E-C Translation Course Notes
Definition
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
(Eugene A. Nida)
Significance of Translation
Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication
1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations.
2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world.
The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization.
The Criteria of Translation
Tytler (p.5)
严复：faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅)
林语堂：忠实，通顺，美
钱钟书：化境
傅雷：神似
The procedures of translation
Accurate comprehension
Adequate representation
Careful proofreading
Requirements on the translators
Good command of the languages
Wide scope of knowledge
Sensitive to cultural differences
Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests
Strong sense of responsibility
Literal Vs. free translations
The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation.
No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation.
Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.
The designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it represents; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you think of.
Formal vs. Functional Equivalence
Formal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the match between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both form and content; while functional equivalence （功能对等）stresses the closest parallel of the target text to the source text in communicative function.
If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, formal equivalence should be strived for;
whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made structurally for the establishment of functional equivalence.
Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)
English is a language of hypotaxis(形合). It heavily depends on grammar for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the suffix (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the tenses(时态), the voices(语态), the moods(语气), constructions(结构), and such functional words like articles, conjunctions, pronouns or prepositions. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of parataxis (意合),has the parts linked up with each other semantically or through the context. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be omitted out of grammatical or rhetorical considerations.
Syntactic marking （语法标义）vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）
Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of the sentence.
Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the semotactic environment for that word. In other words, the context, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.
Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the specification of the meaning of an English word.
Form and Content
If we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that language and linguistic forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the conceptual intent of the message, together with the connotative values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.
The form, on the other hand, is the external shape the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.
In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as poetry, is largely secondary,
variable.
It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.
We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitab ly results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.
Semantic adjustment made in transfer—Specific meaning Vs. generic meaning Some of the most common shifts in meaning found in the transfer process are modifications which involve specific （个别意义）and generic （一般意义）meanings. Such shifts may go in either direction, from generic to specific , or from specific to generic.
Semantic adjustment —Analytic process Vs. synthetic process分析过程综合过程In the transfer process, sometimes the semantic contents of a word or a group of words need to be redistributed through either an analytical or synthetic process. The former involves expanding the semantic content of a word over a number of words; and the latter group s the semantic contents of several words into one or two words.
Structural adjustment
There are numerous features of the sentence structure, which must be adjusted in the process of transfer from one language to another. Such features, among others, concern word and phrase order, gender, class and number concord, active and passive constructions and ellipsis，etc.
Discourse adjustment
An English discourse generally starts with a topic sentence followed by the explanatory statements or supportive examples and ends up with a conclusion. The sentences in the discourse are often logically connected with each other by such cohesive markers（连接手段）as “first of all”, “furthermore”, “in addition”, “however”, “therefore”, “to sum up”, etc. The sentences in a Chinese discourse, though not always bound up together through formally distinct devices, actually all center on the theme of the text.
Translation skills
Changing the positions of some phrases
Changing words or phrases into sentences
Changing the part of speech
Main clause first
Changing the positions of the major components
Adding words when necessary
Key word repetition
Breaking a long sentence into several short sentences
Leaving out unnecessary words
Use of four-character phrases
Positive and negative ways of expressing an idea
Dealing with idioms
The former focuses on a －translation of the －text into the －text; while the latter involves language －in the process of translation.
No matter what method you may use, your translation should be －, c－to the target reader and close to the original －. Only when you keep the－and－of the original sentence－a nd/or its－can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely m－translation.
Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply r－translation. Designative Vs. associative meanings
The designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it－; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you－.
Formal vs. Functional Equivalence
Formal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the －between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both －and －; while functional equivalence （功能对等）stresses the c- p- of the target text to the source text in －function.
If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, －should be strived for; whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made s-for the establishment of functional equivalence.
Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)
English is a language of —. It heavily depends on ——for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the s- (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the t-(时态), the v-(语态), the m-(语气), c-(结构), and such functional words like a-, c-, p- or p-. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of---, has the parts linked up with each other s- or through the c-. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be o-out of g- or r- considerations.
Syntactic marking （语法标义）vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）
Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is -ed by the-cal construction of the sentence.
Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the - environment for that word. In other words, the-, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.
Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the -of the meaning of an English word.
Form and Content
If we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that - and -c forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the ---------of the message, together with the - values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.
The form, on the other hand, is the --------------the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.
In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as ------, is largely secondary, since within each language the rules for content to form are highly c-, a-, and v-.
It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.
We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitably results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.
