people. But after 16 years in that role, I came to wonder whether the two worlds were easily distinguishable.
Working in the reputable world of journalism, I told photographers to cover other people's difficult life situations. I justified marching into moments of sadness， under the appearance of th e reader's right to know. I worked with professionals talking their way into situations or shooting from behind police lines. And I wasn't alone.
In any American town, after a car crash or some other horrible incident when ordinary people are hurt or killed, you rarely see photographers pushing past rescue workers to take photos of the blood and injuries. But you are likely to see local newspaper and television photographers on the scene –and fast…
How can we justify doing this? Journalists are taught to separate, doing the job from worrying about the consequences of publishing what they record. Repeatedly, they are reminded of a news-business saying: Leave your conscience in the office, A victim may lie bleeding, unconscious, or dead. Your job is to record the image . You're a photographer, not an emergency medical worker. You put away your feelings and document the scene.
But catastrophic events often bring out the worst in photographers and photo editors. In the first minutes and hours after a disaster occurs, photo agencies buy pictures. They rush to obt ain the rights to be the only one to own these shocking images and death is usually the subject. Often, an agency buys a picture from a local newspaper or an amateur photographer and puts it up for bid by major magazines. The most sought-after special pictures command tens of thousands of dollars through bidding contests.
I worked on all those stories and many like them. When they happen, you move quickly: buying, dealing, trying to beat the agencies to the pictures.
Now, many people believe journalists are the hypocrites（伪君子）who need to be brought down, and it's our pictures that most anger others. Readers may not believe, as we do, that there is a distinction between clear-minded "us" and mean-spirited "them". In too many cases, by our choices of images as well as how we get them, we prove our readers right.
16. The writer never got an offer for a photograph of a dead person.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. The writer was a photographer sixteen years ago.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. The writer believes that shooting people’s nightmares is justifiable.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. News photographers are usually a problem for secure workers at an accident.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. Journalists aren’t supposed to think about whether they are doing the right thing.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Editors sometimes have to pay a lot of money for exclusive pictures.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. Many people say that they are annoyed by the US News pictures.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2~5段每段选择1个最佳标
题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
The Storyteller
1. Steven Spielberg has always had one goal: to tell as many great stories to as many people as will listen. And that’s what he has always been about. The son of a computer scientist and a pianist, Spielberg spent his early childhood in New Jersey and, later, Arizona. From the very begin ning, his fertile imagination filled his young mind with images that would later inspire his filmma king.
2. Even decades later, Spielberg says he has clear memories of his earliest years, which are the origins of some of his biggest hits. He believes that E.T. is the result o f the difficult years leading up to his parent’s 1966 divorce,It is really about a young boy who was insearch of some
stability in his life.”“He was scared of just about everything,” recalls his mother, Leah Adler.“When trees brushed against the house, he would head into my bed. And that’s just the kind of sc ary stuff he would put in films like Poltergeist.”
3.Spielberg was 11 when he first got his hands on his dad’s movie camera and began shootin
g short flicks about flying saucers and World War Ⅱ battles. Spielberg’s talent for scary storytelli ng enabled him to make friends. On Boy Scout camping trips, when night fell, Spielberg became t he center of attention. “Steven would start telling his ghost stories,” says Richard Y. Hoffman J r., leader of Troop 294, “and everyone would suddenly get quiet so that they could all hear it.”
4. Spielberg moved to California with his father and went to high school there, but his grades were so bad that he barely graduated. Both UCLA and USC film schools rejected him, so he enter ed California State University at Long Beach because it was close to Hollywood. Spielberg was de termined to make movies, and he managed to get an unpaid, non-credit internship（实习）
in Hollywood. Soon he was given a contract, and he dropped out of college. He never looked back
5. Now, many years later, Spielberg is still telling stories with as much passion as the kid in t he tent. Ask him where he gets his ideas, Spielberg shrugs. “The process for me is mostly intuitiv e ,” he says. “There are films that I feel I need to make, for a variety of reasons, for personal rea sons, for reasons that I want to have fun, that the subject matter is cool, that I think my kids will li ke it. And sometimes I just think that it will make a lot of money, like the sequel
to Jurassic Park.”
