附录一
全站仪的发展趋势及特点
信息时代的测绘学已经不再是单纯的测量站点几何位置的几何科学,而成为一门研究空间信息数据的信息科学。测绘仪器获取的不仅仅是坐标,方位,距离,角度等简单的信息,还应包括各种属性特征。因此,现代测绘学不仅要解决地理位置的空间定位问题,而且要完成地理位置上属性数据的采集和管理,信息时代的测绘仪器应该有利于各种属性数据的采集,存储,管理,转移和利用,这样就可以使测绘仪器产生的地理空间数据更方便地纳入GIS的范畴,与属性数据集成并交由计算机处理。因此现代全站仪的发展面向如下几个方向:1.数字化。数字化要求全站仪能够输出可以由计算机直接进行下一步处理,传送和交换的数字表示的地理数据,现代通讯技术的发展很容易就可以实现该项要求,这是全站仪实现测绘内外业一体化的基础。2.实时化。现代的测绘工作要求仪器应具有实时处理数据的功能,这样做一方面是可以实时检查测量的质量,提高效率;另一方面可以直接根据测量成果进行后续工作。3.集成化。现代测绘工作的一个显著特点就是是分工明确,各种测量相互渗透,这就要求全站仪在硬件上集成功能,软件则具有开放性,方便各种仪器采集的数据进行交换和共享,提高测绘工作的效率和进度。4.在线化。全站仪在线处理测量数据,可以提高测绘质量和效率,并通过现代的通信工具及时更新GIS 数据库,保持GIS的现时性。发明和发展全站仪的初衷就是为了最大可能地把人从繁重的劳动中解脱出来,并得到精度较高的数据。因此,未来全站仪的发展必将沿着数字化,一体化,自动化,信息化的道路进行。未来几年里嵌入式计算机系统将会得到很大的发展，这将为在小型,低功耗的全站仪中实现自动化打下物质基础,为钢筋铁骨的仪器装上“会思考的大脑”。这使得测绘仪器不再仅仅是单一的观测工具,而是具有相当人工智能的测绘帮手。而这些嵌入式的操作系统也将越来越接近PC机桌面系统,方便用户进行二次
开发。但是目前,这些系统的性能尚待进一步提高,它们在涉及数据库和图形等复杂的计算面前还显得力不从心,这正是目前全站仪实现数字化,一体化,自动化和信息化的道路中的瓶颈。而解决这一问题的方法只能是通过数据传输接口将仪器采集的数据传输进便携式计算机,实现实时操作.未来仪器的进一步发展,肯定是在解决了全站仪的复杂计算能力问题的基础上,将目前这些需要外接设备完成的功能统统整合入测绘仪器中。未来全站仪在数据采集过程中,可以利用近景摄影测量原理,摄取观测部分的数字影像;使用GPS技术实现单点三维定位。在数据处理过程中则直接将平差,成图,编辑,打印的文件数据导入GIS中,并通过无线接入等手段,与远端GIS数据库保持同步,接受远端指令,实现自动化,智能化。
从以上内容可以看出，未来全站仪的决胜技术如下：
⑴绝对编码—
其简单的结构、很小的故障率、装调的高效率，使工厂能大批量地生产全站仪，而采用光栅技术则不可能大批量快速生产。
⑵双轴圆电子气泡—从根本上解决了国产全站仪测角的精度。
⑶激光免棱镜—
解决了测量速度、仪器的可靠性，改变了测量方式，用过激光免棱镜的用户不可能回头用红外线全站仪。
⑷Win全站仪—
解决了全站仪长期以来存在操作界面复杂，不好用的毛病，全站仪可以直接测图，可以从事复杂的工程测量。
⑸一块板的技术—使全站仪结构简单、好修、故障率低。
⑹防水技术—大大提升仪器适应的测量环境，使仪器的长期稳定有保障。
附录二
The development trend of the tachometer and
characteristics
Information age of surveying and mapping learning no longer simply measurement site geometry of the geometry of the science,and become a research space information data of information science.Surveying and mapping instruments for is not only the coordinates, orientation,distance,the Angle of simple information,still should include all kinds of attribute. Therefore,learn not only to solve modern surveying and mapping geographical spatial orientation problem,and to complete the geographically attribute data collection and management,information age of surveying and mapping instruments should be beneficial to all kinds of attribute data acquisition,storage,management,transfer and use,which will make surveying and mapping instruments of produce geographical spatial data more easily into the
category of GIS,and attribute data integration to the computer processing.So the development of modern tachometer to the following several direction: l.Digital tachometer output can be required to proceed directly to the next step by computer processing,transmission and exchange of digital said geographic data, the development of modern communication technology is very easy to realize the requirement,it is realized by using the integration of surveying and mapping inside and outside industry foundation. 2.The real time.Modern surveying and mapping work required instrument should have the function of data real-time process,and in so doing one is can check the quality of the real-time measurement,improve efficiency;On the other hand can be directly according to measurement results for follow-up work. 3.Integration.Modern surveying and mapping work a remarkable characteristic of is a clear division of work,all kinds of measurement of mutual infiltration and this requires tachometer integrated function on hardware,software is an open,convenient all kinds of instruments of the data collected exchange and sharing and improve the efficiency of the surveying and mapping work and progress. 