9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.（把你的湿衬衫脱下来。） The doctor took off his wounded left leg.（医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。） They had to take off the show because of poor audience.（观众太少令他们不得不取消演出）You can take only one day off.（你只能休一天假。） The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.（主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。） 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.（但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退） 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). （我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们） 2)This is the only reference book available here. （这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书） 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible （他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量）. 4)This is the best solution imaginable. （这是能想到的最佳办法） 2. 状语的位置 1）A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. （一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水） 2）North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single
煜祥寒假班初一英语 第一讲name： 一单词、词组回顾 A写出下列词的反义词或对应词 1 first_______ 2 day_______ 3 lost_______ 4 interesting_______ 5 son_______ 6 uncle_______ 7 this_______ 8 breakfast_______ 9 these_______ 10 weekend_______ 11 question_______ 12 his_____ B英汉互译 13 做运动 ____________ 14 get to_______ 15为??而感谢 _______ 16在电视里看?? ____________ 17听起来很有趣 __________ 18在地板上 ____________ 19在某事上帮助某人 ________ 20 a photo of his family_______ 二基本句型及交际用语 A翻译下列句子 1 那些是我的朋友们。 _________________________________ 2 男孩们和女孩们在树底下。_________________________________ 3 吉姆每天在电视上观看篮球赛。_________________________________ 4我有 3 个足球， 4 个棒球和 2 个排球。 _________________________________ 5让我们吃萨拉吧！ _________________________________ B情景交际 6 当你找不到你的书时，你应说：___________ A This is my book. B What ’s this? C Where’s my book? D where my book is? 7 当你向父母介绍朋友李蕾时，你应说：_________________ A He is Li Lei. B This is Li Lei. C It is Li Lei. D This ’s Li Lei. 三基本语法 A写出下列名词的复数形式 book--key--family--dictionary--watch— is--am--that--this--friend--class--photo—tomato--strawberry--child--sheep-- B用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Tom and I _____(be)brothers. 2.What ______(be) these?
《英汉翻译》练习题一 一、Phrase Translation（句子翻译） A. Directions：Put the following phrases into Chinese（将下列词语译成汉语）． 1) rural reform （） 2) industrial revolution （） 3) non-governmental sectors （） 4) the International Court of Justice （） 5) Agriculture Department （） 6) encyclopedia （） 7) editorial （） 8) relay race （） 9) vocational school （） 10) the theory of relativity （） 11) to pick and choose ( ) 12) a drugstore ( ) 13) soda fountain ( ) 14) in this fashion ( ) 15) a part-time river ( ) 16) up the river ( ) 17) a summer resort ( ) B. Directions：Put the following phrases into English（将下列词语译成英语）． 1) 经济增长（） 2) 知识经济（） 3) 民族团结（） 4) 官僚主义（） 5) 所有制（）
6) 社会科学（） 7) 期刊（） 8) 世界纪录（） 9) 最高人民法院（） 10) 国营企业（） 11) 现代化建设( ) 12) 专属经济区( ) 13) 可再生能源( ) 14) 合法权益( ) 15) 御花园( ) 16) 故宫博物院( ) 17) 可耕地( ) 二、Multiple Choice Questions（选择题） A. Directions：This part consists of ten sentences．each followed by four different versions labeled A，B，C and D．Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness．1.He thought that directly internal confidence in the regime declines，her financial structure would be in danger．( ) A.他认为，那直接影响着园内对政府的信心下降，它的财歧体制就会出现危机了。 B.他直截了当地认为，国内对政府的信心下降，其财政结构就要出现危机了。 C.他认为，一旦国内对政府的信心下降，她的财政体制就会出现危机。 D．他当时认为，只要政府内部失去信心，其金融结构就会瓦解。 2．Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition 0f body．( ) A．日光和新鲜空气对于身体健康都是不可缺少的。 B．对于健康的身体，日光和新鲜空气一样不可缺少。 C．对于身体健康，日光如新鲜空气一样不可或缺。 D．阳光同新鲜空气一样对于身体的健康不可缺少。 3．Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
2015-2016上学期英汉翻译复习资料 考试题型：理论填空（10%）、习语翻译（10%）、句子翻译（30%）、语篇翻译（50%）（有的只需翻译划线部分，请注意！） 考试时间：2016.1.21 10：40-12：20 一、填空，共5小题 1. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中 将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能对等翻译的翻译原则。 2. 英语长难句汉译方法有：顺译法、逆译法、拆译法和综合法。 3. 按翻译手段而言，翻译可分为：口译（又可分为即席翻译和同声传译）、笔 译、机器翻译等。 4. 汉语主要靠词序（按时间先后，因果先后等逻辑顺序）和内在意义结合，汉 语没有或极少使用衔接手段，属意合语言（语义的意会性）。 5. 20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在 形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 6.18世纪末叶，英国爱丁堡大学历史学教授、翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译原 理简论》一文中提出了“翻译三原则”，此三原则与严复的信达雅有异曲同工之妙。 7. 中国译论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境— 忠实、通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 8. 受“中庸”哲学思想的影响，中国人的美学观念中特别强调平衡美，所以汉 语中除了极为频繁使用对仗这一修辞格，还大量使用四字词组。在英汉互译中要时刻考虑汉语这一特点。 9. 辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该 理论体系中，提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。 10. 根据源语和目的语进行分类，翻译可分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2） 商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法 目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 词类转译 英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。 在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现
第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪，但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。
5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado，而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.