23. Paragraph 1______
24. Paragraph 2______
25. Paragraph 3______
26. Paragraph 4______
A. Inspirations for his movies
B. The trouble of making movies
C. A funny man
D. Getting into the movie business
E. Telling stories to make friends
F. An aim of life
27. Some of Spielberg’ most successful movies came from _______
28. When Spielberg was a boy，he used to be scared of _________
29. Spielberg is very good at _________
30. Spielberg says he makes movies for _________
A. almost everything
B. telling scary stories
C. a number of reasons
D. making children laugh
E. his childhood memories
F. a lot of money
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文回答其后面的问题，为每题确定一个最佳答案。
第一篇 The National Trust
The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public en joyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trust has receive d practical and moral support from the Government, it is not a rich Government department. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings of B ritain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the pu blic'. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest.
The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and cast les of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian, who left his great seventeenth-
century house to the Trust together with the 4500-
acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's "Count ry House Scheme”. Under this scheme, with the help of the Government and the general public, t he Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of th ese old houses2. Last year about one and three quarters of a million people paid to visit these histo ric houses, usually at a very small charge.
In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills, nature reserves, five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand five hundr ed cottages or small village houses, as well as some complete villages. In these villages no one is a llowed to build, develop 'or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in their original sixteenth-
century style. Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline, woodland, and hill country are prote cted by the Trust and no development or disturbances of any kind are permitted. The public has fre e access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace, beauty and wildlife.
So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organization and a n essential and respected part of national life, preserving all that is of great natural beauty and of h istorical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.
31. The national trust is a ____
A. government agency depending on voluntary service.
B. non-profit organization depending on voluntary service
C. government department but is not rich.
D. private organization supported by the government
32. The National Trust is dedicated to
A. preserving the best public enjoyment
B. providing the public with free access to historic buildings
C. offering better services to visitors home and abroad
D. protecting tho unspoiled countryside and historic buildings."
33. We can infer from paragraph 2 that Lord Lothion ____
A. donated all his money to the Trust
B. started the Country House Scheme
C. saved many old country houses in Britain
D. was influential in his time
34. All the following can be inferred from the passage except _____
A. the trust more interested in protecting the 16 century houses
B. many people came to visit the historic houses saved by the Trust
C. visitors can yet free access tu some places owned by the Trust
D. the Trust has a history which is longer than 80 years.
35. The word “invade” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. come in without permission
B. enter with invitation
C. visit in large number
D. appear 3'l of a sudden
第二篇 How we form first impression
We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her –
aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in a how a person’ eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information – the sights and sounds of your world. Theses incoming “signals”are compared against a host of “memories” stored in the brain areas called the cortex （大脑皮层）system to determine what these new signals “mean”.
If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says “familiar and safe”. “If you s ee someone new, it says,“new—potentially threatening”. Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “kn own” memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures and tone of voice are all matched u
p.
The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, “This is new. I don't like this person.” Or else, “I am intrigued.” Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clo thes, ethnicity, gestures–
like your other friends; so your brain says: “I like this person.” But theses preliminary “impres sions” can be dead wrong.
When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinki ng of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people –
their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character –
we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.
However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a per son is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and bec ome aware of the person’s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking—
and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.
36. Our first impression of some one new is influenced by his or her _____
A. past experience
B. character
C. facial features
D. hobbies
37. If you meet a stranger with familiar gestures, your brain is mostly likely to say____
A. “He is familiar and safe”
B. “He is new and potentially threatening”
C. “I like this person”
D. “This is new I don't like this person”
38. The word “preliminary” means ____
A. Simplistic
B. Stereotypical
C. Initial
D. categorical
39. Our thinking is not mature enough when we stereotype people because _____
A. we neglect their depth and breadth
B. they are not all locks, peeks, or freaks
C. our thinking is similar to that of a very young child
D. our judgment is always wrong
40. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
A. One’s physical appearance can influence our first impression
B. our first impression is influenced by the sensitivity of our brain
C. Stereotypical impressions can be dead wrong
D. We should adopt mature thinking when getting to know people
第三篇 A New Strategy to Overcome Breast Cancer
Post-
menopausal women who walk for an hour a day can cut their chance of breast cancer significantly, a study has suggested. The report, which followed 73,000 women for 17 years, found walking for at least seven hours a week lowered the risk of the disease. The American Cancer Society team sai d this was the first time reduced risk was specifically linked to walking. UK experts said it was mo re evidence that lifestyle influenced cancer risk.
A recent poll for the charity Ramblers a quarter of adults walk for no more than an hour a week, b ut being active is known to reduce the risk of a number of cancers. This study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, followed 73.615 women out of 97,785 aged 50-
74 who had been recruited by the American Cancer Society between1992 and 1993, so it could m onitor the incidence of cancer in the group.
