, their reputation and their self respect.
Slide 22Coping with Conflict. The first principle in coping with these conflicts is to keep it fluid. Start talking discounts, terms of payment, change of specification and quality control.
Slide 23 Towards Settlement. When the parties become aware that a settlement is approaching a new mood is established. At the end of the negotiation both parties should work together to summarize, produce a written record of the agreement and identify what actions and responsibilities need to be taken care of and by which party.
Business Negotiation – Lesson 11 Chapter 7
Slide 1Title page– lesson 11 Chapter 7
Slide 2Negotiation Strategies. Negotiation strategies are established in order to achieve the negotiation objectives. They are acting guidelines and policies of the whole negotiating process and are subject to modification with the progress of the negotiation.
Slide 3Choice of Strategies. There are quite a few background considerations which will influence
the strategy, these are:- repeatability, strength of both parties, importance of the deal and time scale.
Slide 4Repeatability. Repeatability is an important
influence on the styles and tactics that should be used. If it is a
series of deals with one organisation, then there needs to be goodwill and lasting relationships built with that organisation, a personal relationship is essential. If on the other hand, the negotiation is for a one time
only deal with an organisation not likely to be met again, then the situation is strategically different.
Slide 5Strength of Both Parties. The second influence on the choice of strategies is each party’s strength. If the party is the only people with whom a deal could be made, then the party are in a strong position. If there are many potential customers or suppliers, then the party are in a relatively weak position. A party is strong if they dominate a market
either as buyers or sellers. A party is weak if they are just one of many.
Slide 6Importance of the Deal. If the negotiation is a deal worth millions of dollars, then the
strategy needs to be different from negotiations that are worth thousands of dollars.
Slide 7Time Scale. The time
scale for the deal may also influence the strategy. If it is imperative
that the deal be concluded quickly,
then the negotiation strategy may be different from what it would be if
there was little urgency.
Slide 8Guidelines for Strategic Decisions. The first of the
strategic decisions which must be
made is the choice of the other party. If there is a choice, how many
parties should be negotiated with? Which parties should be chosen? The choice of the other party with be strongly influenced by the range of commercial interests, the reputation, the reliability, the integrity and
the quality etc. of the possible
other parties.
Slide 9Guidelines for Strategic Decisions. The second of the
strategic decisions which must be
made is how quick the negotiations should proceed. The most dominate
party should choose a quick deal.
The weaker party should hold back.
If there is no clear pattern of the stronger or weaker party, the
strategy should be to hold back.
Slide 10Quick Deals. For a quick deal, there needs to be precise
targets and very clear views about
the extent to which compromises could be made. What style should be used
to negotiate? If a quick deal
strategy is adopted, the need is to move quickly and the style should be
to our advantage. If the strategy is
to hold back, then the option is to either be creative oriented or advantage oriented. Each negotiator has their own strengths, and it is desirable that they should negotiate
in a style which reflects those strengths.
Slide 11Negotiation Strategies.
A s trategy is a plan of techniques
and tactics used in the actual
process of an action, in this case a negotiation. Techniques to plan
are:- when to move, where to go and
how fast to go. These are all determined by certain conditions. To accomplish the aims in a negotiation, the inexperienced negotiator’s
strategy will be limited to a few
simple and obvious devices e.g price, terms etc.
Slide 12How and Where Strategy. The how and where strategy involves
the method of application and the
area of application. Often it is advantageous to use two or more
strategic approaches in the same negotiation. Some of the main forms
of the how and where strategy are:- participation, crossroads, blanketing, salami, agency and shifting levels.
Slide 13Participation. Is the
form of strategy where we enlist the help of the other party on our behalf.
Slide 14Crossroads. With the crossroads strategy either party may introduce several matters into the discussion so that there can be concessions on one hand and gains on
the other.
Slide 15Blanketing. In
blanketing, one technique is to try
to cover as large an area as possible
to achieve a breakthrough in one or more places.
Slide 16Salami. The strategy of salami means a slice at a time. This strategy involves dealing with an issue bit by bit, slice by slice.
Slide 17Agency. The agency strategy is when you ask someone else to conduct the negotiation on your behalf.
Slide 18Shifting Levels. And finally we come to the final type of strategy which is shifting levels. Shifting levels deals with a strategy or tactic in which involvement in the problem is changed to a higher or lower level.
Slide 19Reminder. You will have to use all different types of strategies when negotiating. You will have to adapt to the other party and to the situation.
Lesson 13 Chapter 11
Slide 1Title Page – different business cultures and negotiations.
A business negotiator should have some understanding of different cultures, customs and business conventions of different countries.
Slide 2There are two main rules of international business. The first is that the seller is expected to adapt to the buyer. The second is that the visitor is expected to observe the local customs. To observe the local customs doesn’t mean to copy the local behavior, just be yourself. But of course, you should include being aware of local sensitivities and generally honoring local customs, habits and traditions.Slide 3One classification of organizational style distinguishes between people who are task-oriented and people who are people-oriented. People who are purely task-oriented are concerned entirely with achieving a business goal. They are not concerned about the affect that their actions have on the people that they will come into contact with. As negotiators they will be very tough, very aware of tactical ploys and anxious to make maximum use of them. The American business culture is usually very task or achievement oriented.
Slide 4People-oriented persons, on the other hand, are highly concerned about the well-being of those who work for them or around them. In this respect, they give
time to some small talk before the meeting starts because they believe this will improve communication and lay the basis for possible future relationships.
Slide 5This can be a great
divide between business cultures. Deal-focused people are basically
task-oriented while relationship-focused people are more people-oriented. Conflicts can arise when deal-focused export marketers try to do business with prospect from relationship-focused markets.
Slide 6Many relationship-focused people find deal-focused types pushy, aggressive and offensively blunt. In return, deal-focused types often consider their relation-ship focused counterparts vague and unintelligible.
Slide 7The vast majority of the worlds markets are relation-ship oriented. The Arab world and most of Africa, Latin America and the Asian Pacific region are where business
gets done through intricate networks
of personal contacts.
Slide 8Spatial behavior means personal space. Every human being is surrounded by an invisible envelope
of air called a ‘space bubble’
which varies in size according to where in the world they grew up and
the particular situation of that culture.
Slide 9Among business people all over the world the handshake is the most common form of physical contact. Make sure you make a good impression with your handshake.
Slide 10Climate and culture both play a role in our dress behavior.
In the tropical and desert climates, businessmen will often wear an open necked shirt and cotton trousers.
But even in those markets it may be safer to wear a suit coat to the
first meeting, just in case. In most parts of the world, business women
can choose between a good dress, suit, or blouse and skirt. For men, a dark suit, nice tie and dark socks will cover most meetings with high status individuals.
Slide 11In most European cultures the custom is to greet people with a kiss. Some cultures kiss up to three times and it can be uncomfortable.
If you do not feel comfortable with kissing or being kissed the people
will understand, remember it is part
of their culture so they are treating you as they would treat a fellow countryman. If you do decide to kiss you don’t actually touch a persons face, you kiss the air a couple of millimeters away. The British kiss once, the French twice while the
people from the northern part of
Europe kiss three times.
Slide 12In Asian countries a business card is treated with respect. It is usually given and received with both hands. Other countries treat it
a lot more casually, don’t take this offensively, it doesn’t mean that
they don’t respect you or your business card.
Slide 13Do you give a gift to a foreign business contact? Some
cultures are very uncomfortable with receiving gifts and some companies
have very strict policies on their
staff receiving gifts, especially if they are in a purchasing position.
If you do give a gift make sure it is wrapped nicely. Some cultures will
be offended with some gifts. The Chinese for example believe that a
gift of a clock or a watch is bad
luck. Usually it is good manners to open the gift in front of the giver
and express your appreciation.
Slide 14Title Page -Wining and Dining
Slide 15Many people have
individual preferences for eating
food. For example Muslims do not
drink alcohol or eat any pork product. Jewish people also only eat kosher
food which is prepared in a certain way. Most Hindus are strict
vegetarians and so are Buddhists. Knowing the fundamental element of
local business protocol shows your
counterpart that you are a serious
and committed potential supplier or partner. Making fewer mistakes will give you an edge over your less conscientious competitors.
