动名词
考点透析
1.概述
动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种，由动词加-ing构成，它具有动词和名词的性质。有动词的性质意味着其可以有自己的宾语和状语等成分；有名词的性质意味着其可以在句子中充当主语，宾语，定语，定语等。
2. 构成
主动形式被动形式否定式
一般式doing being done not doing
完成式having done having been done not having done
复合结构Sb’s /
his/my…doing Sb’s / his/my…being
done
Sb’s / his/my…not
doing
2.1 动名词的一般式
2.1.1动名词的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。
2.1.2 动名词的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
2.2动名词的完成式
动名词的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
注意：
在现代英语中，作宾语的动名词的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
2.3 动名词的被动形式
动名词的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动名词表示的动作的承受者。
2.3.1一般式的被动形式
I can't stand being kept waiting.我不堪久候。
2.3.2完成式的被动形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 我听说他被选为球队的教练。
2.4 动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式是由not 加现在分词构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time. 我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
2.5 动名词的复合形式
当动名词本身有其逻辑主语时，就形成了动名词的复合形式。动名词的复合形式一般有所有格或物主代词加动名词构成。
2.5.1 逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，需用所有格或物主代词；作宾语时，也可以用普通格或人称代词的宾格，这种情况在口语中更常见。
I don’t mind Mike’s/ his smoking here.
I don’t mind Mike/him smoking here.
2.5.2 逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，只用名词普通格。
Is there any hope of our team winning the match?
I don’t know about the weather being so awful in this area.
2.5.3 逻辑主语是复合不定代词somebody, something, anybody, anything, everything等时，只用普通格。
She was disturbed by someone smoking outside.
They complained about everything going wrong.
2.5.4 逻辑主语是复数名词，或由一个以上的名词构成的词组，只用普通格。
Do you know Mary and her mother coming to see us next month?
It was quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon?
3. 动名词的用法
3.1 作主语
3.1.1 动名词直接放到句首作主语
Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
Learning about a language is easier than using it. 学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family. 被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。
3.1.2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them. 制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
3.2 作宾语
3.2.1作动词的宾语
能用动名词作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动名词作宾语，另一类是既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。（即可动名词又可不定式的动词见非谓语动词区分部分）常见的只接动名词而不接不定式作宾语的动词有
admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, delay, deny, dislike, encourage, endure, enjoy, ensure, escape, excuse, face, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, involve, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, practice, resist, risk, recommend, suggest, stand, tolerate, understand
Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了!
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
They didn't mind being treated like guests. 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。
They admitted smoking/ having smoked in the hall.他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
He couldn't help laughing. 他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you. 我不能想象这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
3.2.2 作短语的宾语
绝大多数动词短语要求跟动名词。
3.2.2.1 以副词结尾的动词短语
put off, give up
3.2.2 作介词宾语
动词的动名词作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有：
3.2.2.1 动词+ 介词+ 现在分词
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut. 詹森立志要当宇航员。
I dream of being the best footballer in the school. 我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。
比较：
keep doing 继续或保持做某事。（强调动作的持续性）
News of successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传。
Keep on doing 继续或反复做某事。（强调动作的反复性）
We will keep on trying and if we get anything done we will notify you.我们将继续努力,有结果将通知你。
Keep sb doing 使某人一直做某事（表示被迫进行的动作）
I'll try not to keep you waiting. 我尽量不让你久等。
Keep sb from doing 阻止某人做某事（＝prevent/stop sb from doing）
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.
