The psychoanalytic approach to psychology ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly by Sigmund Freud,a Viennese doctor who specialised in neurology. Freud became interested in hysteria-the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes-and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just for this disorder but for all disorders and even ‘normal’personality. Freud developed techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up an underlying explanatory theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood.
Freud's theory and approach were influenced by the technology of the time (such as the steam engine),and his early work with Charcot,the Parisian hypnotist,and Breuer the pioneer of the cathartic method. Freud's psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry,and was developed in different ways by other psychoanalysts such as 心理分析的研究方法
起源与历史
心理分析主要是由在神经病学方面颇有造诣的维也纳医生西蒙﹒弗洛伊德创建并发展起来的。弗洛伊德对癔症很感兴趣，认为它是非生理原因造成的身体疾病的表现形式，并且他相信不仅是癔症还有其他的紊乱症状甚至是“常态”人格也是由无意识心理原因造成的。弗洛伊德发展出一种治疗技术，用于治疗由无意识引起的精神错乱。并且建立起一种深层的理论，用于解释人类的人格以及变态人格是如何从童年期发展而来的。
弗洛伊德的理论和方法受时代技术（如蒸汽机的发动机）和他与欧洲催眠师沙可、宣泄疗法先驱布洛伊尔的早期合作的影响。弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对心理学和精神病学产生了很大影响。并且由其他的一些心理分析学家，如：荣格、阿德勒、克莱因、安娜﹒弗洛伊德（他的女儿）以及埃里克森等，采用不同的方式对其进行了发展。
Jung, Adler, Klein, Anna Freud(his daughter),and Erickson.
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
‘…I set myself the task of bring to light what human beings keep hidden within them…the task of making conscio us the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which it is quite possible to accomplish.’ASSUMPTIONS
Psychoanalysis proposes: Unconscious processes-the major causes of behaviour come from that part of the mind which we have no direct awareness of.
Psychic determinism-all we say and do has a cause (usually unconscious),even slips of the tongue or ‘Freudian slip’Hydraulic drives-bahaviour is motivated by the two basic instinctual drives,the sex drive from Eros the life instinct.The drives create psychic energy which will build up (like steam in a steam engine) and create tension and anxiety if it cannot be released in some form.
Psychodynamic conflict-different parts of the unconscious mind are in constant struggle as the rational ego and moralistic superego seek to control the id expressing its sexual and aggressive 西蒙弗洛伊德（1856-1939）‘……我致力于让人们认识被人们一直隐藏的东西……这个让人们意识到思想最深处的任务是相当有可能实现的。’
理论假设
心理分析学派提出：
无意识过程—行为的原因来自我们不能直接感知的那一部分意识。
心理决定论—我们的所有言行都是有原因的（通常是无意识的），甚至包括口误或者失言。
流体动力驱力—行为主要由两种基本的本能驱动所激发的。性驱力来自厄洛斯（希腊爱神）的生的本能，这种驱力产生的心理能量将会不断累积（就像蒸汽机里的蒸汽一样）。并且如果不以某种方式将这种积聚的心理能量释放出来，那么它将会导致紧张和焦虑。
心理动力冲突—无意识的不同组成部分处于持续地斗争之中，正如理性自我和道德超我试图控制本我对于性欲和攻击欲望的表达。
urges.
Stages of development-personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different times in childhood. METHODS OF INVESTIGTION Freud used the case study method when treating his clients (seeing them individually several times a week for many months),and deeply analysed and interpreted all they said and did .Two techniques Freud used for investigating the unconscious were:
Free association-involving the uninhibited expression of thought associations ,no matter how bizarre or embarrassing ,from the client to the analyst .
Dream analysis–the ‘royal road to the unconscious’. The analyst attempts to decode the symbols and unravel the hidden meaning (the latent content )of a dream from the dreamer’s report (thee manifest content).
AREAS OF EXPLANATION
Freud used his theory to explain a vast number of topics,such as : Personality development-due to foxation /defence mechanisms.
Moral/gender development-the result of the Oedipus complex 发展阶段—人格的是由于驱力在童年期的不同阶段被修改所形成的。
调查方法
弗洛伊德在治疗他的患者时（每个星期数次单独治疗患者并持续数月）使用个案研究法，同时深入分析解释患者的所有言行。弗洛伊德使用的两种研究无意识的技术手段是：
自由联想—让来访者向心理分析者无拘束的表达联想到的内容，不管内容是如何奇异或多么令人窘迫。
梦的分析—通向无意识的正统道路。精神分析者旨在从梦者的报告（显梦或显意）中解释表征的现象从而揭示梦中被隐藏的含义（隐梦或隐意）
阐述内容
弗洛伊德通过他的理论来解释了大量的论题，比如：
人格发展—因固结/防御机制而形成道德/性别发展—由俄狄浦斯情结导
Aggression –caused by hydraulic drives and displacement .