Slide 16Title Page – Etiquette
in eating.
Slide 17The napkin should be placed on your lap. In a high class restaurant the waiter will do this
for you. You should never tuck your napkin into your collar.
Slide 18When eating soup you should choose the rounded spoon if
you have a selection. Dip the spoon away from you into the soup bowl and this will also prevent any drips from falling on you. As you near the end of the soup, tilt the bowl away from you to scoop, not toward you.
Slide 19Which knife or fork do I use? Usually at a western style dinner you will be given at least three courses. A good rule to remember is to start the first course with the outer utensils, the second course with the next set and keep going until all the courses are done. Each course has a clean set of cutlery.
Slide 20When you are finished eating a course put your knife and
fork together across your plate.
This will signal the waiter to take away the plate. If you are just having a rest from eating and you haven’t finished rest your knife and fork on the edges of your plate.
Slide 21Title Page – Wine Etiquette Slide 22Wine is classified into two categories – red and white. Red wine is served at room temperature while white wine is served chilled. Red and white wines are served in different glasses as a rule. When holding a wine glass it should be held by the stem, this prevents your body heat from affecting the temperature of the wine. If you prefer not to drink just tell the host. If you do decide to drink it
is wise to keep an eye on how much you drink, being drunk could spoil your reputation and also cause a lot of embarrassment.
Slide 23Title Page – Now we will look at the different negotiating styles of different cultures.
Slide 24The American style is very direct and they try to demand the same from their counterparts. Generally Americans openly disagree and use aggressive persuasive tactics such as threats and warnings. Americans tend to make concessions throughout the negotiations, settling one issue at a time and then proceeding to the next. The American negotiator enters the negotiating room confidently and talking assertively. The Americans make decisions based upon the bottom line and on cold, hard facts. They do not play favorites. Economics and performance count, not people. Business is business.
Slide 25German negotiators are known for very thorough preparation. In other words, in particular the German preparation for negotiations
is superb. They are also well known for sticking to their negotiating
positions in the face of pressure tactics. When dealing with Germans
be prepared to get right to the point. The German negotiator will put the issues and the bids clearly, firmly
and assertively. When negotiating
with German people expect them to
take more time than the Americans but less time than Asian negotiators.
Slide 26French negotiators are reputed to have three main characteristics in international dealings. Firmness, and an insistence on using French, and a decidedly
lateral style in negotiating. The French are very expressive. They
love to argue. Expect the
negotiation decision to take longer
than in most Western countries.
Slide 27The British are old hands
at international business. Their history of negotiation in
international business goes back centuries. The depth of their knowledge is without comparison.
When you negotiate with the British
your presentation should be detailed and to the point. Britain is an
orderly society and it is very
important to be punctual. Arrange appointments in advance and prepare
an agenda as early as possible.
Slide 28Russians have clear agendas and no strategy or tactic is