石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。
3.2.2.2 动词+ 名词+ 介词+ 现在分词
Please excuse me for being late. 对不起，我迟到了。
What prevented you from joining us last night 昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起
Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter. 桑迪很快就开始就和老板的女儿套近乎了。
3.2.2.3名词+ 介词+ 现在分词
We like his way of teaching English. 我们喜欢他教英语的方式。
He has little hope of passing the examination. 他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
3.2.2.4 形容词+ 介词+ 现在分词
I'm tired of having the same food every day. 天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party. 没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference 是谁负责组织这次大会？
3.2.2.5 what/ how about + 现在分词
What about going for a walk 去散步好不好？
How about playing a game of chess now？现在来下盘棋好吗？
3.2.2.6 介词to + 动词现在分词
to 既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接现在分词。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water. 你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
John has admitted to breaking the window. 约翰已承认了打碎窗子。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation. 我盼望今年暑假见到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind. 他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However, others strongly object to developing private cars. 然而,另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
He is equal to doing this task. 他能胜任这项任务。
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died. 他妻子死后不久，这人就开始嗜酒。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时间吗？
3.3作表语
动名词往往表示主语的内容。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students. 真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。
3.4 作定语
3.4.1 动名词作定语说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室
running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋
a working method = a method of working工作方法
a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool游泳池 a drawing board 画板
a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a walking stick手杖
a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a waiting room候车室
3.4.2 作定语的动名词如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。
3.5 动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语形式构成参见动名词的符合机构部分。
3.5.1 作主语的动名词主语
动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方一般是是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来）
注意：
如果作主语的动名词需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格（即名词后加's）。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。（his father是falling ill的逻辑主语）
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us. 你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。（you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语）
3.5.2作宾语的动名词主语
动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在现在分词前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people. 我不能想象约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语)
The boss understood him/his wanting to leave. 老板明白他为什么要离职。（“他”是wanting to leave 逻辑主语）
比较：
He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”）
He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”）
Would you mind opening the window 请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”）
Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语
是“我”）
3.5.3 作表语的动名词
动名词作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但作表语的动名词也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia）
The main problem is your not having practiced a lot. 主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。（not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you）
4.动名词的几个常用句型。
4.1 It is no use/ good doing something.
It is not any use/good doing something.
It is useless doing something.
It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
4.2 There is no doing something. (=it is impossible to +v)
There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no telling what will happen.
There is no denying the fact that he stole the money.
4.3 have trouble/difficulty/headaches/fun (in) doing
We have great difficult (in) learning mathematics.
4.4 在一些以time为中心的短语后面
S+ have a hard/good time (in) doing.
S+ spend time (in) doing
S+lose no time (in) doing
S+waste time (in) doing
We spent a lot of time finding the jewelry.
4.5 be on the point of doing (=be about to +v)
I was on the point of leaving when the teacher came in.
4.6 make a point of doing: 认为。。。是有必要的（=make it a point to v）
The teaching always makes a point of reading English aloud every morning.
4.7 do（some/much/a lot of/any）+doing 结构
do cooking/ washing/ cleaning/sewing/reading/shopping/sightseeing
4.8 worth doing
It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
4.9 there is no point in doing sth
It is pointless doing sth
5.动名词和不定式在用法上的比较
动名词和不定式在句中都可以充当主语，宾语，表语，定语，因此理解它们在作这些成分时的区别对于准确掌握动名词和不定式的用法具有重要的意义。
5.1 作宾语时
5.1.1有些动词只接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式。(这些动词及例句见动名词作宾语部分。)
We can finish building the bridge before the end of next month. 我们可以在下个月底之前建好这座桥?
Would you mind opening the window? 请您开一下窗户,好吗?
5.1.2有些动词只接不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有(见不定式宾语部分)：
What did they decide to do? 他们决定干什么?
She failed to come to school yesterday. 她昨天没来上学?
I hope to be back soon. 我希望早点回家?
5.1.3 有些动词后跟动名词和不定式意义上没有多大的差别?常见的这类动词有：
attempt, intend, can’t bear, deserve, cease, continue, learn, love, like, prefer, hate, begin, start, need, neglect
They prefer spending/ to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。
After the teacher left the classroom, the students began to do/doing their homework. 老师离开教室后,学生们开始做作业?
They continued to read/reading English. 他们继续读英语?
但在下列情况下,宜用动词不定式作宾语,而不用动名词?
(1). like, love, prefer, hate等与would或should连用时?例如:
I’d prefer to stay home to watch TV. 我宁可呆在家里看电视?
(2). begin, start, continue等本身用的是进行体时?例如:
She was starting to do her homework. 她开始做作业?
(3). begin, start, cease, continue的主语是物而不是人时?例如:
It began/started to rain. 天开始下雨?
The ice ceased to melt in winter. 冬季冰不再融化?
(4). begin等及物动词后接know, understand, realize等表示心理状态的动词?例如:
They began to realize the importance of learning a foreign language well. 他们开始意识到学好一门外语的重要性?
