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翻译讲义

翻译讲义
翻译讲义

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句

由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来事实进行假设时,主从句的谓语动词如下:

与现在事实相反的假设

If they were here, they would help you.

If I had the money, I would buy a new printer.

与过去事实相反的假设

If she had worked harder when she was young, she would have succeeded.

The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

表示对将来的假设

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should/were to succeed, everything would be all right.

二、虚拟语气用于宾语从句中

1. 用于宾语从句,要熟记一些反应主观意愿的动词:

suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, recommend, require, urge, vote, ask, desire, suppose

上述动词后面跟宾语从句时,其谓语动词采用(should)+动词原形来表示虚拟语气。

1.I suggest that he (should) set off straight away.

我建议他直接出发。

2.He demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.

他要求占领军马上撤出。

2. wish 表示强烈的主观愿望,其宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气

wish 后的宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟:

(1)一般过去时(即were型虚拟)表示对现在情况的假设;

(2)过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设;

(3)“would + 动词原形”表示对将来的愿望。

例句:1. I wish I remembered his address. (与现在事实相反)

2.I wish we had travelled yesterday when the weather was fine. (与过去事实相反)

3.I wish you wouldn’t talk like that (与将来相反)

三、虚拟语气用于It is + adj./ n. + that结构中

此结构的形容词和名词包括:

advisable, appropriate, basic, desirable, elementary, essential, fitting, fundamental, imperative, important, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, obligatory, proper, strange, urgent, vital, a pity, a shame, no wonder that…,

虚拟语气形式:从句的谓语动词为(should)+ 动词原形

1.It is necessary that he be sent to prison at once.

他必须被送往监狱。

四、虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中

以下这些名词后的表语从句及同位语从句中应该用虚拟语气,谓语动词的形式为(should)+ 动词原形

advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, resolution, request, requirement, suggestion

1.The professors gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.

教授们指示考试必须在十点半以前完成。

2.His proposal is that the dam be built at the foot of the mountain.

他建议在山脚下修筑大坝

五、虚拟语气用于状语从句中

状语从句中谓语动词用:(should ) + 动词原形。

这种虚拟形式仅限于lest, in case 或for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中。

例句:

1.Here is some money in case you should need it.

这里有些钱以防你万一需要。

2.He is working hard for fear that he fall behind.

他努力工作生怕落在人后。

3.She obeyed her husband in everything lest he should be angry.

她事事顺从丈夫,唯恐他生气。

六、虚拟语气用于某些特定结构

用于if only, would rather + 从句, as if/though, It is (high/ about) time that…等结构中。

1. if only要是……就好了

if only + could/ would do 对将来的虚拟

were doing

if only + 一般过去时对现在的虚拟

if only + 过去完成时对过去的虚拟

例句:

1.If only he were alive.

2.If only the explosion had not happened

2. would rather that 宁愿,但愿

1)表示与现在事实相反的愿望would rather that + S2 + 过去式

例:He would rather it were winter now. 他但愿现在时冬天。

2)表示对将来的愿望would rather that +S2 + 动词原形

例:We would rather that he take his train. 我们但愿他乘这列火车。

3)表示与过去事实相反would rather that +S2 + 过去完成时

例:I’d rather that he had told me about it. 我宁愿他告诉我。

3.as if/ though 好像;似乎

1)表示和现在事实相反或有所怀疑:as if/ though + 一般过去时

例:She is so kind and beautiful as if she were an angel.

她是如此善良、美丽,好像是个天使。

2)表示对过去事实的假设:as if/ though + 过去完成时

例:He appeared as if he had known nothing about it.

他看上去对此一无所知。

4. It is (high/ about) time that… 到了该……的时候了

从句中动词用过去时

例:It is (high) time that we left.

我们该离开了。

5. but for

例:But for your kindly help, I couldn’t have done that job so well.

倒装

倒装结构分为部分倒装和全部倒装。部分倒装指谓语中的一部分,如助动词do, does, did, have, has, had, 情态动词can, could, may, might, should, would, ought to, must, need 等,系动词be (am, is, are, was, were) 等放在主语前面,其余部分包括谓语动词人在主语后面。

部分倒装应用于下列情况:

(1)有否定意义的副词或短语位于句首做状语

这类词有:neither, never, no, not, seldom, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, little, few, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case, in no way, on no account, on no condition, no sooner 等

例:

1.Hardly had I finished supper when the door bell rang.

我刚吃完晚饭门铃就响了。

2.No sooner had I left the room than he came.

我刚出门他就来了。

(2)only 位于句首修饰状语或宾语

例:

1.Only when flowers bloom together, can spring be considered here.

2.Only if everybody is present here, can we begin the meeting.