off limits. When arriving at a negotiation have clear objectives and make only a few concessions early in
the discussions. If you play by
their rules you will lose. Be ready
for hardball tactics, a tough, sometimes confrontational approach
with emotional outbursts. When dealing with Russians use patience, patience and more patience.
Slide 29The Australians are a tough breed of people and they enjoy competition. They encourage long term business relationships and they prefer to work with people that they count as friends. Australians shun formality and are recognized as some of the friendliest business people in the world. Negotiations move at a quick pace, so show up on time and come prepared. When dealing with an Australian be direct, the Australians can spot deception and lies and they will walk away from the negotiation
if they feel people are not being honest. The Australians will bargain but only to a small degree. They do a lot of research and will know all about prospective companies and culture before the first meeting. A handshake is only a pleasantry a signature means business.
Slide 30Chinese tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner, as opposed to the direct manner of the American businessman. Chinese take time to see whether their prospective business contacts are really reliable human beings, for example, by
inviting them to a party or dinner first. Also the decision making process of the Chinese is considered to be very slow and time consuming. This is because most Chinese companies have many levels of
decision making. The Chinese negotiator is distinguished by their concern for ‘face and specialization.
Slide 31Letters of introduction are essential for doing business in
Japan. As in much of Asia, having connections in Japan is the only way to get through the front door, unless one represents an internationally recognized brand name. Individualism is not a characteristic of Japanese negotiators. They usually negotiate in teams of at least three people. The Japanese will not discuss points that are not part of the prearranged agenda. Small talk will be kept to a minimum and inquiries into personal lives will be rarely made or accepted.
Slide 32Koreans often make emotional pleas part of their negotiating style. They are not beyond painting themselves as poor, humble peasants. In reality the Koreans only respect hard line,
strong opponents. Speak clearly and simply. Koreans are known as tough negotiators. When calculating your first price, allow some room for bargaining. Women play a very subservient role in Korean business.
Slide 33Indian negotiators like
to build a comfortable relationship with people before starting any negotiations. Be prepared for a long drawn out negotiation. The Indian loves to bargain, so remember to give a higher price at the first negotiation. Be aware that most traditional Indian food is eaten with fingers rather than a knife, fork or chopsticks. Avoid using your left hand for passing items, especially food. The left hand is considered dirty because it is used by Indians for personal hygiene.
国际商务谈判准备 国际商务谈判准备工作(一)选配参加谈判的人员 在洽商交易过程中，买卖双方在确定价格和各种交易条件以及拟定合同条款方面，往往因利害关系不同而存在分歧和争论，有时这种分歧和争论甚至是十分激烈的。而且在洽商过程中，还可能出现种种预先没有估计到的变化。为了保证洽商交易的顺利进行，事先应选配精明能干的洽谈人员，尤其是对一些大型的和内容复杂的交易，更要组织一个坚强有力的谈判班子，这个谈判班子中须包括熟悉商务、技术、法律和财务方面的人员，应具有较高整体素质，要善于应战，善于应变，并善于谋求一致，这是确保交易成功的关键。 参加商务谈判的人员需要具备多方面的基础知识，并善于综合运用各种知识。一般他说，他们应具备下列条件： 1、必须熟悉我国对外经济贸易方面的方针政策，并了解国家关于对外经济贸易方面的具体政策措施。 2、必须掌握洽商交易过程中可能涉及的各种商务知识，如商品知识、市场知识、金融知识和运输、保险等方面的知识。 3、必须熟悉我国颁布的有关涉外法律、法令与规则，并了解有关国际贸易、国际技术转让和国际运输等方面的法律、惯例以及有关国家的政策措施、法规和管理制度等方面的知识。 4、应当熟练地掌握外语，并能用外语直接洽谈交易。 5、具有较高的政治、心理素质和策略水平，并善于机动灵活地处理洽商过程中出现的各种问题。 国际商务谈判准备工作(二)选择目标市场 在商务谈判之前，必须从调查研究入手，通过各种途径广泛收集市场资料，加强对国外市场供销状况、价格动态、政策法令措施和贸易习惯等方面情况的调查研究，以便择优选择适当的目标市场和合理地确定市场布局。在选择国外目标市场时，应当注意以下两个问题： 1.在考虑贯彻国家对外贸易方针政策和国别(地区)政策的同时，应尽量考虑经济效益问题，力争做到在政治上和经济上都体现平等互利。 2.应根据购销意图，合理选择国外销售市场和采购市场。在安排销售市场时，应当分清主次，并要有发展的观点，即在安排主销市场的同时，也要考虑辅销市场;在考虑市场现状的同时，也要考虑市场将来的发展趋势;在巩固原有传统市场的同时，还应不断开拓新市场，以利扩大销路。在安排采购市场时，既要考虑择优进口，也要防止过分集中在某个或少数几个市场。在同等条件下，应尽量从友好国家订购商品;应考虑多从我国有贸易顺差的国家订购商品，以利贸易上的平衡。 国际商务谈判准备工作(三)选择交易对象 在商务谈判之前，必须通过各种途径对客户的政治、文化背景、资信情况、经营范围、经营能力和经营作风等方面的情况进行了解和分析。为了正确地选择和利用客户，需要建立和健全客户档案，以便对各种不同类型的客户进行分类排队，做到心中有数，并实行区别对待的政策。