5.1.4有些既可接动词不定式作宾语,也可接动名词作宾语,但两者意义有别:
(1) remember, forget, regret
She told me to go and lock the door. She didn’t remember locking the door after supper. 她叫我去锁门,她不记得晚饭后锁过门了?
Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom. 你离开教室时,别忘记把所有的灯关掉?
I regret not having told her earlier.
I regret to say I must go tomorrow.
I forgot to tell you the news.
I forget telling you the news.
(2) try, mean, can’t help, go on, stop, propose
1) try to do sth意为“尽力做某事”; try doing sth意为“尝试做某事”?
He tried not to be late for the meeting. 他争取开会不迟到?
The soup is a little salty. Try adding some water to it. 汤咸了点,加点水试试看?
2) mean to do sth意为“打算(意图)做某事”; mean doing sth意为“意味着做某事”?
They didn’t mean to go and help you. 他们不打算去帮助你们?
His words meant going to help you without delay. 他的话意味着他将毫不迟疑地前去帮助你们?
3) can’t help to do sth意为“不能帮忙做某事”; can’t help doing sth意为“禁不住去做某事,情不自禁地做某事”?
I’m sorry I can’t help to clean the room. 对不起,我不能帮助打扫房间?
They couldn’t help laughing when they heard the joke.听到这个笑话,他们不禁大笑起来。
4) go on to do sth意为“接下去做另一件事”; go on doing sth意为“继续做同一件事”?例如:
They went on to do some exercises after reading the text. 读完课文后,他们接着做练习?
We went on doing our homework after he left. 他走后我们继续做作业?
5) stop to do sth; stop doing sth.
We stopped working. 我们停止工作?
We stopped to have a rest. 我们停下来休息一下?
6) propose to do sth; propose doing sth
She proposes to start tomorrow. 她想明天出发
She proposes waiting till he comes. 她建议等到他来。
5.1.5 need, want, require等动词后面跟动名词的主动形式和跟动词不定式的被动式,都表示被动意义?意义上并无差别，但用动名词比较普通。
Your house needs repairing/to be repaired. 你的房子需要维修?
The problem requires solving/to be solved immediately. 这个问题需要立即予以解决?
His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 他的大衣需要洗了。
5.1.6下列动词后直接跟动名词作宾语，但如后有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾补, 其宾补要用带to的不定式。
allow, encourage, advise, forbid, permit, recommend
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke here.
They encourage taking exercises everyday.
They encourage all to take exercise everyday.
5.2 作主语和表语
5.2.1 一般情况想，动名词和不定式作主语和表语区别不大，可以互换。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
5.2.2 动名词更接近名词，往往表示一般的，抽象的，经常性的，习惯性的动作，而不定式往往表示将来的一次性的，具体的动作。
His hobby is painting.
In summer, what he wants to do is to paint.
5.2.3 在口语中，常用动名词。
5.2.4 在固定的句式中，只能用动名词或不定式。
It is no use crying spilt milk.
It is necessary to learn English.
高中英语语法之动词过去分词 简介 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. 过去分词构成规则 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表 一、当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、当过去分词作为定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
非谓语动词 非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式 动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。 （一）动词不定式：动词不定式由―to+ 动词原形‖构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。 2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如： （1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other. （2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。 （3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. （5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. （7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词+ 动词不定式，表示―足能…‖的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for
你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗？ 1. The girl is singing a song. 2. The girl singing now is my sister. 3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好). 三个句子中都有singing。第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式(Present Continuous)，是说眼下正在做什么；第二个句子的singing是现在分词(Present Participle)，它把sing这个动词转为形容词，但仍有动词的成份（哈哈，这么一说，要把你搞晕了吧:-) 。关于分词，以后有空再谈OK？）。好戏在后头，你看看第三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀？原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了！憧矗瑂ing原本是个动词，可是现在它加上ing后，看来竟像是一个名词了。 一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund) Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。举例如下： 1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the) 2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund) 看看下面的句子： Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。 注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。 动名词的功能与用法 一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement): 1.1 作主语 1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening ） 2. Running is good exercise. （主语running) 3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking) 1.2 作主语的补语 1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping) 2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing) 1.3 主语置于句尾 1.3.1 用It + be + ... +v-ing 句型 1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染).