4.The online.Tachometer online measurement data processing,can improve the quality and efficiency of surveying and mapping,and through the modern communications tools to update GIS database,GIS keep the XianShiXing. Invention and development of the tachometer intention was possible in order to get people from the hard work out of it and to get high accuracy of data.Therefore,the development of the future will tachometer along the digital,integration,automation, the information road.The next few years embedded computer system will get a great development,it will be small,low power consumption by using automation in a material base for the instrument TieGu reinforced loaded on "thinking brain".This makes the surveying and mapping instruments is no longer just a single observation tool,but a quite artificial intelligence of surveying and mapping of helpers.And these embedded operating system also will more and more close to the PC desktop system,convenient users second development.But so far,the performance of these systems are still to be further improved,and they are involved in the database and graphics complex calculation is before the co-action,this is tachometer current digital, integration,automation and the way of the informatization of bottleneck.And to solve this problem,the method can only be through the data transmission interface will be collected data transmission instrument into portable computer,realize the real-time operation.The future of
the instrument further development,must be solved by using the complex calculation capacity, and on the basis of these needs will present the function of the equipment to perform external all integrated into the surveying and mapping instruments.The future tachometer in process of data collection,can use the close shot photogrammetry principle,absorb observation of digital imaging part;Using GPS technology to achieve single point 3 d position.In data processing process is directly tied to poor,mapping,the editor,printed documents data import in GIS,and through the wireless access,and other means to and distal GIS database keep synchronization, accept the far end instructions,automated,intelligent
From the above content can see,the future of the tachometer determines the technology as follows:
⑴absolute coding,the simple structure,small failure rate,assembly and adjustment of high efficiency,make the factory can produce large quantities of the tachometer,and use technology to be impossible grating mass rapid production.
⑵dual axle round bubble-electronic fundamentally solve the domestic tachometer of Angle measurement accuracy.
⑶laser from solve the prism-measurement speed, he reliability of the instrument, changed the measurement method,had used laser from the user may not turn back prism with infrared tachometer.
⑷Win tachometer,solved by using the long-standing problem interface complex,bad to use problem,tachometer can direct mapping,can be engaged in complex engineering measurement.
⑸the board technology-the tachometer structure is simple,easy to fix,low failure rate.
⑹waterproof technology,improve the measurement instrument to adapt to the environment,the instrument's long-term stability is guaranteed.