(3)as 引导让步状语从句时需要部分倒装

例:Young as he is, he has been a teacher for three years.

(4)so … that 从句中“so…”提前引起部分倒装

例:So beautiful is the scenery of the place that every year hundreds of visitors come here. (5)if 条件句的倒装

例:Had I come earlier, I wouldn’t have missed that wonderful speech.

时态和语态

英语中一共有16种时态,四级考试句子翻译部分重点考察的是一般过去时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。在复习时要注意各个时态的主要用法,翻译时要注意抓住句子中的时间状语,判断其是表示现在、将来还是过去,是短暂时间还是延续时间?从而确定译文的时态。

如:After searching for half an hour, she found that her glasses had been lying on the table.

语态问题虽然很少会单独考查,但也是句子翻译涉及的重要知识点之一,应引起重视,在考虑句子时态的同时也要考虑应使用何种语态。而且,需要注意的是,语态问题不仅仅是针对谓语动词的,非谓语动词的语态问题也同样重要。

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币(一大笔钱)请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝,显然画家不喜欢这种绘画,因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然,这场贪图财利的婚姻,将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一(至少在绘画上如此),即:男人善于思考推理,女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新,也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上,拇指放于嘴中,瞪着眼睛若所所思,但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族,他不懂他们的语言,他又必须依赖他们的善良生存,而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美,因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”,而不是女性的,浴中人体艺术,正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk(‘total work of art’).康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天,贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品,这一举动,拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

翻译讲义

一.课堂导入 (以温故提问的方式导入) 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) (①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译:指译文要与原文保持对应关系,重要的词语要相应的落实,要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式,力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译:指着眼于表达原句的意思,在忠于愿意的前提下,灵活翻译原文的词语,灵活处理原文的句子结构。) 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对:一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换:有些词语意义已经发展,用法已经变化,语法已经不用,在译文中, 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留:人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译;与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删:一些没有实在意义的虚词,如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等,同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补:省略的部分;词语活用相应的部分;代词所指的内容;使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调:把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来,使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词,后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二.文言句子翻译题的解题步骤: (一)总体分五步: 第一步: 第二步: 第三步: 第四步

第五步: (二)分步解析: 第一步: 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的,告诉学生,翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手,不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠,会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病,而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句,只要理解句子的大意就行,这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步: 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键,因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子,一定有几个得分点,突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外,每一位学生由于情况不同,在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中,要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来,然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时,可以给学生提供下面的方法: 第三步:理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下,因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式,导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱,不合现代文的句子规范。所以,翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生,要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式: 第四步:草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸(考试时可以在试卷上)上先大致草拟一下答案,结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步: 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整,然后誊写到答卷上,这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰,又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律:①做翻译题的时候,应该有踩点得分的意识,要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点:一是关键词,二是特殊句。

英汉翻译复习资料

填空题复习资料: 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人,物从中国”的翻译思想,而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出:“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标:‘译事三难:信、达、雅’,三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为:案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实,通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材,翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8.20世纪50年代初,傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点;60年代初,钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说:“信言不美、美言不信”。 10.20世纪90年代,美籍意大利学者韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti )提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论,该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助,但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比(Mary Snell-Hornby)在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍:20世纪80年代,西方翻译研究出现文化转向;90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向;而进入新世纪,翻译研究又回到了语言学时代,出现了“U字形转向”(U-turn)。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准,提出了功能翻译(Functional Equivalence)(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13.辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”,在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度,这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准,真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。

翻译课讲义(5)

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翻译讲义-文秘

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英语翻译讲义

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商务英汉翻译讲义

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强化班翻译讲义--专升本

1.在我们做决定之前,必须确定我们已将所有相关的因素考虑在内。Before making the decision, we must make sure that we have taken all the related factors into consideration/account. 2. 他如果知道我的电话,就不用那么费事了。 If he knew my phone number, it would save a lot of trouble. If he knew my phone number, it would not take a lot of trouble. 3.就他的经验而言,他并不十分适合做校长。 As far as his experience is concerned, he is not very suitable for acting as a headmaster. 4. 我们最关心的是那个城市的饮水质量问题。 What we are concerned most is the quality of drinking water in that city. 5. 他的成就,赢得了人们的尊敬和仰慕。 His achievement earned him respect and admiration among people. His achievement won people’ respect and admiration. 6. 他刚到达就生病了。 No sooner had he arriv ed than he fell ill. 7. 坦率地讲,能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务,确实令人兴奋。Frankly speaking, to be honest, honestly speaking, it is very exciting to have the task finished/accomplished/fulfilled in such a short time. 8. 我们将尽可能地改进我们的工作。 We will make as many improvements as possible in our work. 9. 积极的休闲态度是鼓励大家创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。Positive leisure attitude is the basis of encouraging people to make creative use of their spare time. 10. 你越解释我越糊涂。 The more you explain, the more confused I am. 11. 总的来说,酸雨是工业发展的结果。 Generally speaking, acid rain is the result of industrial development. 12. 不管是否加热,这种材料不会在冰中融化。 whether (it is) heated or not, this material does not melt in ice. 13. 我在童年时候就发现没什么比读书对我更有吸引力。 Since my childhood, I have found that nothing is more attractive than reading to me. Since my childhood, I have found that reading is the most attractive thing for me. 14.他们已经答应对这个问题进行调查。 They have promised to investigate this problem. 15. 是我们应该做的和不应该做的影响着我们的未来。 所为和所不为 What we should do and what we should not do affects/determines our future.