国际商务谈判技巧英语 篇一：商务谈判技巧英文 英语商务谈判的语言技巧 美加电话英语认为随着现在社会的发展以后英语学者面临着谈判也随着发展的需求而增 加，在谈判中很多英语高手都会手忙脚乱，如果大家按照小编我说的以下方法去仔细的细分 出自身行业中的英语，那么在盼盼的时候你就是高手。 1．英语商务谈判的词汇选择英语商务谈判中，对于语言的选择很有讲究。首先是词汇上的选择，要求有以下几个原 则： 简洁性的词汇 英语商务在词汇上的选择首先要注意简洁性。商务词汇的应用及生活中英语不一样，及 文学上的词汇选择更不相同，不需要很多的修饰和夸张手法。英语谈判中所选择的词汇尽量 端正、简练、清晰，不使用繁复、模糊的词汇。 精确性的词汇 其次英语商务谈判中的词汇选择要注意精确性，尽量避免歧义的
产生而导致对方的不满 和不理解。同时也不要为了表现谈判者的英语水平而使用英语方言、英语俚语、英语谚语、双关语、洋泾浜语等。 少用表示情感的词汇在商务英语的谈判中，尽量少用修饰词或者带有感情色彩的词汇。因为谈判语言的要求 是实事求是，而感情色彩的词汇往往让人觉得虚假和不可信，甚至有吹嘘的嫌疑。结果是令 人反感。相反，事实和陈述数据的利用往往能确切地反映出某种商品的特点，而且更具有说服力。 2．英语商务谈判的句型结构除了英语商务谈判的词汇选择之外，句子结构的选择也非常有讲究，而且有些句型结构 是可选的，有些句型是一定不要选择或者尽量避免的。 可选的句型结构 1)条件句的应用 条件句型在英语里按其意义可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句 两大类。真实条件句所表示的条件是事实或者在说话人看来有可能实 现的事情。商务谈判者在商务谈判中，通常要选择真实条件句来表达。恰如其分地掌握和运 用条件句，是谈判成功的重要因素之一。此外，虚拟条件句的运用可以表示委婉语气。通常情况下，表示请求、咨询、否定等口气时可以使用。这样可以避免发生令人不愉快的事件。
国际商务谈判心得体会三篇在现实中要顺利地完成一次商务谈判真的不容易，我们需要注意的有很多很多。正如课程中包含的：商务谈判的心理——作为谈判的双方都得学会察言观色，要做到“知己知彼”，方能“百战百胜”；商务谈判准备——成功永远是留给有准备的人，相信没有充分的准备便去与人谈判，那注定是以失败而告终的；商务谈判技巧——没有技巧，只会被人牵着鼻子走，何来主动权，又如何能取得谈判的成功等等。所以相信《国际商务谈判》也是一门很深的学问。 下面仅从以下方面来浅谈我对此课程的理解和体会：1、国际商务谈判的技巧；2、文化差异和国际商务谈判。 所谓国际商务谈判是是国际商务活动中不同的利益主体，为了达成某笔交易，而就交易的各项条件进行协商的过程，它是一种对外经济贸易活动中普遍存在的一项十分重要的经济活动，是调整和解决不同国家和地区政府及商业机构之间不可避免的经济利益冲突的必不可少的一种手段。 一、国际商务谈判的技巧 谈判技巧可以说是整个谈判过程最重要的一个环节。而谈判技巧的前提必须得有充分的谈判前的准备。在国际商务谈判中，既要保证自己的合理利益，又要达到预定目标，并不是一件轻松的工作，但是如果掌握了它的规律，按照一定
的原则，就能够达到更好的结果。 做到兼顾双方利益 兼顾双方利益就是要达到双赢。所谓双赢就是你的利益必须从对方利益的存在为前提。你的利益在对方身上体现出来。在无时无刻不充满矛盾和冲突的商务活动中，我们应懂得： 1、追求及扩大总体利益。也就是我们俗称的“把蛋糕做大”。谈判中如果通过双方的努力降低成本，减少风险，使双方的共同利益得到增长，这将使双方都有利可图。 2、将目标分散，尽量避开利益冲突。要善于营造一个公开，公平，公正的竞争局面，以使自己处于有利的位置，避免陷入被动，且只有利益分散，各得其所，才不至于产生矛盾。 3、消除对立。双方只要认准最终目标，在具体问题上可以采取灵活的态度，同时也为对方着想，从对方角度设计一个让他满意的方案，达到我的目的。 做到公平竞争 双方谈判应该是一种“公平竞争”，应建立在平等互利的基础上。但是，世上又没有绝对的公平。那就要懂得在不公平的现实中寻找公平的支点。 把握时机
国际商务谈判技巧 以下是为大家整理的国际商务谈判技巧的相关范文，本文关键词为网,范文,谈判技巧,国际商务,，您可以从右上方搜索框检索更多相关文章，如果您觉得有用，请继续关注我们并推荐给您的好友，您可以在商务礼仪中查看更多范文。 多听少说缺乏经验的谈判者的最大弱点是不能耐心地听对方发言，他们认为自己的任务就是谈自己的情况，说自己想说的话和反驳对方的反对意见。因此，在谈判中，他们总在心里想下面该说的话，不注意听对方发言，许多宝贵信息就这样失去了。他们错误地认为优秀的谈判员是因为说得多才掌握了谈判的主动。其实成功的谈判员在谈判时把５０％以上的时间用来听。他们边听、边想、边分析，并不断向对方提出问题，以确保自己完全正确的理解对方。他们仔细听对方说的每一句话，而不仅是他们认为重要的，或想听的话，因此而获得大量宝贵信息，增加了谈判的筹码。有效地倾听可以使我们了解进口商的需求，找到解决问题的新办法，修改我们的发盘或还盘。“谈”是任务，而“听”则是一种能力，甚至可以说是一种天份。“会听”是任何一个成功的谈判员都必须具备的条件。在谈判中，我们要尽量鼓励
对方多说，我们要向对方说：“Yes”，“pleasegoon”，并提问题请对方回答，使对方多谈他们的情况，以达到尽量了解对方的目的。巧提问题谈判的第二个重要技巧是巧提问题。通过提问我们不仅能获得平时无法得到的信息，而且还能证实我们以往的判断。出口商应用开放式的问题（即答复不是“是”或“不是”，需要特别解释的问题）来了解进口商的需求，因为这类问题可以使进口商自由畅谈他们的需求。例如：“canyoutellmemoreaboutyourcampany?”“whatdoyouthinkofourproposal ?”对外商的回答，我们要把重点和关键问题记下来以备后用。发盘后，进口商常常会问：“cannotyoudobetterthanthat?”对此发问，我们不要让步，而应反问：“whatismeantbybetter?”或“betterthanwhat?”这些问题可使进口商说明他们究竟在哪些方面不满意。例如，进口商会说：“Yourcompetitorisofferingbetterterms.”这时，我们可继续发问，直到完全了解竞争对手的发盘。然后，我们可以向对方说明我们的发盘是不同的，实际上要比竞争对手的更好。如果对方对我们的要求给予一个模糊的回答，如：“Ｎｏｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ”，我们不要接受，而应请他作具体回答。此外，在提问前，尤其在谈判初期，我们应征求对方同意，这样做有两个好处：一是若对方同意我方提问，就会在回答问题时更加合作；二是若对方的回答是“Yes”，这个肯定的答复会给谈判制造积极的气氛并带来一个良好的开端。使用条件问句当双方对对方有了初步的了解后，谈判将进入发盘和还盘阶段。在这个阶段，我们要用更具试探性的条件问句进一步了解对方的具体情况，以修改我们的发盘。条件问句（conditionalquestion）由一个条件状语从句和一个问