优酷会员账号共享，迅雷会员账号分享，爱奇艺VIP会员共享账号https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac13522791.html,/
ujSnu19gbi4A
附录1英文及其译文 Computer Networks Network Goals Some reasons are causing centralized computer systems to give way to networks. The first one is that many organizations already have a substantial number of computers in operation, often located far apart .Initially, each of these computers may have worked in isolation from the other ones, but at a certain time, and management may have decided to connect them to be able to correlate information about the entire organization. Generally speaking, the goal is to make all programs, data, and other resources available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource and the user. The second one is to provider high reliability by having alternative sources of supply. With a network, the temporary loss of a single computer is much less serious, because its users can often be accommodated elsewhere until the service is restored. Another important reason for distributing computing power has to do with the relative price of computing versus communication. Now the cost of a small computer is negligible, so it becomes attractive to analyze the data at where it is captured, and only to send occasional summaries back to the computer center, to reduce the communication cost, which now represents a larger percentage of the total cost than it used to. Yet another reason of setting up a computer network is that a computer network can provider a powerful communication medium among widely separated people. Application of Networks One of the main areas of potential network use is access to remote data bases. It may someday be easy for people sitting at their terminals
全站仪键盘设置中英文对照表 注：当使用不同型号的全站仪时可以在网上下载该仪器使用说明书。
CAD常用快捷键大全 L, *LINE 直线 ML, *MLINE 多线（创建多条平行线） PL, *PLINE 多段线 PE, *PEDIT 编辑多段线 SPL, *SPLINE 样条曲线 SPE, *SPLINEDIT 编辑样条曲线 XL, *XLINE 构造线（创建无限长的线） A, *ARC 圆弧 C, *CIRCLE 圆 DO, *DONUT 圆环 EL, *ELLIPSE 椭圆 PO, *POINT 点 DCE, *DIMCENTER 中心标记 POL, *POLYGON 正多边形 REC, *RECTANG 矩形 REG, *REGION 面域 H, *BHATCH 图案填充 BH, *BHATCH 图案填充 -H, *HATCH HE, *HATCHEDIT 图案填充...（修改一个图案或渐变填充）SO, *SOLID 二维填充（创建实体填充的三角形和四边形）*revcloud 修订云线 *ellipse 椭圆弧 DI, *DIST 距离 ME, *MEASURE 定距等分 DIV, *DIVIDE 定数等分 DT, *TEXT 单行文字
T, *MTEXT 多行文字 -T, *-MTEXT 多行文字（命令行输入） MT, *MTEXT 多行文字 ED, *DDEDIT 编辑文字、标注文字、属性定义和特征控制框ST, *STYLE 文字样式 B, *BLOCK 创建块... -B, *-BLOCK 创建块...（命令行输入） I, *INSERT 插入块 -I, *-INSERT 插入块（命令行输入） W, *W BLOCK “写块”对话框（将对象或块写入新图形文件）-W, *-WBLOCK 写块（命令行输入） AR, *ARRAY 阵列 -AR, *-ARRAY 阵列（命令行输入） BR, *BREAK 打断 CHA, *CHAMFER 倒角 CO, *COPY 复制对象 CP, *COPY 复制对象 E, *ERASE 删除 EX, *EXTEND 延伸 F, *FILLET 圆角 M, *MOVE 移动 MI, *MIRROR 镜像 LEN, *LENGTHEN 拉长（修改对象的长度和圆弧的包含角）O, *OFFSET 偏移 RO, *ROTATE 旋转（绕基点移动对象） S, *STRETCH 拉伸 SC, *SCALE 缩放 TR, *TRIM 修剪 *EXPLODE 分解 DAL, *DIMALIGNED 对齐标注 DAN, *DIMANGULAR 角度标注 DBA, *DIMBASELINE 基线标注 DCO, *DIMCONTINUE 连续标注 DDI, *DIMDIAMETER 直径标注 DED, *DIMEDIT 编辑标注 DLI, *DIMLINEAR 线性标注 DOR, *DIMORDINATE 坐标标注 DRA, *DIMRADIUS 半径标注 LE, *QLEADER 快速引线 D, *DIMSTYLE 标注样式管理器 DST, *DIMSTYLE 标注样式管理器 STA, *STANDARDS 标准配置（CAD标准） DRE, *DIMREASSOCIATE 重新关联标注 DDA, *DIMDISASSOCIATE 删除选定择标注的关联性