翻译讲义2

翻译讲义2 Part I. Reviewing Last Lesson。 Part II.Today’s Topic: Literary Translation &Free Translation 直译&意译 i.Literary Translation(直译) ii.Free Translation (意译) iii.Golden Rule: Take the MEAN Part III. Homework Additional topic:Domestication &Foreignization 归化&异化

Part I. Reviewing Last Lesson: I just introduced one topic last time: Criteria of Translation In the class, we discussed two questions about this topic, i.e. First.Criteria of several famous translators and translation theorists and they are: 严复:信、达、雅 鲁迅:宁信而不顺 付雷:神似(Spiritual conformity) 钱钟书:化境(Sublimed Adaptation) 玄奘:既须求真,有须喻俗 Nida: 灵活对等 Newmark: 语义交际 Setting a standard for translation is very difficult with 4 reasons: 1.高深的语言艺术,指定个放之四海而皆准的标准绝非易事; 2.翻译实践中确实存在有“不可译性”和“不可尽译性”的 。所以:标准定的太高,不切实际;定得过低或者过于笼统又容易贻误译事; 3.翻译中有时需直译,有时需意译,如规定只许这样不许那 样,就会使人觉得过分偏颇武断,使译者莫衷一是。再就 是如何达到“形”、“神”统一而论,能否达到二者真正的 统一,都没有形成相当程度的共识。又何谈标准?

英汉翻译第一讲讲义

第一讲绪论 内容提要:时代呼唤翻译,翻译促进时代的发展。信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。中国的翻译事业任重而道远。介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。 一、为什么要学翻译 翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能,是语言交流的一种手段,是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。在今天这个信息化时代,随着社会的发展和进步,随着各国人民交流的日益频繁,翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具,是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。 二、翻译的定义、过程和性质 翻译是一种交际方式,可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。比如,一个手势变成一种语言,把汉语的文言文转变成白话文(语内翻译),把语言转化为计算机符号,甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端,都是一种翻译。狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言,即语际翻译(interlingual translation)。这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的,即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。 异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如,将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵,使译文具有异国情调,有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说,存在一定的理解困难。异化和同化具有相对性,随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密,原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍,即异化的程度会逐步降低。 归化(domestication)是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观,公然对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治需求(Venuti,2001:240)〔1〕;或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style),最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略 (Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44)〔2〕。主张以目的语文化为归宿的“归化派”提出译文不仅要克服语言的障碍,还要克服文化的障碍,而译者的责任之一就是避免文化冲突。同时,译者也是“传播者”,他不应对读者的智力和想象力提出过高的要求,而应尽可能的是源语文本所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界,从而达到源语文化与目的语文化之间的“文化对等”。 异化(foreignization)是指偏离本土主流价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异(Venuti,2001:240)〔1〕;或指在一定程度上保留原文的异域性(foreignness),故意打破目标语言常规的翻译(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:59)〔2〕。主张在译文中保留源语文化的“异化派”提出翻译的主要目的是文化间的交流,源语文化将会丰富目的语文化和目的语的语言表达方式。读者的阅读目的也包括想了解异国文化,译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处〔3〕。

英汉翻译讲义

E-C Translation Course Notes Definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) Significance of Translation Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication 1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations. 2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world. The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization. The Criteria of Translation Tytler (p.5) 严复:faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅) 林语堂:忠实,通顺,美 钱钟书:化境 傅雷:神似 The procedures of translation Accurate comprehension Adequate representation Careful proofreading Requirements on the translators Good command of the languages Wide scope of knowledge Sensitive to cultural differences Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests Strong sense of responsibility Literal Vs. free translations The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation. No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation. Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.

英汉翻译经典例子及答案.doc

1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls (环礁). 在那里,由于地心引力的剧烈干扰,一道道山脉,一座座火山升出水面。千百年来,微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡,形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多,那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人,于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方,河水漫出河床,宽达数英里。 洪水切断了村与村之间的联系,迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起,

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