高中英语语法详解：动名词 概念 动名词由动词原形+ING构成,是一种非谓语动词形式 相关知识点精讲： 1.作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2.作宾语 a. 有些动词能够用动名词作宾语。例如： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成
imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面能够用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on
高中英语分词作状语精讲(附作文写作亮点2) 难点形成原因: 1. 对在句中作时间、条件、原因还是别的状语不是很清楚。 2．分不清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。 解决办法： 1．理解分词作状语时可以转换成相应的状语从句。 2．分清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。 用法讲解： 1.分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件，方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。 例如： Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. 分词短语作时间状语 Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. 分词短语作原因状语
Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. 分词短语作条件状语 We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things. (= and think that all children like these things.) 分词短语作伴随状语 2. 有时为了强调，分词前可带when, while, if, though, as if, unless等连词一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。 例如： When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. Though tired, he still continued reading. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较。 不管是现在分词还是过去分词单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可转换成一个相应的状语从句或并列句，如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语分句或并列句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。例如： When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （04湖北） 分词部分相当于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主语与
高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 １．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意： ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ．．．动作，而动名词 ．．．．一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。
Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收） It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind（在乎）postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。 need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。 如：Would you mind opening the door？请你把门打开好吗？ Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the
The Gerund Seeing (see) is believing. Having solved (solve) this difficult question made her very happy. Being invited (invite) to the party is a great honor. Having been defeated (defeat) by such a weak team made the players very upset. 1. 定义： 动名词是英语动词的一种非谓语形式。动名词的构成：动词加上ing 构成。顾名思义，动名词有双重功能。它既有名词的特点---可作句子的主语，动词和介词的宾语；也有动词的特点---可以有自己的宾语和状语。 First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting. That’s the cue for you to stop moving on. Making small talk can be one of life’s pleasures. 2. 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语。 1) 作主语 ①直接位于句首做主语。 . _____D_____ clean is a safeguard against disease. A. To be keeping B. Kept C. Keep D. Keeping 读书是一种艺术。 Reading is an art. 爬山是真有趣。 Climbing mountains is really fun . ②动名词作主语，除了放在句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于 句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如： It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 注：动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not
一般现在时vs.一般过去时
一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示 将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。
进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?
进行时(2)
完成时(1) Part1 完成时的句型构成 1-1 陈述句型：S+has/have+过去分词(p.p.) I have already finished my homework.(我已经完成了我的作业) 1-2 否定句型：S+has/have+not+过去分词(p.p.) Sandy has been a nurse in this hospital for 15 years.(珊蒂已经在这家医院担任护士长达15年了。) 1-3 疑问句型：Has/Have+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Have you ever seen Peter in past 3 months?(过去3个月内，你看见过彼吗？) 2-1 陈述句型：S+had+过去分词(p.p.) This proposal had been deliverde by Eva before Aaron finished it. (这个计划在艾伦完成以前，伊娃就已经提交出去了) 2-2 否定句型：S+had+not+过去分词(p.p.) I had not finished my work when he visited me last week.(上周他来拜访我以前，我还没有完成工作。) 2-3 疑问句型：Had+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Had you ever been to a blind date before you married?(你结婚以前曾经参加相亲吗？) 3-1 陈述句型：S+shall/will+have+过去分词(p.p.) They wll have finished the meeting by now. (他们现在应该已经开完会了) 3-2 否定句型：S+shall/will+have+not+过去分词(p.p.) We will have not made 10 apple pies by the end of today.(我们在今天结束之前不能做完10个苹果派。) 3-3 疑问句型： Shall/Will+ s+have+过去分词(p.p.)? Will they have already left by the time we get there?(我们到的时候，他们会不会已经离开了？ )