国际商务谈判中的沟通礼仪 沟通是需要技巧的，我们在涉外商务谈判时应该注意哪些细节，下面是为您整理的''国际商务谈判中的沟通礼仪”,仅供参考，希望您喜欢！ 洽谈礼仪 对于沟通过程中，便要遵守一些沟通礼仪准则了，尊重他人，谈吐文明，温文尔雅：高声辩论，话题适宜，善于聆听，以礼待人。 具体的来说，便是在参与别人谈话，要提前打招呼，不能够显得冒失，不要凑前旁听别人谈话，不要涉及疾病，死亡等不愉快的话题，不要涉及财产，履历，婚姻等私人问题,不要刨根问底。 会谈过程中的用语肯定是很重要的，用语指在会谈中如何在恰当的时机选择适当的词语，表明自己的立场、观点、态度和意思。 谈判中常见的用语有五种，即礼节性的交际语言、专业性的交易语言、弹性语言、幽默语言以及劝诱性语言等。 说话的语速，语调和音量也長重要因素，在选择好合适的词语以后，还需将选择好的用语以适当的方式表达出来,考虑用什么样的语速，何种语调，多高的声音去进行沟通。 除了说话，会谈是的体态和手势更是一种无形的语言，体态是一
种身体语言，洽谈中，有人会有一些不经意的动作，它们能透露出有关内心活动的有用信息。 人在某种环境下，可以通过自觉的意识，在语言、语气等方面显示出强硬和雄辩，显示出信心十足，决不后退，但因为内心并不踏实，没有把握，便在下意识中借助动作掩饰自己，平衡内心紧张和冲突。比如频繁的擦汗动作，抚摸下颁，敲击桌面等都反映心情的紧张不安。 会谈时的距离和面部表情也是容易影响谈判的，会谈时双方间隔的距离往往受谈判进度的影响。人们之间的空间距离与心理距离联系密切，空间距离大小直接影响洽淡双方心理上的距离、一般情况下，人们交谈时，无论站、坐，都避免直接相对，要保持一定的角度，而洽谈活动中，双方却是直接面对，没有什么回旋余地的。 这使洽谈活动中，距离变得更为敏感易察，较合适的距离在一至一点五米之间，这也是谈判桌的常规宽度。距离过大，双方交谈不方便，难以相互接近.有谈不到一起的感觉。 宴请礼仪 宴请的形式有宴会、招待会、茶会、工作餐。每种形式均有特定的规格和要求。宴请的安排包括宴请的方式、宴请的日期和时间、邀请的方式和宴会座次的安排。正式宴请分为迎宾、致词、席间交流、
第七章国际商务谈判前的组织和准备 、选择谈判人员，组织谈判班子 一）谈判班子的规模 应根据谈判地点、时间、内容和对方人数乃至己方人员的素质 确定。通常情况是：内容繁多技术性强的谈判，人数应多一些，反 之则少一些。对方人数多，我方人数也应多 些。在现代社会里，谈判一般是比较复杂，谈判班子的规模般要超过一个人。根据谈判实践，谈判班子一般由4-5 人组成较好。理由主要从以下方面考虑： 1、谈判班子的工作效率。 2、有效的管理幅度。 3、谈判所需专业的范围。 4、对谈判班子的调换。 二）谈判班子中专业人员的配备 1、工程师 2、经济师 3、律师 4、语言翻译 5、领队（根据需要）应注意的是谈判班子中的“三师”作用非 常重要，可以 避免许多失误。同时，使用翻译至少可以得到三个好处： 1）可以得到一次更正失误的机会或借口。
2）可以利用翻译的时间，观察对方的反映，决定下的策略。 3）可以避免自己外语水平过早暴露，起到监听作用。 （三）谈判班子中人员的性格搭配 根据现代医学研究表明，人们的性格可以分为以下四种。 1、胆大好胜，判断力强，头脑灵活，处事果断迅速， 给人以敢作敢为直爽无欺的感觉。但急噪，欠周到，遇到刺激难于冷静，愤怒冲动中常常失去理智。 2、忧郁型。沉着冷静，办事心细，责任心极强，严守机密，不易失误，但过于拘谨，头脑难以转弯，一旦受到冲击，常常难以自己应付和解脱。 3、活泼型。思维敏捷，谈笑风生，亲切随和，善于回避尖锐问题，能以巧妙的方式解脱突如其来的攻击和困境，但常常缺乏责任心。 4、粘液型。亲切随和，坚定倔强，有较严格的逻辑思维和敏锐的观察力，但易受感情支配，郁郁寡断。 若能在一个谈判班子中兼顾到各种性格的人，则可以起到互补的作用。当然，如果能根据 对方组员性格的情况进行有针对性的组合搭配，有的放矢，则能收到更明显的效果。如对方是粘液型，我方应注意配备暴躁型与活泼型，使对方在压力下让步。对方是暴躁型的性格，我方则应配备粘液型，以柔克刚。等等。
第一章国际商务谈判概述 一、谈判的动因是什么?（顺序不得调换）背 1、追求利益 2、谋求合作 3、寻求共识 二、何谓国际商务谈判？ 概念：国际商务谈判，是国际商务活动中不同的利益主体，为了达成某笔交易，而就交易的各项条件进行协商的过程。 国际商务谈判是指在国际商务活动中，处于不同国家或地区的商务活动当事人为了满足一定需要，彼此通过交流沟通协商妥协而达成交易目的的行为过程。 简单地说，国际商务谈判就是谈判参与各方跨越了国界的商务谈判，是国内商务谈判在国际领域的延伸和发展。 （其内涵的基本点：目的性、相互性、协商性） 三、国内谈判与国际谈判最大的不同 四、国际商务谈判的主要特征 （一）国际商务谈判的一般性特征 1、国际商务谈判以获得经济利益为目的，追求谈判的经济效益。 2、国际商务谈判以价格为核心，其他因素可折算为价格。 3、国际商务谈判各方是“合作”与“冲突”的对立统一 4、商务谈判中双方利益追求受一定的利益界限的约束。 5、商务谈判各方最终获利的大小，取决于谈判各方的实力和谈判能力。 6、商务谈判注重合同条款的严密性与准确性。 （二）国际商务谈判的特殊性特征 1、跨国性 2、政策约束性 3、文化差异性 4、因素的复杂性 5、内容的广泛性 6、人员素质的严格性 五、国际商务谈判的构成要素（背） 1、商务谈判当事人——主体 ?谈判的主体是指主持谈判、参与谈判以及与交易利益相关的人员 ?谈判主体可以是一个人，也可以是一个合理组成的群体 2、商务谈判的标的——客体（中心） ?国际商务谈判客体是指谈判涉及的交易或买卖的内容 ?任何可以买卖的有形、无形产品都可以作为谈判标的 3、谈判的背景（环境） ?是指当事人与谈判标的均处在某个特定的客观环境 ?主要包括：政治环境、经济环境、人际关系环境等 六、国际商务谈判的类型
浅谈国际商务谈判中的沟通技巧 目录 1.引言 (1) 2.沟通技巧对国际商务谈判的重要性 (2) 2.1以双赢为前提，求同存异 (2) 2.2 有助于化解僵局，实现谈判意图 (2) 2.3 有助于树立良好的企业形象 (3) 3. 国际商务谈判沟通技巧中切忌的问题及分析 (3) 3.1切忌忽略气氛营造，谈判直入主题 (3) 3.2 切忌强调个人主观性观点，影响主次 (4) 3.3 切忌观点过多，拖沓不清 (4) 4.如何解决沟通技巧相关的问题 (4) 4.1 营造气氛，抛砖引玉 (4) 4.2 树立大局观，半个蛋糕就够了 (5) 4.3 理清思路，各个击破 (5) 结语 (5) 参考文献 (6) 摘要：在当今迅猛发展的国际自由贸易经济大潮中，各企业国际商务活动频繁，而大多数国际商务活动目的的实现和商务问题的解决都是通过商务谈判来进行的。切国际商务谈判避免不了许多涉外因素，对于谈判中的沟通技巧也有高于国内商务谈判的要求，如果不加注意，会给商务谈判带来极大的困扰。合理地使用沟通技巧不仅体现了商务谈判人员素质的高低，也有助于谈判和合作的顺利开展。鉴于国际商务谈判沟通技巧的重要性，接下来我将针对当前国际商务谈判中沟通技巧展开评述。 关键词：国际商务谈判；沟通技巧；双赢 1、引言 学习中，工作中，生活中，我们无时无刻都需要用语言来进行沟通和交流。巧妙的沟通技巧可以让我们无时无刻都散发着一种独特的职场气质和魅力。俗话说：“人脉就是钱脉。”一个人成功的开始就是从最最基本的沟通和交流开始的。 交流与沟通技巧的关系放大到国际商务谈判领域也是如此。当今世界，国际经济一体化趋势加剧，各个国家的企业都有走出国门，开展国际经济交流与合作的迫切要求，中国也毫不例外。WTO的成功加入，给中国企业全面进入国际市场带来了机遇。随着中国经济的发展与改革开放进一步深化，我国与世界经济的联系更加紧密，和世界各国的商务往来、国际交流与合作越来越频繁，国际商务谈判作为一种重要的沟通方式必然不可或缺。而在国际商务谈判中，沟通技巧又是一个不可缺少的组成部分。在谈判过程中，如果不注重沟通技巧，一句话的失误很可能导致当次沟通失败甚至于双方合作关系破裂。