They were asked to complete questionnaires on their health and on how much time they were active and participating in activities such as walking, swimming and aerobics
and how much time they spent sitting watching television or reading. They completed the same qu estionnaires at two-
year intervals between 1997 and 2009.Of the women, 47%said walking was their only recreational activity. Those who walked for at least seven hours per week had a 14% lower risk of breast canc er compared to those who walked three or fewer hours per week.
Dr. Alpa Patel, a senior epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, who l ed the study, said:”Given that more than 60% of women report some daily walking, promoting w alking as a healthy leisure-
time activity could be an effective strategy for increasing physical activity amongst post-menopausal women. We were pleased o find that without any other recreational activity, just walk ing one hour a day was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in these women.””More str enuous and longer activities lowered the risk even more.”
Baroness Delyth Morgan, chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign, said: “This study adds fur ther evidence that our lifestyle choices can play a part in influencing the risk of breast cancer and e ven small changes incorporate into our normal day-to-day activity can make a difference.”
She added:We know that the best weapon to overcoming breast cancer is the ability to stop it occu rring in the first place. The challenge now is how we turn these findings into action and identify ot her sustainable lifestyle changes that will help us prevent breast cancer.”
41. All of the following factors relating to cancer risk were mentioned in the passage EXCEPT___ _____
A. breathing exercise
B. regular walking
C. recreational activity
D. lifestyle choices
42. It can be inferred from Dr. Alpa Patel’s study that____.
A. women have fewer chances of physical activity
B. daily walking could cut the chance of breast cancer
C. leisure-time activity is not associated with cancer risk
D. walking is not recommended for women with breast cancer
43. Dr. Alpa Patel was_____.
A. head of the survey study
B. chief editor of Cancer Epidemiology
C. chair of the American Cancer Society
D. chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign
44. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Most women take walking as their only recreational activity.
B. The study aims to track the health conditions of its subjects.
C. Walking was the only recreational activity for about half of the women
D. Irregular walking increased the risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women
45. The word “sustainable” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to?
A. Continuable
B. Affordable
C. Available
D. persistent
第5部分：补全短文（第46—50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白；短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Wrongly convinced man and his accuser tell their stories NEW YORK ,NY,January 5,2010. St. Martin’s Press has announced the release of the paperback edition of Picking Cotton, a remarkable true story of what novelist John Grisham calls an “account of violence, rage, redemption(救赎)，and, ultimately forgiveness.”
The story began in 1987, in Burlington, North Carolina, with the rape of a young while college stu dent named Jennifer Thompson. During her ordeal（折磨）, Thompson swore（发誓）
to herself that she would never forget the face of her rapist（强奸犯）,
a man who climbed through the window of her apartment and assaulted（攻击）
her brutally. (46 ) When the police asked her if she could identify the assailant (袭击者)
from a book of mug shots（嫌疑犯照片）,
she picked one that she was sure was correct, and later she identified the same man in a lineup（行列）.
Based on her convincing eye witness testimony, a 22-year-
old black man named Ronald Cotton was sentenced to prison for two life terms. Cotton’s lawyer appealed the decision（提出上诉）, and by the time of the appeals hearing（上诉听证会）,
evidence had come to light suggesting that the real rapist might have been a man who looked very like Cotton, an imprisoned criminal named Bobby Poole. (47 ) Jennifer Thompson looked at both men face to face, and once again said that Ronald Cotton was the one who raped her.
Eleven years later, DNA evidence completely exonerated(证明……清白)
Cotton and just as unequivocally(明确地) convicted Poole, who confessed to the crime. (48 )“The man I was so sure I had never seen in my life was the man who was inches from my throat, who raped me, who hurt me, who took my spirit away, who robbed me of my soul,” she wrote. “And the man I had identified so surely on so many occasions was absolutely innocent.”
(49 ) Remarkably both were able to put this tragedy behind them, overcome the racial barrier that divided them, and write a book, which they have subtitled “Our memoir（回忆录）
of injustice and redemption（拯救）.”
Nevertheless, Thompson says, she still lives “with constant pain that my profound mistake cost h im so dearly. (50 )”
A. Jennifer Thompson decided to meet Cotton and apologize to him personally.
B. Many criminals are sent to prison on the basis of accurate testimony by eyewitnesses.
C. I cannot begin to imagine what would have happened had my mistaken identification occurred i n a capital case
D. Another trial was held.
E. Thompson was shocked and devastated.
F. During the attack, she made an effort to memorize every detail of his face, looking for scars, tatt oos (纹身), or other identifying marks.