Abnormality–he consequence of early trauma and repression.
Memory–Forgetting caused by repression.
+Slips of the tongue,the shaping of civilization and customs,etc. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
The purpose of psychoanalysis was as a therapy to treat mental disorder. through dream interpretaion,etc.then a cure could be d Once the unconscious cause of disorder was identified effected through catharsis-discharging he repressed emotions associated with problems by getting them ‘out in the open’ to be discussed /resolved.
STRENTHS
●Freud’s ideas made a large impact
on psychology and psychiatry and
are still discussed and used
today,around a 100 years after he
started developing them .
●Freud regarded case studies like
‘Little hans’and ‘Ana O’as firm
empirical support for his theory,and
thought his belief in determinism
and detailed collection of data were
scientific. 致的结果
攻击—由液体驱动和替代作用所致
变态—早期精神创伤和压抑结果的后果
记忆—由压抑导致忘记
+口误，受文化和习俗的影响等。
实际应用
精神分析的目的是作为一种方法能治疗精神紊乱，。一旦无意识引起的原因通过梦的分析鉴别出以后，紧接着便会设计一个治疗方案。伴随着问题的暴露，把压抑的情绪“宣泄—释放”出来，问题便得到了解决，那么这个方案也就起到作用了。
优点
●弗洛伊德的思想对心理学和精神
病学产生了巨大影响，从弗洛伊德
创立了该研究方法开始，到后来的
大约100年里，直到今天，它一直
被讨论着并被使用着。
●弗洛伊德将像‘Little hans’和
‘Ana O’的个案研究看作是他理
论的稳固实证支持，并认为他所信
仰的决定论和数据的详细采集是
科学的。
Freud’s theory has had some experimental support in certain areas,such as repression and fixaion.
●Psychoanalysis has enormous
explanatory power and has
something to say on a huge variety
of topics.
WEAKNESSES
Many psychologists today reject psychoanalysis because :
●It has been accused of being
unrefutable (incapable of being
proved wrong)and so theoretically
unscientific –it seems to explain
everything but predicts very little .
●Freud’s methods have been regarded
as unscientific because he based his
theory on studying an
‘abnormal’sample of people,using
the case study method and
techniques that were not fully
objective and ,therefore ,open to
bias .
●Much experimental research carried
out on Freudian hypotheses has
failed to support his theory and
ideas.
●The success of psychoanalytic
therapy has been criticized . ●弗洛伊德的理论在某些领域已获
得了一些实验支持，比如压抑和固
着。心理分析有巨大的解释力量，
在广阔的论题中都有自己的见解。缺点
如今许多心理分析学家抛弃心理分析的原因：
●受到难以证伪的指责（不能证明它
是错误的），所以它在理论上是不
科学的---它似乎能解释一切事物
但能预测的东西却很少。
●弗洛伊德的方法曾被认为是不科
学的，因为他的理论是建立在对非
常态的样本的研究上，使用个案研
究的方法和技术并不完全客观，因
此，有失偏颇。
●许多关于精神分析中癔症的实验
研究结果很难支持他的理论和思
想。
●精神分析理论的成功已经受到质
疑。
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第三章发展心理学 横断研究设计：在某一特定的时间内，同时对不同年龄的被试进行比较的方法 纵向研究设计：对同一研究对象在不同的时间或阶段内进行长期的反复观察测量的方法，故也叫追踪研究设计 聚合交叉设计：将横断研究设计和纵向研究设计融合在一起的研究方法。选择不同的年龄群体为研究对象，在短时间内观察这些研究对象 双生子设计：通过比较双生子在先天基因和后天环境对其心理发展造成的影响，来研究先天和环境教育发生作用的阶段和影响因素 本我：基本机能，寻求机体满足，遵循快乐原则 自我：人格的执行者，遵循现实原则，寻找一种现实的途径来满足本能的需要 超我：人格的法官，人格中内化了的道德标准，服从于道德原则 心理生物性紊乱：青春期心理生物性紊乱主要表现于主体对自己身体机能的异常关注及对某些正常疾患的过分夸大。在初中生中，常存在心理生物性紊乱的情况 染色体：是遗传的物质载体，其功能是存储和传递遗传信息 基因：是DNA分子中的一段能表现生理功能的序列，一个基因就代表一个遗传信息，它是遗传信息的基本单位 格式：一种动态的心理结构，认知发展的过程就是格式日益复杂化，不同格式日渐融合的过程 同化：格式对外部刺激加以选择和改造，使其能够被纳入到现有格式中 顺应：为了更好的加工外在刺激，个体对格式进行一定的调整以适应外部环境的过程 记忆：就是一个信息输入、编码、存储、检索和提取的过程 工作记忆：指在短时记忆过程中，把新输入的信息和记忆中原有的知识经验联系起来的记忆 自传式记忆：指对个人特别重要的经历的回忆 记忆策略：人们为有效地完成记忆任务而采用的方法或手段 元记忆：就是关于记忆过程的知识或认知活动