国际商务谈判的基本原则及步骤 一、求同存异和实现双赢的原则：在国际商务活动中，谈判的双方或多方都有着一定的共同利益，但他们之间也存在商业利益的冲突。应该承认，在商务活动中无时无刻不充满矛盾和冲突，而关键是我们如何运用有效的手段来化解这些矛盾和冲突。 就买卖合同来讲，一般都有单独的条款，规定解决合同纠纷的方法，如双方应先通过友好协商解决，也可请专家或双方信任的第三者进行调解；如果还不能解决合同争议，合同当事人可以将争议提交指定的仲裁机构来进行裁决。即使当事人不约定仲裁条款，合同当事人还可以选择司法诉讼的方式来解决争议。但是，一般来讲，买卖合同的当事人都不情愿采取将合同争议提交仲裁或诉讼来解决，因为仲裁或诉讼等方式使得合同的任何当事人对争议的解决失去了控制。这些解决争议的方法作为防备措施，只不过是在万不得已的情况下才使用。 国际商务谈判与国内商务谈判的区别主要是谈判环境和谈判对象有别，即国际商务谈判的地点可能在国外，涉及的对象可能是外国人。因此，谈判双方之间就存在商业习俗、法律制度、文化背景、甚至是人的因素等方面的差别。 尽管存在上述差别，但我们更应该看到他们的共性。特别是在国际经济一体化趋势下，讨论共性更具有实际意义。在这里，我们需要对国际上一般能接受的谈判原则和方法进行研究和介绍。其主要目的就是要提供给我国外经贸人员一个面对国际经营环境可以遵循的基本原则。如果在国际贸易活动中，个别差异性较大的情况出现，希望外经贸人员本着求同存异的原则，根据以下的框架针对不同情况进行适当调整，以达到最佳的谈判效果。 二、双赢的谈判应该符合的标准：商务谈判并不是在商务冲突出现时才进行。商务谈判是谈判各方当事人在追求共同商业目标，实现双方商业利益整个过程中一个不断地化解冲突、实现谈判者最大利益的手段。实践证明，在竞争越来越激烈的市场上，谁能够有效地掌握这一手段，谁就会在商务活动中顺利地实现自己的商业目标，取得自己期待的主要商业利益。 在这里需要强调指出，谈判的结果并不一定是“你赢我输”或“我赢你输”。谈判双方首先要树立“双赢”的概念。一场谈判的结局应该使谈判的双方都要有“赢”的感觉。采取什么样的谈判手段、谈判方法和谈判原则来达到这样的结局，乃是我们学习谈判和研究谈判所要达到的目的。 以往我们看到的谈判技巧，许多都集中在介绍谈判一方想方设法采取一些手段来对付谈判对手，特别是片面追求一方取胜的所谓“技巧”，而我们在这里给大家介绍的谈判原则，是要让所有的谈判者都能遵循和接受，并且能够在不断实践中加以运用。 从商务发展角度来看，谈判应使得双方都得到商务发展的机会，即实现双赢，为此，应满足以下3个标准： 1、谈判要达成一个明智的协议：明智协议的核心特点就是双赢，谈判的结果应满足谈判各方的合法利益，能够公平地解决谈判各方的利益冲突，而且还要考虑到符合公众利益。考察立场争辩式谈判，我们认为，这种谈判方式使谈判内容和立场局限在一个方面，双方只重视各自的立场，而往往忽视了满足谈判双方的实际潜在的需要。
《国际商务谈判策略与涉外销售沟通技巧》 一、涉外商务谈判的PLAM模式与销售谈判人员管理 A、海外销售与国内销售的异同分析 B、PLAM模式 1、PLAN 2、RELATIONSHIP 3、AGREEMENT 4、MAINTENANCE C、涉外销售谈判人员管理 二、国际商务谈判注意事项 1、国际商务谈判与定价权 2、国际商务谈判中的团队协作 3、国际商务谈判中的跟单与流程管理 4、国际商务谈判中的系统管理 5、国际商务谈判中的客户认同与激励措施 6、影响到国际商务谈判中的六大要素 三、涉外销售谈判中的国别特征分析及相应的策略应对 A、客户的国别与区域特征对涉外销售的影响 B、重点区域提点及推广经验畅谈与概括 C、如何展开与不同区域特征的客户的销售推广 1、北美 2、欧盟不同区域 3、中东 4、日韩 5、东南亚 6、印巴 7、南太 8、地中海/非洲 四、OEM客户的应对策略 1、客情关系 2、跟进要点 3、客户关注 五、涉外商务沟通中的战略思想与沟通技巧 1、涉外商务沟通的战略要点一------关注点碰撞 2、涉外商务沟通的战略要点二------思维一致性 3、涉外商务沟通的战略要点三------过程、氛围与节奏
4、涉外商务沟通的战略要点四------一揽子谈判与多方案 5、涉外商务沟通的战略要点五------利益与立场 6、涉外商务沟通的战略要点六------谈判方式的合理选择 7、欧式思维与欧式谈判 8、美式思维与美式谈判 9、日式思维与日式谈判 10、华裔思维 11、贸易代表的特征解析与沟通要点 六、海外客户跟进与客户关系管理 1.跟单员与业务员在客户关系处理中的不同角色与定位 2.样品处理 3.客户的初次跟进与跟进策略 4.客户的中期跟进与订单催讨 5.接单与审单 6.客情关系处理与客户动态跟进 7.跟踪顾客反应与做好客户服务 8.建立客户档案与客户关系管理 9.客户跟进与管理的流程分析 七、涉外销售中的妥协与让步 1、5W+1H 1）为什么让步 2）谁应让步？应对谁让步？ 3）在何处让步？让步的幅度？ 4）什么时间让步？ 5）让步的内容有哪些？什么可以让？什么不可以让？是否需要对方作出相应的 表态？ 6）怎样让步？节奏如何？ 2、是否让步 3、八种让步方式对比 4、让步策略 5、迫使对方让步的策略 6、阻止对方的策略 八、涨价谈判策略 1、涨价前的准备工作 2、营造涨价谈判的前期氛围 3、涨价预警与涨价心理预期 4、涨价谈判的六大要点 5、涨价谈判前的双方实力评估和SWOT分析 6、涨价的五步计划与策略
际商务谈判准备 国际商务谈判中，要坚持平等互利的原则，既不强加于人，也不接受不平等条件。为了做好国际商务谈判这项艰难复杂而又十分重要的工作，必须事前做好充分准备。需要准备的事项很多，下面我整理了国际商务谈判准备工作，供你阅读参考。 国际商务谈判准备工作（一）选配参加谈判的人员 在洽商交易过程中，买卖双方在确定价格和各种交易条件以及拟定合同条款方面，往往因利害关系不同而存在分歧和争论，有时这种分歧和争论茯至是十分激烈的。而且在洽商过程中，还可能出现种种预先没有估计到的变化。为了保证洽商交易的顺利进行，事先应选配精明能干的洽谈人员，尤其是对一些大型的和内容复杂的交易，更要组织一个坚强有力的谈判班子，这个谈判班子中须包括熟悉商务、技术、法律和财务方面的人员，应具有较高整体素质，要善于应战，善于应变，并善于谋求一致，这是确保交易成功的关键。 参加商务谈判的人员需要具备多方面的基础知识，并善于综合运用各种知识。一般他说，他们应具备下列条件： 1、必须熟悉我国对外经济贸易方面的方针政策，并了解国家关于对外经济贸易方面的具体政策措施。 2、必须掌握洽商交易过程中可能涉及的各种商务知识，如商品知识、市场知识、金融知识和运输、保险等方面的知识。 3、必须熟悉我国颁布的有关涉外法律、法令与规则，并了解有关国
际贸易、国际技术转让和国际运输等方面的法律、惯例以及有关国家的政策措施、法规和管理制度等方面的知识。 4、应当熟练地掌握外语，并能用外语直接洽谈交易。 5、具有较高的政治、心理素质和策略水平，并善于机动灵活地处理洽商过程中出现的各种问题。 国际商务谈判准备工作（二）选择目标市场 在商务谈判之前，必须从调查研究入手，通过各种途径广泛收集市场资料，加强对国外市场供销状况、价格动态、政策法令措施和贸易习惯等方面情况的调查研究，以便择优选择适当的目标市场和合理地确定市场布局。在选择国外目标市场时，应当注意以下两个问题： 1.在考虑贯彻国家对外贸易方针政策和国别（地区）政策的同时，应尽量考虑经济效益问题，力争做到在政治上和经济上都体现平等互利。 2.应根据购销意图，合理选择国外销售市场和采购市场。在安排销售市场时，应当分清主次，并要有发展的观点，即在安排主销市场的同时, 也要考虑辅销市场;在考虑市场现状的同时，也要考虑市场将来的发展趋势;在巩固原有传统市场的同时，还应不断开拓新市场，以利扩大销路。 在安排采购市场时，既要考虑择优进口，也要防止过分集中在某个或少数儿个市场。在同等条件下，应尽量从友好国家订购商品；应考虑多从我国有贸易顺差的国家订购商品，以利贸易上的平衡。 国际商务谈判准备工作（三）选择交易对象 在商务谈判之前，必须通过各种途径对客户的政治、文化背景、资信 情况、经营范围、经营能力和经营作风等方面的情况进行了解和分析。 为了正确地选择和利用客户，需要建立和健全客户档案，以便对各种不同
题目：浅谈国际商务谈判中的沟通技巧系：经济贸易系专业：国际经济与贸易姓名： XXXX 学号： XXXXXXXXXXX 指导教师： XXXXXXX
二○一○年五月
目录 1.引言 (1) 2.沟通技巧对国际商务谈判的重要性 (2) 2.1 有助于加深了解，求同存异 (2) 2.2 有助于化解僵局，实现谈判意图 (2) 2.3 有助于树立良好的企业形象 (3) 3.国际商务谈判沟通技巧相关的问题 (3) 3.1 忽略气氛营造，谈判直入主题 (3) 3.2 强调个人主观性观点，阻碍主次 (4)
3.3 观点过多，拖沓不清 (4) 4.如何解决沟通技巧相关的问题 (4) 4.1 营造气氛，抛砖引玉 (4) 4.2 树立大局观，半个蛋糕就够了 (5) 4.3 理清思路，各个击破 (5) 结语 (5) 参考文献 (6)
浅谈国际商务谈判中的沟通技巧 摘要：进入21世纪以来，商务活动交往越来越多，而大多数国际商务目的的实现和商务问题的解决差不多上通过商务谈判来进行的。由于国际商务谈判具有涉外因素，关于谈判中的沟通技巧也有高于国内商务谈判的要求，假如不加注意，会给商务谈判带来极大的困扰。合理地使用沟通技巧不仅体现了商务谈判人员素养的高低，也有助于谈判和合作的顺利开展。鉴于国际商务谈判沟通技巧的重要性为切入点，针对当前国际商务谈判中沟通技巧存在的要紧问题展开评述，通过对这些问题的分析，指出其产生的要紧缘故，并提出了相应的应对措施，希望能对类似问题的解决与幸免提供一定的参考。 关键词：国际商务谈判；沟通技巧；双赢 1.引言 激烈的社会竞争，企业竞争，行业竞争，职位竞争……无时无刻不在提醒着刚走出校园，跨入社会的毕业生们一种无形的压力。面对如此的现状，往往沟通能力强者一般都会找到好的工作。而不善言辞，