2019年10月自考《00087英语翻译》复习资料 Unit 1 stories 1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. 他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝, 留给他的是衰老和幻灭. 2. average height 普通高度 3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉 4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄 5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调, 说明自己的身份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中山, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲. 6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续, 在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员. 7. Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语言 9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 以中国官方客人的身份, 比尔来访中国已多次了, 而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了. 10. ‘This is for you,’Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. “这是为你安排的.”这句话比尔.莫诺听到过好几次, 每一次都令他难以忘怀. 有一次, 他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有一次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥------以前没桥
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2） 一．什么是翻译？ ---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。 二．翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为： A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40% 三．翻译技巧（2）： 语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四．翻译练习（2） I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会，但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时，每个人都结婚了。
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
实用英汉翻译教程答案 【篇一：大学英语实用翻译教程练习答案】 s=txt>第二章第一节 练习一：p10 一、 1．保护人类基因健康是个比较严峻的问题，但这不过是问题的一 个方面而已。 2．这些是科学家和技术专家研制的机器和产品。 3．科学已成为力量的一种源泉，不只是适宜于幻想的题材了。 4．建造和装饰宫殿、教堂和寺院的款项都由经商的富户承担支付。 5．查理一世和下议院的争吵已到了紧要关头，后来内战爆发，并 在白厅把斯图尔特王朝的君主送上了断头台。 6．在开辟第二战场之前，美国步兵精神饱满，营养充足，还没有 在战斗中受过创伤。 练习二：p16 一、 1．已经拟就一张至今已教过的所有动词的表。 2．每天从全国各地传来各行各业取得伟大成就的消息。 3．城乡之间的差别依然存在。 4．那一年，建立了旨在促进研究和试验的英国航空学会。 5．这里出版的报纸谴责侵略者屠杀大批无辜人民。 6．凡是成功的科学家常常把注意力集中在他发现尚未得到满意解 答的问题上。 练习三：p19 1．所有植物组织和动物组织主要由碳化合物、水和少量的矿物质组成。 2．他们并不认为有必要提供学生经常使用的名词化规则和构造使役句的规则。 3．各种族集团的文化特性、民间传说、神话和信仰都是根据文化进化规律起源于每一个集团的内部。 4．个别国家的科学努力可能将由跨国机构来进行统一和协调。 5．解放前，这个城市的垃圾和苍蝇一向无人过问，结果经常发生地方性病疫。
6．他是美国印第安人作家、演讲家和争取印第安人权利运动的活动家。 第二章第二节 练习一：p26 一、 1．我原先以为这部机器不过是一种没有什么价值的玩具。 2．第二天一早，饱饱地吃了一顿早餐之后，他们便动身了。 3．你愿意别人如何待你，你就应该如何待别人。 4．这部打印机真是物美价廉。 5．我七岁时就会织毛衣。 6．钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 二、 1．he who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 2．before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. 3．the ear is the organ which is used for hearing. the nose is used for smelling. and the tongue is used for tasting. 4. modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 5．as it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night. 6．internet is so convenient that we can find any information with the click of the mouse. 练习二：p30 一、 1．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。 2．她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。 3．柯达321a型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。 4．海洋与其说是分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。 5．他这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。 6．我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。 二、
供复习用（供第二轮复习用）20140603 翻译技巧课后练习 一、回答问题 1.何谓翻译？（开放式问题） 2.翻译的过程是什么？ 3.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？（开放式问题） 4.翻译的标准是什么？ 5.一名合格翻译工作者应具备什么样的素质？（开放式问题） 6.钱钟书先生关于文学翻译的标准是什么？ 二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词的影响[见第3章：英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词] 句子翻译练习：注意语境对翻译选词的影响 1.After he had a row with his wife at home he had a row with his mistress on the lake. 2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 3. Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health. 4. Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks. 5. You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not paying much attention to the road. 6. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 7. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 8. He made a wise choice. 9. We went away, as wise as we came. 10. People praised highly the hero’s glorious deeds. 11. He had lied to me and made me the tool for his wicked deeds. 12.Under the direction of the teachers, he has made great progress. 13. Under the direction of Hitler and Mussolini, Franco started a civil war. 14. For 15 years, Dr. Neil Todd has been searching for cats. Not big cats, like lions or tigers or pumas or leopards; nor fancy cats, like overbred Persians or Abyssinians or Siamese or Angoras. 15. 谁说他从不喝酒？你看，他喝起白酒来，一杯又一杯的。 Keys to Exercises 1.在家里同妻子吵架后，他与情人在湖上泛舟。 2. 夜贼需要一点亮光来看东西，便蹑手蹑脚穿过房间，点亮了那盏带浅绿色灯罩的灯。 3. 进入体内的铅元素被吸收进骨骼，从而对身体产生危害。 4. 儿童报名入学还受到很多因素是影响，包括家庭规模、出生顺序、牲畜饲养情况以及家庭消解经济意外的能力。 5. 可以看出，当时他只顾着说话，没有太注意路上的情况。 6. 幸运的是，爆炸发生时，楼里没有人。 7. 不幸的是，野餐的那天下起了雨。