姓名： 学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月
开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系：信息工程学院 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Chris Haseman. Android-essential (用外文写) s[M].London:Spring--Verlag,2008 .8-13. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 无线局域网 一、为何使用无线局域网络 对于局域网络管理主要工作之一，对于铺设电缆或是检查电缆是否断线这种耗时的工作，很容易令人烦躁，也不容易在短时间内找出断线所在。再者，由于配合企业及应用环境不断的更新与发展，原有的企业网络必须配合重新布局，需要重新安装网络线路，虽然电缆本身并不贵，可是请技术人员来配线的成本很高，尤其是老旧的大楼，配线工程费用就更高了。因此，架设无线局域网络就成为最佳解决方案。 二、什么情形需要无线局域网络 无线局域网络绝不是用来替代有限局域网络，而是用来弥补有线局域网络之不足，以达到网络延伸之目的，下列情形可能须要无线局域网络。 ●无固定工作场所的使用者 ●有线局域网络架设受环境限制 ●作为有线局域网络的备用系统 三、无线局域网络存取技术 目前厂商在设计无线局域网络产品时，有相当多种存取设计方式，大致可分为三大类：窄频微波技术、展频(Spread Spectrum)技术、及红外线(Infrared)技术，每种技术皆有其优缺点、限制及比较，接下来是这些技术方法的详细探讨。 1.技术要求 由于无线局域网需要支持高速、突发的数据业务，在室内使用还需要解决多径衰落以及各子网间串扰等问题。具体来说，无线局域网必须实现以下技术要求： 1)可靠性：无线局域网的系统分组丢失率应该低于10-5，误码率应该低 于10-8。
实用文档 感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory 短期记忆（STM）—short-term M. 长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory 复诵——rehearsal 预示（激发）——priming 童年失忆症——childhood amnesia 视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation） 听觉编码—acoustic code 运作记忆——working memory 语意性知识—semantic knowledge 记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure 竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P. 自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S. 程序性知识—procedural knowledge 命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K. 讯息处理深度—depth of processing 精致化处理—elaboration 登录特殊性—coding specificity 记忆术—mnemonic 位置记忆法—method of loci 字钩法—peg word （线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime 关键词——key word 命题思考——propositional thought 心像思考——imaginal thought 行动思考——motoric thought 概念——concept 原型——prototype 属性——property 特征——feature 范例策略——exemplar strategy 语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th. 音素——phoneme 词素——morpheme （字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure 语意分析法——semantic differential 全句语言—holophrastic speech 过度延伸——over-extension 电报式语言—telegraphic speech 关键期——critical period
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of
教育心理学常用名词解释 1、教育心理学：是在心理学与教育相结合的过程中逐渐形成和发展 起来的一门应用科学，是心理学的一个独立分支。它是研究学校教育过程中学生的学习活动及与之相关的心理现象及其规律的科学。它涉及学校教育过程中的一切心理现象和规律。 2、叶克斯-多德森定律：动机过强时效率反而下降，只有保持中等强 度的动机水平，学习效率才最高。 3、实验研究：它是在某种控制情境中探究自变量与因变量之间关系 的一种方法。 4、相关研究：研究者并不创造某种情境，只是对自然界发生的一些变量之间的关系进行观察，从而得出两个变量理否相关的结论。 两个变量之间的相关关系可分为三种情况： （1）正相关：当一个变量增大时，另一个变量也增大。 （2）负相关：当一个变量增大时，另一个变量反而减少。 （3）零相关：当一个变量发生变化时，另一个变量保持不变。 5、描述性研究：不涉及探导两个或多个变量之间的关系，而只是对一些有趣的事件或现象进行描述，这类研究就是描述性研究。麦兹在1978 年进行了一项观察与访谈相结合的描述性研究。 6、发展：指的是人类个体从诞生到死亡的整个生命过程中所发生的身心变化，即发展包括生理与心理两方面的发展。 7、生理发展：个体的生理发展，也叫生物因素的发展，指人类个体 的生理结构与机能及其本能的变化。个体的生理发展过程是一种内发过程，即个体按照自身预定的程序和节奏而自然成熟、成长的过程。 8、心理发展：教育心理学研究的是狭义的个体心理发展，即个体从 出生到心理成熟阶段所发生的积极的心理变化。心理发展包含两种过程：一种是“渐进论”的观点，即认为从婴儿到成人的心理发展是一个逐渐积累的连续量变过程。另一种是“阶段论”的观点，即认为个体的心理发展不是一个连续量变的过程，而是经历一系列有着质的不同的发展阶段的非连续过程。 9、先天因素：是指个体出生时受之于父母的遗传素质。 后天因素：是指个体出生以后所接受的来自环境的各种影响。
7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.