第6部分：完形填空（第51—65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Obesity Causes Global Warming
The list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of cau sing global warming.
This (51) comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the University of Illinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study (52) how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans aroun d. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year. It (53) an extra 11 million tons of carbon dioxide.
There has been （54)
for taxes on junk food in recent years. US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food
(55) to people's cars." We tax cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "Simil arly, leading a lazy life style will end (56) costing taxpayers more."
US political scientist Eric Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast food argu ments. But such (57) are getting attention.
At the US Obesity Society's annual meeting, one person (58) obesity with car accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides. No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship. "The funny thing was that everyone took it (59)." Oliver said.
In a 1960s study, children were (60) drawings of children with disabilities and without them, an d a drawing of an obese child. They were asked (61) they would want for a friend? The obese c hild was picked last.
Three researchers recently repeated the study (62) college students. Once again, (63) no one, n ot even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized." the researchers said.
But, researchers say, getting (64) is not like quitting smoking. People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don't care. Scie nce has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight. Genes also (65) a part.
51.A study B project C experiment D conclusion
52.A doubts B reports C calculates D reviews
53.A turns B means C says D costs
54.A calls B cries C sounds D noises
55.A delivered B paid C spent D collected
56.A up B in C with D by
57.A answers B talks C claims D laughs
58.A mixed B correlated C contacted D involved
59.A seriously B well C hard D greatly
60.A bought B captured C shown D made
61.A what B where C why D which
62.A seeing B helping C using D surveying
63.A about B as C almost D like
64.A critical B tall C thin D confident
65.A decide B play C produce D use
2014年西医综合真题及答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合 试题及答案 一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题1.5分；91～120小题，每小题2分；共195分。在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。 1．下列生理功能活动中，主要通过神经反射而完成的调节是 A．正常人体的生长与发育过程 B．育龄期女性月经周期的正常进行 C．肢体在受伤害性刺激时的回撤动作D．餐后血糖很快恢复正常水平的过程 2．葡萄糖在肾小管管腔面被重吸收的跨膜转运方式是 A．经通道易化扩散 B．原发性主动转运C．继发性主动转运 D．入胞作用 3．下列情况下，能加大神经细胞动作电位幅度的是 A．增大刺激强度 B．延长刺激持续时间C．降低细胞膜阈电位D．增加细胞外液中Na+浓度 4．红细胞在流经狭小毛细血管和血窦时不
易被挤破，最主要的原因是 A．红细胞呈双凹圆碟形 B．红细胞内的黏度较高 C．红细胞膜的弹性较好 D．此处的血流速度缓慢 5．下列凝血因子中，需要维生素K参与其合成的是 A．因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅲ、因子Ⅷ、因子Ⅻ B．因子Ⅱ、因子Ⅶ、因子Ⅸ、因子Ⅹ C．因子Ⅲ、因子Ⅶ、因子Ⅹ、因子Ⅺ D．因子Ⅴ、因子Ⅷ、因子Ⅸ、因子Ⅺ 6．心率过快时，心输出量减少的主要原因是 A．心房收缩期缩短 B．等容收缩期缩短C．等容舒张期缩短D．心室充盈期缩短7．在体循环中，血压下降幅度最为显著的血管部位是 A．中动脉B．小动脉 C．毛细血管 D．静脉 8．哮喘发作时，1秒用力呼气量(FEV 1 )/用力肺活量(FVC)的检查结果是 A．FEV 1减小，FVC基本不变，FEV 1 /FVC减小
职称英语查词典的技巧 职称英语是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。关于词典，国家有明确的规定，以下词典不允许带入考场： 有职称字样的词典不要带入考场; 针对职称英语考试编写的词典不能带入考场; 电子出版物，即电子词典不能带入考场。 其它的词典国家没有明确的规定。因此建议尽量选择具备同义词、收词量相对较大的词典。 此外，能否取胜职称英语，掌握查词典的技巧，尤其是合理分配查词典的时间也是很关键的。 在以往的`考试中，很多考生把词典当成“救命稻草”，抱着一大堆各种类型的词典进考场。但往往不是多数词典派不上用场，就是因为翻词典而浪费了大量的时间无法做完 ___，因此，建议:要有针对性地带词典。例如针对英语考试中的第一部分词汇题，老师建议考生带一本同义词词典或双解词典，这类词典的特点是用几个同义词注解某一英文单词，考生可以非常方便地在注解中找到答案。
其次，为了节省时间，考生最好是带自己经常使用、习惯了其编排规律的词典。在以往的考试中，甚至有少数考生对英语词典中字母表排列顺序的规律都不了解，这等于把这一得力工具浪费了。 综上所述，带一本自己常用的，正规的双解词典就好了，因为是去参加考试，不是去翻字典。 对于词汇选择题，最好从B、C两个选项查起。根据美国权威机构通过对标准化考试的研究与分析，选择题的4个选项中，B、C两个选项是正确答案的可能性更高。从这2个选项查起，更能节约考试时间。 重点查阅单词的常用解释。单词与汉语一样，一个单词可能同时有好几个解释，但是职称英语考试中一般都只会考察单词的常用意思，因此有多个解释的单词只需查阅其前三个解释即可。 一旦将答案确定，不要再查询其它单词，以免浪费时间。有些考生希望能确认或是不太肯定所选择答案，往往就把4个选项均查询了一遍，不仅浪费了时间，也可能将原本的正确答案修改了，第一感觉是很重要的!