江西经济管理干部学院毕业设计（论文）题目：浅谈国际商务谈判的沟通技巧 系别外语系专业班级09商英2班 学生姓名王淑娟 指导教师吴静 指导教师职称讲师 2012年 6月02日
浅谈国际商务谈判的沟通技巧 写作提纲 一、绪论 随着我国市场经济的发展和对外开放的进一步扩大，特别是加入WTO后，中国在国际事务中的商业活动更加频繁，在相互交往与工作中，国际商务谈判的作用越来越突出。在许多情况下沟通在商务谈判中极为重要，甚至决定着交易或合作的成败，对谈判双方都是一种挑战，而要想在国际商务谈判中取得胜利关键是要运用好各种谈判技巧。本文鉴于国际商务谈判沟通技巧的重要性为切入点，针对当前国际商务谈判中的沟通技巧存在的问题进行论述，使谈判在友好和谐的气氛中进行，以最终实现互利共赢的商务合作目的。 二、本论 （一）谈判中沟通的重要性 （二）商务沟通的基本流程 （三）商务沟通存在的问题 1.忽略气氛营造 2.强调个人主观性观点 3.观点过于拖沓 4.中西方文化歧义 5.思维差异
6.谈判者情绪 （四）商务沟通的具体技巧 1.营造沟通气氛 2.树立大局观 3.理清思路 4. 避免跨文化交流歧义 5.调整思维 6. 调节情绪， 三、结论 罗伯特赫勒说过“良好的沟通对于一个组织就如血液对于生命。”总之，我们在商务沟通中可能遇到遇到各种各样的人物、各种各样的情况，需要及时采取最佳的方式进行沟通交流，从而调整不利因素而达到我们的目标。
浅谈国际商务谈判的沟通技巧 王淑娟 【内容摘要】进入21世纪以来，商务活动交往越来越多，而大多数国际商务目的的实现和商务问题的解决都是通过商务谈判来进行的。由于国际商务谈判具有涉外因素，对于谈判中的沟通技巧也有高于国内商务谈判的要求，如果不加注意，会给商务谈判带来极大的困扰。合理地使用沟通技巧不仅体现了商务谈判人员素质的高低，也有助于谈判和合作的顺利开展。本文从国际商务谈判沟通技巧的重要性切入，针对当前国际商务谈判中沟通技巧存在的主要问题展开论述，提出商务沟通的应对技巧，使谈判在友好和谐的气氛中进行，以最终实现互利共赢的商务合作目的。 【关键词】国际商务谈判问题沟通技巧 在当今世界市场形成完全成熟的条件下，开拓国际市场，拓展国际贸已成为中小企业发展其业务的主要渠道了。由于国内市场日益趋和，为了寻求进一步的发展，许多企业把目标市场有国内转向了国外，因此和国外企业建立国际贸易买卖合同是非常重要的。当然在签订合同的过程中最重要的环节毋庸置疑是国际商务谈判。国际商务谈判要面对的谈判对象来自不同国家或地区。而要想在国际商务谈判中取得胜利关键是要运用好各种沟通技巧。 一、谈判中沟通技巧的重要性 在国际商务谈判中必须时刻关注沟通技巧，使谈判在友好和谐的气氛中进行，以最终实现互利共赢的商务合作目的，总的来说，沟通技巧在国际商务谈判中的重要性主要体现在以下几点： （一）有助于加深了解，求同存异 中西方的价值观，语言和非语言，思维方式等等都存在差异。国际商务谈判的过程，也是中西方的价值观、文化和思维方式等一次碰撞。所以，谈判过程中，
第七章国际商务谈判前的组织和准备 一、选择谈判人员，组织谈判班子 （一）谈判班子的规模 应根据谈判地点、时间、内容和对方人数乃至己方人员的素质确定。通常情况是：内容繁多技术性强的谈判，人数应多一些，反之则少一些。对方人数多，我方人数也应多一些。在现代社会里，谈判一般是比较复杂，谈判班子的规模一般要超过一个人。根据谈判实践，谈判班子一般由4-5 人组成较好。理由主要从以下方面考虑： 1、谈判班子的工作效率。 2、有效的管理幅度。 3、谈判所需专业的范围。 4、对谈判班子的调换。 （二）谈判班子中专业人员的配备 1、工程师 2、经济师 3、律师 4、语言翻译 5、领队（根据需要） 应注意的是谈判班子中的“三师”作用非常重要，可以避免许多失误。同时，使用翻译至少可以得到三个好处：1）可以得到一次更正失误的机会或借口。
2）可以利用翻译的时间，观察对方的反映，决定下一步的策略。 3）可以避免自己外语水平过早暴露，起到监听作用。 （三）谈判班子中人员的性格搭配 根据现代医学研究表明，人们的性格可以分为以下四种。 1、胆大好胜，判断力强，头脑灵活，处事果断迅速，给人以敢作敢为直爽无欺的感觉。但急噪，欠周到，遇到刺激难于冷静，愤怒冲动中常常失去理智。 2、忧郁型。沉着冷静，办事心细，责任心极强，严守机密，不易失误，但过于拘谨，头脑难以转弯，一旦受到冲击，常常难以自己应付和解脱。 3、活泼型。思维敏捷，谈笑风生，亲切随和，善于回避尖锐问题，能以巧妙的方式解脱突如其来的攻击和困境，但常常缺乏责任心。 4、粘液型。亲切随和，坚定倔强，有较严格的逻辑思维和敏锐的观察力，但易受感情支配，郁郁寡断。 若能在一个谈判班子中兼顾到各种性格的人，则可以起到互补的作用。当然，如果能根据 对方组员性格的情况进行有针对性的组合搭配，有的放矢，则能收到更明显的效果。如对方是粘液型，我方应注意配备暴躁型与活泼型，使对方在压力下让步。对方是暴躁型的性格，我方则应配备粘液型，以柔克刚。等等。
简答题 1．简述构成一个有效接受的条件。 2．国际商务谈判与一般贸易谈判的共性体现在哪些方面？ 3．在国际商务谈判过程中，谈判者应该遵循的原则有哪些？ 4．简述你对谈判僵局的认识。 5．为什么要营造良好的谈判气氛？ 6. 进行报价解释时必须遵循哪些原则？ 7.谈判准备工作的内容主要有哪些? 8.商务谈判组织的构成原则有哪些? 9.对谈判对手资信情况的审查主要包括哪些内容? 10.规避国际商务活动风险的主要措施有哪些? 11.简述韩国商人的谈判风格。 12.简述谈判的入题技巧。 13.简述互惠式谈判的要点。 14迫使谈判对手让步的策略有哪些？ 15.谈判信息的作用有哪些？ 31.简述选择商务谈判人员的标准。 32.简述国际商务谈判中成交阶段的策略。 33.简述商务谈判中信息沟通的障碍。 34.简述商务谈判中应该避免的几种心理状态。 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题8分，共16分） 35.试分析谈判方案的主要内容。36.联系实际说明妥善处理谈判僵局的直接方法。 一、名词解释 1.国际商务谈判 2.关系主体 3.谈判方案 4.一致式开局策略 5.讨价与还价 6.利率风险 7.实质性分歧 8.执行期谈判僵局 9.谈判信息 10.货物买卖谈判 11.谈判主题 12.假性分歧 13.互惠式谈判 14.国际商务谈判 15. 16.西欧式报价战术 17.价格风险 1.简述国际商务谈判的基本原则。 （1）平等原则（2）互利原则（3）灵活机动原则（4）求同存异原则（5）重利益轻立场原则（6）人事分开原则（7）客观标准原则（8）尊法守约、诚信原则 2.简述商务谈判迎送乘车礼仪的注意事项。 （1）有专职司机，以副驾驶后位置为上（2）主任亲自驾车，以副驾驶为上(3）客车中进门位置为上3.简述谈判开局策略的种类及其含义。 （1）一致式开局，使对发对自己产生好感（2）保留式开局，对关键问题不做确切彻底回答（3）进攻式开局，表达己方强硬姿态，获得心理优势（4）坦诚式开局，开成不同阐述观点 4.简述报价策略及其含义。
国际商务谈判心得体会三篇 在现实中要顺利地完成一次商务谈判真的不容易，我们需要注意的有很多很多。正如课程中包含的：商务谈判的心理一一作为谈判的双方都得学会察言观色，要做到“知己知彼”，方能“百战百胜”；商务谈判准备一一成功永远是留给有准备的人，相信没有充分的准备便去与人谈判，那注定是以失败而告终的；商务谈判技巧一一没有技巧，只会被人牵着鼻子走，何来主动权，又如何能取得谈判的成功等等。所以相信《国际商务谈判》也是一门很深的学问。 下面仅从以下方面来浅谈我对此课程的理解和体会：1、国际商务谈判的技巧；2、文化差异和国际商务谈判。 所谓国际商务谈判是是国际商务活动中不同的利益主 体，为了达成某笔交易，而就交易的各项条件进行协商的过程，它是一种对外经济贸易活动中普遍存在的一项十分重要的经济活动，是调整和解决不同国家和地区政府及商业机构之间不可避免的经济利益冲突的必不可少的一种手段。 一、国际商务谈判的技巧 谈判技巧可以说是整个谈判过程最重要的一个环节。而谈判技巧的前提必须得有充分的谈判前的准备。在国际商务谈判中，既要保证自己的合理利益，又要达到预定目标，并不是一件轻松的工作，但是如果掌握了它的规律，按照一定