现在分词 Form: ?doing ?having done（先后关系） 现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行。 Exercise: 划出句中的现在分词，并指出它在句中做何成分。 1. The three contestants were sitting at their desks on the stage, waiting. 2. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 3. Having finished his homework, he went out. 4. People living in the cities used to regard farming as boring and backward. 5. The changes in Sunqiao is very amazing. 现在分词做定语： Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences 1. The men are required to come to the headmaster’s office. They had some overseas working experience. 2. The people take part in a variety of exercise They can keep healthy. 3. The research at Sunqiao produces seeds. The seeds help farmers grow better crops. 4. People used to regard farming as boring and backward. These people live in cities. 5.Do you know the boy? He is standing under the tree. 6. The spiders store the mice for later. The mice serve as a source of food. Exercise: compare The swimming pool is clean and big. The swimming boy is his brother. The big writing desk is very expensive. The writing student is Tom’s classmate. 现在分词作状语：时间，条件，伴随方式，原因，结果 Exercise: rewrite the sentences 1. Kitty heard the news. She jumped with joy. 2. Tom put on his swim-suit. He dived into the swimming pool. 3. While she was cooking, she burned her right hand. 4. After he had finished his homework, he went out to play football. 以上改写后的三个句子中的现在分词短语做______状语。 现在分词作状语：相当于状语从句，但从句和主句的____语必须一致. 时间状语： 1. Working in the factory, he learned a lot from the workers.(分词一般式） 2. Having read the letter, she got very excited（完成式） 3. ________hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 4. = as soon as _________________________________________. 5. Be careful when crossing the street. 条件状语： 1.If you walk hard, you will succeed. 2. = _______________________________ 伴随方式状语 1. She came _______(run) towards me. 2. The children ran out of the room, __________(laugh) and _______(talk) merrily. 3. ____________(travel) by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 4. ____________(follow) the guide, they started to climb. 5. _____________(follow) by the students, the teacher entered the office. 原因状语 1. Because I was sick, I stayed at home. 2. Because the woman didn’t know what to do, she telephoned the police. 3. Because Ben had been to the Great Wall m any times, he didn’t go there last week. 4. Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him. 结果状语 1. Her husband died in 1942, ________ (leave) her with five children. 2. He was caught in the rain, thus _________ (make) himself catch cold. 3. I hurried to school, only __________ (find) that it was Sunday. 现在分词做表语： 1. The film is so _________ (excite) that it is worth seeing again. 2. His speech is very ________________ (encourage). 固定搭配： generally speaking ( 一般来说), honestly speaking( 说实话) , strictly speaking (严格地说), talking of ( 谈起) , speaking of ( 谈到), judging from (由…推测) Exercise three：translation 1. 一般来说, 父母关心孩子地健康胜过关心自己.
高中英语动词不定式用法大全(名师总结必考语法知识点，值得下载) 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to 不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如： To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为： It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如： It’s important to pla nt trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介
词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语：（在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。） 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例： I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一
动词的-ing形式按功能可分为动名词和现在分词。动词的-ing形式何时为动名词，何时为现在分词。首先，我们要从概念上区分。动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词；用作形容词或副词时，称为现在分词。其次，我们要从用法方面区分动词的-ing形式是动名词还是现在分词。 一、动词的-ing形式用作主语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作主语。 1．动名词用作主语. Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。 Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。 2．有时it作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后面 It’s nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。 It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。 3. “There is + no”后可以用动名词作主语 There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。 二、动词的-ing形式用作宾语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作宾语。 1．有许多动词可接动名词作宾语 I suggested bringing the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。 So you prefer living abroad? 这样说你更愿意住在国外？ 2．有许多带介词的动词固定搭配接动名词作宾语 He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。Prices keep on increasing. 价格不断上涨。 三、当动词的-ing形式用作状语时为现在分词，动名词不可以用作状语。 现在分词及其短语可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。 Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. 我们爬到塔顶后，看到了一片壮丽的景象。（表时间） Living in the country, we had few social engagements. 我们住在乡下，交际的机会很少。（表原因） Having money, he will buy a bigger car.（表条件） Knowing the secret, she would not tell me about it..（表让步） The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了.（表结果） He stood leaning against the wall. 他靠墙站着.（表方式或伴随情况） 四、动名词与现在分词都可以用作表语，当动词的-ing的作用相当于名词时为动名词。当动词的-ing的作用相当于形容词时，动词的-ing为现在分词。 1．动名词用作表语 Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。Her job was tending the sheep. 她的工作是放羊。 2．现在分词用作表语
现在分词 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home