第四篇 Animal?s “Sixth Sense” A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that 1 they possess a “sixth sense” for 2 , experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island?s coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “N o elephants arc dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening,” H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka?s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka?s biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no ＿10＿ studies because you can?t really test it in a lab or field setting 2 ,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this 11 . “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds … there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife. Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger slid as predators. The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or 14 other mythical power is an enduring one 3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka?s ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special power or attributes. 词汇： tsunami /tsju:5nB:mi / n.海啸 concur /kEn5kE: / v.(with)同意，赞成 trigger /5tri^E / v.引发，触发 impending /im5pendiN / adj.迫近的 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 predator /5predEtE / n.食肉动物 leopard /5lepEd / n.豹 mythical /5miWikEl/ adj.神话般的 eruption /i5rQpFEn / n.喷发 owl /Eul / n.猫头鹰 migrate /mai5^reit / v.迁移 omen /5Eumen / n.预兆，征兆 volcanic /vCl5kAnik / adj.火山的 endow /in5dau / v.赋予注释: 1. adds weight to notions that ：更加相信…… 2. field setting ：field 意为“实地，野外”， setting 意为“环境”。 field setting 可译为“野外环境”。 3. enduring one ：由来已久的信念。 one 指代在句首出现的， noiton enduring 意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
2013年职称英语考试理工类复习笔记 一、动词 从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。 1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词; 2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语; 3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+ 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子： My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。) My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。) 第一句是双宾语结构，即My mother made a cake for me. 第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用+ " to ", 如上举例。 请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的： A. She needs to see a doctor. B. She doesn't need to see a doctor. C. Does she need to see a doctor? D. She needs not see a doctor. E. She needn't see a doctor. F. She doesn't need see a doctor. G. She needs see a doctor. 从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。 5) 助动词：帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调) 五个基本句型 考研网校医药网校外语网校公务员网校网络课堂网上学习建筑网校
2018年考研西医综合真题及答案 1. 在维持机体稳态的调节中，负反馈控制特点是 A. 迅速 B.有被动 C.有预见性 D.有可能失误 答案：B 2. 神经细胞在静息时，电压门控钠通道对Na+通透的门控状态是 A.激活通道和失活通道都开放 B.激活通道和失活通道都关闭 C.激活通道开放失活通道关闭 D.激活通道关闭失活通道开放 答案：D 3.在生理止血过程中，与识别损伤部位有关的血小板生理特征是 A.血小板粘附 B.血小板聚集 C.血小板释放 D.血小板吸附 答案：A 4.引起窦房结P 细胞动作电位0 期去极化的主要离子是 A.INa B.lk C.lca-L D.lca-T 答案：C 5.能使功能余气量增加的呼吸系统病是 A.肺炎 B.矽肺 C.肺水肿 D.支气管哮喘 答案：D 6.下列关于二氧化碳刺激呼吸运动的描述中正确的是 A.中枢化学感受器反应较快 B.外周化学感受器较易适应 C.刺激中枢和外周化学感受器效应等同 D.一定水平的二氧化碳分压对呼吸运动是必需的 答案：D 7.促胃液素延缓胃排空的原因是 A.抑制迷走迷走反射 B.抑制壁内神经从反射 C.增强幽门括约肌收缩 D.增强肠胃反射 答案：C 8.大肠内细菌利用简单物质合成的维生素是 A.维生素a 和d B.维生素b 和k