P21.KEY TERMS application software 应用软件basic application 基本应用软件communication device通信设备compact disc (CD) 光盘computer competency计算机能力connectivity连通性 data数据 database file数据库文件 desktop computer台式计算机device driver磁盘驱动程序 digital versatile disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 digital video disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 document file文档文件 end user终端用户 floppy disk软盘 handheld computer手持计算机hard disk硬盘 hardware硬件 high definition高清 Information信息 information system信息系统information technology信息技术input device输入设备 Internet因特网 keyboard键盘 mainframe computer主机；电脑存储机 memory内存 microcomputer微型机microprocessor微处理器midrange computer中型机minicomputer小型计算机modem调制解调器 monitor监视器 mouse鼠标 network网络 notebook computer笔记本电脑operating system操作系统optical disk光盘 output device输出设备 palm computer掌上电脑 people用户 personal digital assistant（PDA）个人数字助理 presentation file演示文稿primary storage主存 printer打印机 procedure规程 program程序 random access memory随机存储器 secondary storage device辅存software软件 specialized application专门应用软件 supercomputer巨型机 system software系统软件system unit系统单元 tablet PC平板电脑 utility实用程序 wireless revolution无线革命worksheet file工作表
《计算机网络》中英文对照 Chapter 1 End system P28 端系统 Modem P29 调制解调器（俗称：猫） Base station P29 基站 Communication link P30 通信链路 Physical media P30 物理介质 Coaxial cable P30 同轴电缆 Fiber optics P30 光纤 Radio spectrum P30 射频频谱 Transmission rate P30 传输速率 Packets P30 （数据）包，或分组 Routers P30 路由器 Link-layer switches P30 链路层交换机 Path P30 路径 ISP (Internet Service Provider) P30 网络服务提供商 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) P31 传输控制协议 IP ( Internet Protocol) P31 网际协议 Intranets P31 内网 API (Application Programming Interface) P32 应用程序编程接口Network edge P35 网络边缘 Access Networks P38 接入网 Ethernet P42 以太网 Network core P48 网络核心 Circuit Switching P50 电路转换 Packet Switching 分组交换 FDM (frequency-division multiplexing) P50 频分多路复用 TDM (time-division multiplexing) P50 时分多路复用 Statistical Multiplexing 统计复用 Store-and-forward 存储转发 Queuing delays P53 排队延迟 Transmission delay P60 传输延迟，或发送延迟 Propagation delay P60 传播延迟 Throughput P59 吞吐量 Internet backbone P57 骨干网 Delay P59 延迟，或时延 Loss P59 丢包 Packet-Switched Network P59 分组交换网络 Nodal processing delay P60 节点处理延迟 End-to-end delay P66 端到端延迟 Instantaneous throughput P68 瞬时吞吐量
工程测量学engineering surveying 测量学gematics, surveying 大地水准面geoid surface 平均海水面mean sea level 高程elevation, height 平面坐标horizontal coordinate 高程基准height datum 铅垂线plumb line 三角高程测量trigonometric heighting 水准测量direct leveling, leveling 精密水准测量precise leveling 水准仪level 水准尺leveling staff 附合水准路线link route 闭合水准路线loop route 水准支线open route 水准网leveling Network 闭合差misclosure 水准点Bench Mark, or BM 后视backsight 前视foresight 水平角horizontal angle 竖直角vertical angle 经纬仪theodolite 光学经纬仪optical theodolite 电子经纬仪electric theodolite 对中centering 整平leveling 指标差index error 水平度盘horizontal circle 竖盘vertical circle 视准轴line of collimation (LOC) 距离测量distance measurement 平距horizontal distance 斜距slope distance 高差height difference/difference in height 钢尺steel tape 钢尺量距steel taping 视距法测距stadia tacheometry 电磁波测距electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) 全站仪total station 直线定向line orientation 方位角azimuth 象限角bearing 粗差gross error, mistake, blunder or outlier 系统误差systematic error 偶然误差random/accidental error 误差传播定律error propagation law 测量（值）measurement/observation 真误差true error 真值true value 精度指标precision indicator 方差variance 中误差standard deviation (SD) 容许误差allowable error 相对误差relative error 极限误差limited error 最或然值most probable value 算术平均值arithmetic mean 权weight 测站station 转点turning point 控制网control network 水平控制网horizontal control network 高程控制网vertical control network 工程控制网engineering control network 控制测量control survey 导线traverse 导线测量traverse survey 导线转折角traverse angle 导线边长traverse leg 坐标正算direct coordinate computation 坐标反算inverse coordinate computation