的原则，就能够达到更好的结果。 做到兼顾双方利益 兼顾双方利益就是要达到双赢。所谓双赢就是你的利益必须从对方利益的存在为前提。你的利益在对方身上体现出来。在无时无刻不充满矛盾和冲突的商务活动中，我们应懂得： 1、追求及扩大总体利益。也就是我们俗称的“把蛋糕做大”。谈判中如果通过双方的努力降低成本，减少风险，使双方的共同利益得到增长，这将使双方都有利可图。 2、将目标分散，尽量避开利益冲突。要善于营造一个公开，公平，公正的竞争局面，以使自己处于有利的位置，避免陷入被动，且只有利益分散，各得其所，才不至于产生矛盾。 3、消除对立。双方只要认准最终目标，在具体问题上可以采取灵活的态度，同时也为对方着想，从对方角度设计一个让他满意的方案，达到我的目的。 做到公平竞争 双方谈判应该是一种“公平竞争”，应建立在平等互利的基础上。但是，世上又没有绝对的公平。那就要懂得在不公平的现实中寻找公平的支点。 把握时机 抓住时机，把握谈判的度，偶尔装聋扮傻，凡是我想要的，对方能给的，就先谈，多谈；凡是对方想要的，我不能放的，就后谈少谈。在会谈前先摸清对方的行程时间安排，在看似不经
国际商务谈判策略与沟通技巧 一、涉外商务谈判的PLAM模式与销售谈判人员管理 A、海外销售与国内销售的异同分析 B、PLAM模式 1、PLAN 2、RELATIONSHIP 3、AGREEMENT 4、MAINTENANCE C、涉外销售谈判人员管理 二、国际商务谈判注意事项 1、国际商务谈判与定价权 2、国际商务谈判中的团队协作 3、国际商务谈判中的跟单与流程管理 4、国际商务谈判中的系统管理 5、国际商务谈判中的客户认同与激励措施 6、影响到国际商务谈判中的六大要素 三、涉外销售谈判中的国别特征分析及相应的策略应对 A、客户的国别与区域特征对涉外销售的影响 B、重点区域提点及推广经验畅谈与概括 C、如何展开与不同区域特征的客户的销售推广
四、海外客户的经销层级及其应对策略 A、品牌商与OEM客户的应对策略 B、卖场客户及其买手的应对策略 C、经销商的应对策略 D、自我开发的客户应对 五、涉外商务沟通中的战略思想与沟通技巧 1、涉外商务沟通的战略要点一------关注点碰撞 2、涉外商务沟通的战略要点二------思维一致性 3、涉外商务沟通的战略要点三------过程、氛围与节奏 4、涉外商务沟通的战略要点四------一揽子谈判与多方案 5、涉外商务沟通的战略要点五------利益与立场 6、涉外商务沟通的战略要点六------谈判方式的合理选择 7、欧式思维与欧式谈判 8、美式思维与美式谈判 9、买手特征解析与沟通要点 六、国际商务谈判与沟通的阶段性策略 1、报价与还价 2、底价 3、沟通与讨价还价 4、磋商 5、成交 5、事后管理与督促 1)客户跟单策略 2)客户跟单中的沟通技巧
国际商务谈判的准备 国际商务谈判的准备事项(一)选配参加谈判的人员 在洽商交易过程中，买卖双方在确定价格和各种交易条件以及拟定合同条款方面，往往因利害关系不同而存在分歧和争论，有时这种分歧和争论甚至是十分激烈的。而且在洽商过程中，还可能出现种种预先没有估计到的变化。为了保证洽商交易的顺利进行，事先应选配精明能干的洽谈人员，尤其是对一些大型的和内容复杂的交易，更要组织一个坚强有力的谈判班子，这个谈判班子中须包括熟悉商务、技术、法律和财务方面的人员，应具有较高整体素质，要善于应战，善于应变，并善于谋求一致，这是确保交易成功的关键。 参加商务谈判的人员需要具备多方面的基础知识，并善于综合运用各种知识。一般他说，他们应具备下列条件： 1、必须熟悉我国对外经济贸易方面的方针政策，并了解国家关于对外经济贸易方面的具体政策措施。 2、必须掌握洽商交易过程中可能涉及的各种商务知识，如商品知识、市场知识、金融知识和运输、保险等方面的知识。 3、必须熟悉我国颁布的有关涉外法律、法令与规则，并了解有关国际贸易、国际技术转让和国际运输等方面的法律、惯例以及有关国家的政策措施、法规和管理制度等方面的知识。 4、应当熟练地掌握外语，并能用外语直接洽谈交易。 5、具有较高的政治、心理素质和策略水平，并善于机动灵活地处理洽商过程中出现的各种问题。 国际商务谈判的准备事项(二)选择目标市场 在商务谈判之前，必须从调查研究入手，通过各种途径广泛收集市场资料，加强对国外市场供销状况、价格动态、政策法令措施和贸易习惯等方面情况的调查研究，以便择优选择适当的目标市场和合理地确定市场布局。在选择国外目标市场时，应当注意以下两个问题： 1.在考虑贯彻国家对外贸易方针政策和国别(地区)政策的同时，应尽量考虑经济效益问题，力争做到在政治上和经济上都体现平等互利。 2.应根据购销意图，合理选择国外销售市场和采购市场。在安排销售市场时，应当分清主次，并要有发展的观点，即在安排主销市场的同时，也要考虑辅销市场;在考虑市场现状的同时，也要考虑市场将来的发展趋势;在巩固原有传统市场的同时，还应不断开拓新市场，以利扩大销路。在安排采购市场时，既要考虑择优进口，也要防止过分集中在某个或少数几个市场。在同等条件下，应尽量从友好国家订购商品;应考虑多从我国有贸易顺差的国家订购商品，以利贸易上的平衡。 国际商务谈判的准备事项(三)选择交易对象 在商务谈判之前，必须通过各种途径对客户的政治、文化背景、资信情况、经营范围、经营能力和经营作风等方面的情况进行了解和分析。为了正确地选择和利用客户，需要建立和健全客户档案，以便对各种不同类型的客户进行分类排队，做到心中有数，并实行区别对待的政策。 要正确对待和妥善处理大、小客户和新、老客户的关系，充分利用和调动专
浅谈国际商务谈判技巧 1.设计不同的谈判团队 谈判团队的设计必须考虑到倾听技巧、总部影响力和团队力量等因素。 善于利用团队力量也是谈判成功的重要因素。商务谈判是一个沟通过程，单个谈判者再好的理由也可能敌不过众人点头，而且团队式谈判要比个人式谈判更容易收集详细的信息。例如，日本商人善于带下级经理参加谈判，以便起到观察和认真记笔记的双重培训目的，相反，受独立和个人主义等文化传统影响的美国商人则常常会单枪匹马地对付为数不少的对手。 2.谈判的文化差异准备必不可少 谈判准备工作包括：谈判背景;对人和形势的评估;谈判过程中需要核实的事实;议事日程;最佳备选方案和让步策略。其中谈判背景又包含：谈判地点;场地布置;谈判单位;参谈人数;听众;交流渠道和谈判时限。所有这些准备必须考虑到可能的文化差异。例如，场地布置方面的文化差异对合作可能会有微妙的影响。在等级观念较重的文化中，如果房间安排不当、较随便，可能会引起对方的不安甚至恼怒。 另外，谈判方式也因文化而异。美国文化倾向于众人一起来“敲定一个协议”;而日本文化喜欢先与每个人单独谈，如果每个人都同意的话，再安排范围更广的会谈;俄罗斯人喜欢累计的方法，和一方先谈，达成一项协议，然后前面的两方再邀请第三方，如此进行下去。 谈判时限的控制也很重要。不同文化具有不同的时间观念。如北美文化的时间观念很强，对美国人来说时间就是金钱。而中东和拉
丁美洲文化的时间观念则较弱，在他们看来，时间应当是被享用的。因此，在国际商务谈判中，对时间观差异应有所准备。 国际商务谈判过程一般包含四个阶段：一是寒暄，谈一些与工作不相干的话题;二是交流与工作相关的信息;三是进行说服;四是作出 让步并最终达成协议。进入正式商务谈判之前，人们一般都对商务 谈判的进程有一种预期。这种预期往往影响着谈判进展的控制和谈 判策略的选择。由于来自不同文化的谈判者在语言及非语言行为、 价值观和思维决策方面存在差异性，使得他们所持有的预期也不尽 相同，而不同的预期又会引起这些谈判者在谈判各阶段所花费的时 间和精力上的差异。 1.寒暄 2.交流工作信息 一是语言差异和行为差异所引起的信息理解错误。一般人只能理解相同文化背景的讲话者讲话内容的80～90%——这一事实意味着 有10～20%的信息被误解或听错了。可以想象，当一个人讲第二语 言时，误解或听错的百分比将会急剧上升。而且当第二语言能力有 限时，甚至整个会话可能全部被误解。行为方面的文化差异往往较 为隐蔽，难以被意识到。当外国谈判者发出不同的非语言信号时， 具有不同文化背景的谈判对手极易误解这些信号，而且还意识不到 所发生的错误。 三是价值观差异所引起的信息反馈速度及内容不对称。一方面，不同文化具有不同的时间利用方式：单一时间利用方式或多种时间 利用方式。单一时间利用方式强调“专时专用”和“速度”，北美人、瑞士人、德国人和斯堪的纳维亚人具有此类特点。而多种时间 利用方式强调“一时多用”，如中东和拉丁美洲文化则具有此类特点。在多种时间利用方式下，人们有宽松的时刻表，淡薄的准时和 迟到概念和意料之中的信息反馈的延期。另一方面，不同文化具有 不同类型的买方和卖方关系：垂直型和水平型。垂直型买方和卖方 关系注重含蓄和面子，而水平型买方和卖方关系依赖于买方的信誉，注重直率和讲心里话。例如，在墨西哥和日本等注重等级的文化中，说话人惟恐破坏非常重要的个人关系，不情愿反馈负面信息。与此