C.维生素c 和e D.维生素pp 和叶酸 答案：B 9.测得某人的基础状态下的耗氧量为14L/h，体表面积1.5 平方米，其BMR 约 A.150 B.167 C.177 D.186 答案：C 10.实验发现较难通过肾小球滤过膜的物质是 A.带正电荷的古旋糖酐分子 B.带负电荷的右旋糖酐分子 C.电中性的右旋糖酐分子 D.带负电荷的无机离子 答案：B 11.在肾远曲小管和集合管上皮细胞内，不属于醛固酮诱导蛋白的物质是 A.管腔膜上的钠通道 B.管腔膜上的水孔蛋白 C.基底侧膜上的钠泵 D.线粒体中合成ATP 的酶 答案：B 12.与眼视近物所作的调节无关的反射活动是 A.双眼会聚 B.晶状体变凸 C.瞳孔对光反射 D.瞳孔调节反射 答案：C 13.能阻碍突触前膜释放地质而影响突出传递的物质是 A.a-银环蛇毒 B.有机磷酸酯 C.肉毒梭菌毒素 D.三环类抗抑郁药 答案：C 14.甲状腺素作用的靶细胞而产生生物效应的收徒属于 A.核受体 B.G 蛋白偶联受体 C.酪氨酸激酶受体 D.离子通道型受体 答案：A 15.1’25 二羟维生素D3 对钙磷代谢的影响 A.升钙升磷 B.升钙降磷 C.升磷降钙 D.都降
职称英语核心词汇汇总
职称英语考试备考技巧 一、词汇： 需要考生在最后阶段练习查字典，建议一天练习查60对，而且一个词汇题要反、正查，同时也要进行职称考试中常考词汇的记忆，这样可以在考试时提高速度，节省时间。 词汇题一般情况下仅凭字典一般也能做对，因此考生对自己不认识、不熟悉或没有绝对把握的题一定要通过字典来确认，从而确保词汇题100%的正确率。特别提醒考生，考试时要带上一本带有同义词的词典。且词典不能含有职称、考试等字样，更不能带电子词典。 二、阅读判断： 答题时需掌握一条原则，就是在文章中有明确提出的才能确定为对。题目中若出现must、only、all、always等时，答案一般不会是对的。 除上面的原则外，一般根据下列原则和规律也可以确定正确答案。选择A、B或C的三种情况： 选A的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全一致或基本一致 选B的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全相反 选C的情况：如果某题干部分或局部信息在原文中未提到 三、概括大意和完成句子： 概括大意要先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。完成句子则要根据所给的短句进行选择，比较好的方法是找同类动词。 同时读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。读每段话时，并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的主题句。 四、阅读理解： 首先要重点掌握教材上的阅读理解的重点文章的背诵，来抓住出自教材上的分数，这是顺利通过考试很关键的一步。
同时充分利用老师在课上讲的解题技巧，如大标题做题法、红花绿叶原则、顺序出题原则、关键词回归定位法通过做模拟试题来进行解题技巧的演练和应用。 在做题时要注意：搞清主旨题、细节题、推理题、逻辑关系题、观点态度题。注意标题、首尾段、首尾句、逻辑关系处、细节处等出题点；在阅读时见到日期、数量等要先做好标记，这样有重点有理有节的解题，才有可能取得满意的成绩。 五、补全短文： 要先看标题定文体，再看选项，观察选项时应注意抓主干，猜大意，弄清选项大意是表示定义、因果、例子还是措施；不要放过代词、专用名字、连接词、数字等特征词；然后回头再去看课文，明确1-5的位置。 解每道题时只需要阅读该题所在段落，不需要阅读其他段落。往往通过阅读该题目的前后句就能够确定答案，在考试时，应该注意利用以下前后句子存在的关系来做题： (1)利用转折关系 (2)利用归纳总结关系 (3)利用总分关系 (4)利用并列关系 六、完形填空： (1)掌握教材上的文章内容，尤其是2013年新增文章。把这些文章在考前一个月内，争取背到“滚瓜烂熟”，这样，就算考试时怎样变化都可以应付。 (2)语法知识的总结和固定搭配、词组的记忆。这样在做题时，阅读整篇文章，考生才能从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态，并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义，最后从给出的四个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。除掌握以上解题技巧外，考生最好配合在模拟真实的考试时间进行模拟试题的演练，这样不但可以直接掌握复习效果，还可以迅速找到自己的薄弱环节，通过单项训练，逐一提高成绩。最后，提醒考生，在抓紧时间复习的同时要放松心情，以轻松的心态迎接考试。预祝顺利通过考试！ 全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词+免读全文版） 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”：
+141阅读判断 A Dog’s Dilemma 1. The African wild dog has been endangered. A. Right 2. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction. B. Wrong 3. The remaining lions will die out within decades. C. Not mentioned 4. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young. B. Wrong 5. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting. A. Right 6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive. A. Right 7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog. C. Not mentioned The National Trust 1. The National Trust is financed by both （…）government allocations. B. Wrong 2. British people’s (…) been increasing. A. Right 3. Lord Lothian was one of the founders of the National Trust. C. Not mentioned 4. The Trust’s “Country House (…)to 150 old houses or so. A. Right 5. A project which is to fortify a 16th (…) approved by the National Trust. B. Wrong 6. The public may (…) food and beverage. C. Not mentioned 7. The National Trust helps promote tourism in Britain.A. Right Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance 1. Fans can be very critical of a fashion model's figure. A. Right 2. People like football stars more than they like pop stars. C. Not mentioned 3.Ronaldinho is a well-known Spanish star. B. Wrong 4. The president of Brazil showed no concern about Ronaldo's figure. B. Wrong 5. According to Carlos Alberto (…) shape has changed, A. Right 6. The football game demands a lot from players. A. Right 7. Ronaldinho often goes to pubs. C. Not mentioned 概括大意与完成句子 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing 1. Paragraph 2 E Gift of Talking 2. Paragraph3 C Strength of the Creative Economy 5. Every country has its own way C to feed its people 6. The British government doesn’t seem F to worry about the British economy 7. The creative industries find it difficult E to make a profit 8. Many graduates are employed B to do low-skill jobs
2013年职称英语真题理工C（含答案解析） 第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events. A. bring B. separate C. put D. set 2. The odd thing was that he didn’t recognize me. A. real B. whole C. same D. strange 3. That performance was pretty impressive. A. completely B. very C. Beautifully D. equally 4. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me. A. throw B. seized C. broke D. stretched 5. The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine. A. structure B. bottom C. Surface D. top 6. We found shelter from the rain under the trees. A. defense B. protection C standing D. room 7. “There is no other choice.” She sa id in a harsh voice. A. firm B. soft C. deep D. unkind 8. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning. A. border B. goal C. level D. peak 9. We have to change the public’s perception that money is everything. A. sight B. belief C. interest D. pressure 10. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack.
西医综合真题答案——内外科 基础部分题目答案（标红部分为纠正内容） 一、诊断学 57. 下列可导致发绀的疾病中，属于混合性发绀的是C 20 页 A. 肺栓塞 B. 阻塞性肺气肿 C. 心力衰竭 D. 亚硝酸盐中毒 58. 下列疾病中，可出现杵状指（趾）的是A A. 肝硬化 B. 慢性支气管炎 C. 肢端肥大症 D. 缺铁性贫血 59. 女性，32岁，患特发性肺动脉高压，可能出现的体征是B A. 心尖搏动呈抬举样 B. 心尖搏动向左侧移位 C. 心尖部可闻及收缩期杂音并向左腋下传导 D. 心底部第2心音逆分裂 女性，24岁。3周前上感发热，咽痛，1周来乏力、头晕，晨起颜面发胀，继而出现下肢水肿、食欲下降、尿少。自幼体弱，患有房隔缺损，平素活动尚可。查体：T37.2摄氏度，P88次/分，BP150/90 mmHg，发育营养稍差，自主体位，双眼睑水肿，颈静脉无怒张，双肺（-），心界不大，心律整，心音正常。P2>A2，腹软，肝脾未及，下肢凹陷性水肿（+）。 91、该患者水肿最可能的类型是B A. 心源性 B. 肾源性 C. 肝源性 D. 营养不良 92、导致该患者水肿最可能的机剂是A A. 钠、水潴留 B. 血管通透性增高 C. 低蛋白血症 D. 静脉压增高 二、内科学 60. 男性，60 岁，因1 年来反复发生夜间阵发性呼吸困难，2 个月来心悸、气短、不能平卧、尿少、下肢水肿来院，3 年前患广泛前壁心肌梗死。入院查体：T36.7?C，P67 次/分，BP120/65 mmHg，半卧位，颈静脉充盈，双肺底均可闻及湿性啰音，心界扩大，心律不整，心率98 次/分，心音强弱不等，肝肋下50px，双下肢凹陷性水肿（++）。该患者治疗中，不宜选用的药物是 C A. 洋地黄 B. 华法林