1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer interaction. 计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。 2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed. 最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器），减少了可用的内存总量。这对于使用大量视频内存的程序和应用来说是不可取的。 专用显卡有它自己的内存和处理器，用于生成它的图像，并且不会减慢计算机的速度。专用显卡也比集成显卡有更高的性能。有可能既有专门的也有集成的显卡，但是，一旦安装了专用显卡，集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。 3.(P18) Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform（执行）I/O operations. The I/O instructions address（处理）the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously（异步的）accesses all other required addressing and control information. This is similar to DMA, but more flexible. I/O通道需要使用专门设计来执行I/O操作的指令。I/O指令处理通道或通道和设备；通道异步访问所有其他所需的寻址和控制信息。这是类似于DMA，但更灵活。 4.(P19) 调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备，它经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通 信。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。 Modem is a device that converts analog（模拟）signals to digital signals or conversely（相反地）. It is often used to communicate between computers via（渠道）telephone lines. If the two modems can send data to each other, they use full-duplex mode; if only one modem can transmit data, they use half-duplex mode. 5.(P21) We many have defined our last generation of computer and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth” generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality. 我们已经定义了我们的上一代计算机，并且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈论的“第五”和“第六” 代电脑，这个说法比起现实的反映更像是一个营销游戏。 6.(P21) Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function are also associated with computer software. Since microprocessors have both hardware and software aspects they are therefore often referred to as firmware. 虽然微处理器仍然在技术上被认为是硬件，它们的部分功能也与计算机软件有联系。因为微处理器有硬件和软件两个方面，因此，他们往往被称为固件。 7.(P22) Electronic hardware consists of interconnected（互联的）electronic components（元件/组件）which perform analog or logic operations on received and locally stored information to produce as output or store resulting new information or to provide control for output actuator mechanisms（机制）. Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing systems. Well-designed electronic hardware is composed of functional modules which inter-communicate via precisely
导线测量报告
导线复测报告 （桩号：K0+000—K2+532.854） 计算: 李远进 复核: 韦毅 审核: 庄骏腾 广西建工集团第二建筑工程有限责任公司站前大道扩建及景观带工程 项目经理部 2017-3-15
导线复测报告 本项目复测依据： 《国家三、四等水准测量规范》(GB1 2898-91) 《国家三角测量和精密导线测量规范水》(GB1 2898-91) 《公路测量规范》(JTGC10-2007) 招标文件和设计成果表 注：测量数据以中误差作为衡量精度的标准，在施工中以两倍中误差作为极限误差（允许误差） 一、测量目的 为了满足施工需求，保证工程质量。根据设计院所交导线控制点位置及坐标，进行全线复核及加密测量，对线路平面位置进行精确控制。二、测量仪器 全站仪一台,型号：科力达K93692 编号：KTS-442L 对中杆两把，棱镜两台，对讲机三个。 使用计算工具：9750编程计算器、导线测量平差1.6版软件。 附：按规范要求在控制测量作业前对准备使用的仪器和配套的器具进行检定和校准（后附仪器检验报告复印件）
三、测量精度 测量结果、精度均符合《JTGC10-2007公路测量规范》及设计要求，应满足以下要求：角度闭合差为±10√n，n为测点数；导线全长相对闭合差为±1/17000。 四、坐标及高程系统 1、平面坐标系统采用1954年北京坐标系，中央子午线为111°。高程系统采用1985国家高程基准，坐标投影面700米高程。 五、测量方法 根据城乡建设服务中心所交导线控制点进行附合导线测量，对加密导线控制点坐标值进行了平差计算，采用导线平差1.6版平差软件平差，其精度均满足设计要求。另：对于控制点及水准点桩的埋设，采用地下挖坑浇筑混凝土并埋入铁制标心。由于有先路段狭窄，施工及运输繁忙，或视线差异，控制桩标志露出地面极易破坏；故之，控制桩将挖下10cm~20cm 处，软基将挖到硬基为准。上面并用盖板加以保护，为便于查找，在墙上用红漆注明点号。
AN (Access Network) 接入网 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)：非对称数字用户线 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)：非对称数字用户线 ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解析协议 ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动重传请求 BER (Bit Error Rate) 误码率 CBT (Core Based Tree) 基于核心的转发树 CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) 无分类域间路由选择 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线 DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音调 DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器 DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议EGP (External Gateway Protocol外部网关协议 FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家 FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼 FTTC (Fiber To The Curb) 光纤到路边 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列 HDSL (High speed DSL)：高速数字用户线 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol内部网关协议 ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) 网际控制报文协议 ISP (Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者 ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) 网际控制报文协议 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 网际组管理协议 LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议 LLC (Logical Link Control) 子层逻辑链路控制 LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网 MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制 MOSPF (Multicast Extensions to OSPF) 开放最短通路优先的多播扩展 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网 NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议 NAT (Network Address Translation) 网络地址转换 NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 光内部网关协议 ODN (Optical Distribution Node) 分配结点 PAN (Personal Area Network) 个人区域网 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 点对点协议对等方式（P2P 方式） PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode) 协议无关多播-稀疏方式PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode) 协议无关多播-密集方式RTO (RetransmissionTime-Out) 超时重传时间 RPB (Reverse Path Broadcasting) 反向路径广播
CHAPTER 1 1、A common term that describes the combination of traditional computer and communication technologies is b. information technology 一个描述了传统的计算机和通信技术结合的常见的术语 B.信息技术 2、Procedures are typically documented in manuals written by b. computer specialists 程序一般是___在手册撰写记录的 B.计算机专家 3、Which of the following is an example of connectivity? a. Internet 下列哪一项是连接的一个例子吗？ A.互联网 4、Windows XP, windows Vista, and Macintosh OS X are all examples of b. operating systems Windows XP，Windows Vista，和Macintosh OS X都是__的例子 B.操作系统 5、Because of their size and cost, these computers are relatively rare. d. supercomputers 由于它们的尺寸和成本，这些电脑是比较少见的。 D.超级计算机 6、The system component that controls and manipulates data in order to produce information is called the d. microprocessor 系统组成，控制和操纵数据来产生信息称为 D.微处理器 7、A system component that translates data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process is called a(n) c. output device 一个系统组件，将人类可以理解成计算机能够处理的形式的数据和程序被称为 C.输出设备 8、A CD is an example of a(n) c. optical disc CD是___的简称 C.光盘 9、If you want to communicate a message or persuade other people, you would typically use this type of software. d. presentation 如果你想传达信息或说服别人，你通常会使用这种类型的软件。 D.演示 10、Many experts are predicting that this revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology. d. wireless
东海大桥Ⅲ标墩身、箱梁安装测量方案 前言 东海大桥西起上海南汇区的芦潮港镇客运码头往东约4公里南汇咀处，跨越杭州湾北部海域，经小乌龟、大乌龟、颗珠山岛屿，直达浙江省嵊泗县崎岖列岛的小洋山岛，它是上海国际航运中心的集装箱深水港不可少的配套工程，直接为港区大量集装箱陆路集疏运需求和港区供水、供电、通讯等工程服务。 本标段招标范围总长10.99公里，占全桥总长的40%，分为三段： 第一段里程为K15+069~K18+219，长3.15KM。本工程段中心至大桥终端大乌龟岛10.745KM，距沈家湾岛约22KM。 第二段里程为K19+049~K24+579，长5.53KM。本工程段中心至大桥终端大乌龟岛5.575KM，距沈家湾岛约15KM。 第三段里程为K25+079~K27+389，长2.31KM。本工程段中心至大桥终端大乌龟岛1.155KM，距沈家湾岛约10KM。 该海区流速大，风大浪急，气象、水文、气候变化复杂，潮差大，海中间又无天然过渡点，能见度又不够，其施工测量的复杂程度可见一斑。 一、Ⅲ标箱梁、墩身安装段控制测量 1.平面控制 由《东海大桥测量控制交底文件》可知Ⅲ标可以利用的共有19个首级控
上；ly19～ly34共16个点为首级加密点，位于Ⅲ标内的承台顶面和试桩平台上，间隔1KM左右，这些点都是逐步提供给我们的，直接用来作为Ⅲ标大桥施工的首级平面控制。具体分配如下：在K15+069~K18+219段内，有 PM293#、 PM307#、PM321#、PM332#、B平台上共5个GPS平高点；在 K19+049~K24+579段内，有 PM343#、PM357#、PM371#、PM386#、PM400#、PM414#、C平台上共7个GPS平高点；在K25+079~K27+389段内，有PM425#、PM440#、小乌龟、大乌龟上共4个GPS平高点。 由以上我们Ⅲ标要求承台的施工必须保证这些拟布GPS控制点的承台最先竣工，以便业主布设控制点，进而有利于我标段进行承台轴线的复测以及上部结构的施工需要。在墩身箱梁以及桥面铺设施工中所需要的控制点，可以利用全站仪通过承台的控制点向上传递，由于各种影响因素造成不能传递的时候我们必须进行GPS静态加密控制点。 2．高程控制 由《东海大桥测量控制交底文件》可知Ⅲ标在进行承台以上部分施工时，由于承台部分全部施工完毕，业主委托上海测绘院提供的全桥精密水准网就可以建立了，至于承台以上部分的施工就有了高程的首级控制点。充分利用全桥精密水准点引测和加密临时水准点供施工需要。可以依据基准向上传递。 但是，在承台未施工完毕时也就是全桥精密水准未做时，如何进行承台以上部分的高程控制是问题关键之所在。小洋山和芦潮港两处水准不闭合，因此现在我们的GPS高程不能作为承台以上部分的施工的高程基准，从而出