2014职称英语《综合B》真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1.The group does not advocate the use of violence. A.support B.limit C.regulate D.oppose 2.His stomach felt hollow with fear. A.empty B.sincere C.respectful D.terrible 3.His professional career spanned 16 years. A.started B.changed C.moved https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae11091402.html,sted 4.His knowledge of French is fair. A.very useful B.very limited C.rather special D.quite good 5.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A.disappointment B.excitement C.anger D.calm 6.It was a magic night until the spell was broken. A.charm B.time C.space D.opportunity 7.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A.parts
B.pains C.aspects D.results 8.He led a very moral life. A.human B.intelligent C.natural D.honorable 9.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system. A.discover B.prove C.consider D.imagine 10.Several windows had been smashed. A.cleaned B.replaced C.broken D.fixed 11.London quickly became a flourishing port. A.successful B.major https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae11091402.html,rge https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae11091402.html,mercial 12.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. A.copy B.publish C.summarize D.furnish 13.The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. A.hidden B.traditional C.official D.inflexible 14.The majority of people around here are decent. A.real B.honest C.normal D.wealthy
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（B级）试题及参考答案 职称英语考试历年真题汇总>>https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae11091402.html,/zZnTL （复制链接，点击“打开链接”即可访问） 更多精品备考资料在职称英语考试交流群：151033695 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
2013考研西医综合真题答案 一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题1.5分;91～120小题，每小题2分;共195分，在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。 1. 葡萄糖从肠道进入肠上皮细胞的方式是 A.入胞 B.单纯扩散 C.易化扩散 D.主动转运 2. 神经冲动到达肌接头前膜时，引起开放通道的是A.Na+通道B.Ca+通道C.K+通道 D.Cl-通道 3. 下列关于动作电位的描述，正确的是 A.刺激强度小于阈值时，出现低幅度动作电位 B.刺激强度达到阈值后，再增加刺激强度能使动作电位幅度增大 C.动作电位一经产生，便可沿细胞膜作电紧张性扩布 D.传导距离较长时，动作电位的大小不发生改变 4. 红细胞悬浮液稳定性降低的原因是 A.血浆白蛋白增多 B.血浆纤维蛋白原减少 C.红细胞叠连加速 D.红细胞脆性增加 5. 凝血酶的主要作用是 A.激活因子ⅩⅢ B.分解因子Ⅰ C.活化血小板 D.激活因子Ⅷ 6. ABO血型系统的主要抗体是A.IgA B.IgM C.IgE D.IgG 7. 心室肌收缩的后负荷是 A.等容收缩期初心室内压 B.大动脉血压 C.快速射血期心室内压 D.减慢射血期心室内压
8. 窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是 A.静息电位仅为–70mV B.阈电位为–40mV C.0期去极化速度快 D.4期去极化速度快 9. 影响外周血管阻力的主要因素是 A.血液粘滞性 B.大动脉弹性 C.血管长度 D.小动脉口径 10. 下列情况中，能够使肺通气/血流比例增高最明显的是 A.肺纤维化形成 B.肺水肿 C.支气管哮喘发作 D.肺拴塞 11. 关于气体在血液中运输的叙述，错误的是A.CO2和Hb结合不需酶的催化B.CO2主要以HCO3-形式运输C.O2和Hb结合反应快并需酶催化D.CO2和O2都有物理溶解形式 12. 胃和小肠具有的运动形式是 A.紧张性收缩 B.容受性舒张 C.分节运动 D.袋状往返运动 13. 唾液淀粉酶发挥作用的最适PH值是 A.2.0～3.0 B.4.0～5.0 C.6.0～7.0 D.8.0～9.0 14. 关于肾脏重吸收和分泌K+ 的叙述，正确的是 A.近端肾小管重吸收约25%~30% 的K+ B.髓袢重吸收约65%~70%的K+ C.远端肾小管分泌K+ 但不吸收K+ D. 远曲小管分泌受K+醛固酮调节 15. 血液流经肾小球时，促进原尿生成的直接动力是 A.全身平均动脉压 B.血浆胶体渗透压 C.肾动脉压 D.肾小球毛细血管压
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae11091402.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found