Chapter1 1-11.What are two reasons for using layered protocols? (请说出使用分层协议的两个理由) 答：通过协议分层可以把设计问题划分成较小的易于处理的片段。分层意味着某一层的协议的改变不会影响高层或低层的协议。 1-13. What is the principal difference between connectionless communication and connection-oriented communication? (在无连接通信和面向连接的通信两者之间，最主要的区别是什么？) 答：主要的区别有两条。 其一：面向连接通信分为三个阶段，第一是建立连接，在此阶段，发出一个建立连接的请求。只有在连接成功建立之后，才能开始数据传输，这是第二阶段。接着，当数据传输完毕，必须释放连接。而无连接通信没有这么多阶段，它直接进行数据传输。 其二：面向连接的通信具有数据的保序性，而无连接的通信不能保证接收数据的顺序与发送数据的顺序一致。 1-20. A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers? (一个系统有n层协议的层次结构。应用程序产生的消息的长度为M字节。在每一层上需要加上一个h字节的头。请问，这些头需要占用多少比例的网络带宽) 答：hn/(hn+m)*100% 1-28. An image is 1024 x 768 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. Assume the image is uncompressed. How long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem channel? Over a 1-Mbps cable modem? Over a 10-Mbps Ethernet? Over 100-Mbps Ethernet? (一幅图像的分辨率为1024 x 768像素，每个像素用3字节来表示。假设该图像没有被压缩。请问，通过56kbps的调制解调器信道来传输这幅图像需要多长时间？通过1Mbps的电缆调制解调器呢？通过10Mbps的以太网呢？通过100Mbps的以太网呢?) 答：The image is 1024*768*3 bytes or 2359296 bytes.This is 18874368 bit. At 56,000 bits/sec, it takes about 337.042 sec. At 1,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 18.874 sec. At 10,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 1.887 sec. At 100,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 0.189 sec. Chapter2 2-2. A noiseless 4-kHz channel is sampled every 1 msec. What is the maximum data rate? (一条无噪声4kHz信道按照每1ms一次进行采样，请问最大数据传输率是多少？)
Text A https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac13522791.html,puter is an electronic equipment which can make arithmetic and logical calculation process information rapidly and automatically. 计算机是一种能够高速、自动地进行算术和逻辑运算及信息处理的电子设备。3.The purpose of inventing and developing computer is to make arithmetic calculations rapidly accurately. 发明和开发计算机的目的是使算术运算快速准确。 4.Production management ,data counting,office automation,traffic dispatching,information retrieval all belong to this field. 生产管理，数据统计，办公自动化，通信调度，信息检索都属于这一领域。 5.Real-time means that the time of computer’s calculating and controlling may match the time of controlled object’s practical running or working. 实时意味着计算机的计算和控制的时间符合受控对象的实际运行或工作的时间。Text B 1.Perhaps the most significant date in the history of computers is the year 1936.it was in this year that the first “computer”was developed。It was created by Konrad Zuse and dubbed the ZI Computer. 也许在计算机历史上最显著日期是今年1936.它是在今年的第一个“电脑”被开发，它由康拉德·楚泽创建，并冠以ZI计算机。 2.While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers within common households. 虽然昂贵，这些机器启动电脑的趋势在普通家庭。 3.Two years later ,the Harvard Mark I computer was developed, furthering the science of computing 两年后，哈佛大学马克一号电脑的开发，促进了科学计算。
1.(P1) Computerscience deals with the theoreticalfoundations of informationand computation, together withpracticaltechniquesfortheimplementationand application of these foundations, such as programminglanguagetheory, computational complexitytheory, computergraphicsand human-computer interaction. 计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。 2.(P17)The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment that renders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer. Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed. 最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器），减少了可用的内存总量。这对于使用大量视频内存的程序和应用来说是不可取的。 专用显卡有它自己的内存和处理器，用于生成它的图像，并且不会减慢计算机的速度。专用显卡也比集成显卡有更高的性能。有可能既有专门的也有集成的显卡，但是，一旦安装了专用显卡，集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。 3.(P18) Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform（执行）I/O operations. The I/O instructions address（处理）the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously（异步的）accesses all other required addressing and control information. This is similar to