本科生毕业设计
外文资料翻译
专业建筑学
班级092班
姓名XXX
指导教师 XXX
所在学院XXX
附件 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文
学校建筑规划设计漫谈
在校园内的功能和各种需求亦趋向于多元化，在规划、设计中必须要找出一种合适的方法来适应、符合现在及未来的世界潮流需要。
1、学校的功能和秩序
学校特别是高等学校的功能相对来说是比较复杂的，在规划设计中要充分考虑到学校中的功能分区和教学的秩序，才能做到有合理的设计和良好的规划。
教学区是校园的核心，是校园建设中的最关键的部分。学校中的一切其它功能均是围绕其进行的。教学区的布局主要有组团式与网络式两种主要设计方法。组团式便于院系相对独立地组织教学活动与进行管理，更能适应建校周期较长而分期施工的现实。“院落”是是中国传统的建筑布局形式，由建筑所围成的庭院形成社交性的公共空间，也有利于学校中的交流。网络式的发展规划有利于不同的科系在今后的发展中专业更新与规模调整，并可灵活调节教学用房的使用性质，因此被现代的新型校园规划布局所偏爱，它利于目前国内的大学院校、院系合并和学科调整的教学改革大趋势。
学生宿舍生活区是大学校园内又一个重要的组成部分，无论改革后学生生活区社会化管理落实的力度有多大，还是由于扩招形式的“不是数着床板招生”的局面到何种程度，在目前的实际情况下，新建的大学校园仍然需要规划好学生生活区的建设。当然要充分考虑到如何便于社会化的管理，有利于形成独立的管理系统，为以后的发展留有可能性。
2、学校的交通组织
高等学校交通组织中，首要的是要体现以人为本的思想。根据教师、学生的心理及行为方式研究各种道路组织、形态和层次，创造一个满足校园使用者的物质和精神上要求的校园环境。
现代校园要求建筑物之间能联络方便、尽量通畅、便捷。为此，各类建筑物的设计，多采用集中式的布局，建筑群体也多以成团的方式组合，尽量减少楼间的距离几交通路线。各个相对独立的区域之间，也尽量打通分割界限，室内外都设有方便的连廊和通道，使建筑群体在整体上能联络通畅，达到提高和保证交通、交流、传递、沟通之最佳的效率。
3、学校的环境和可持续发展
环境对于人心理的影响，以及反馈对人情绪的感染，都会产生物质的效应。人在良好的环境中，在使人精神振奋的条件下，无疑会更多的诱发思想的灵感和智慧的火花，这对教学、科研的作用虽是无形的，但肯定是有效的。现代的校园的环境设计，应该立足于创造优美高雅有文化的校园环境，以适应人的精神需要，提高人的修养，陶冶人的情操……。如立体绿化、室外美术、雕塑、以及精心设计的叠石、草坪、流水、花丛、石灯及小建筑等，在这极
富高雅格调、传统与现代交融、给人以美之享受的校园中，师生智慧之火花怎能不奔放呢？
在学校中除了正常的教学、科研工作外，大量的研讨、广泛的交流是十分必要的。各种研讨和交流，可以是有计划、有组织的，也可以是无计划、无组织的，但往往是后者对参与者的作用是巨大的，而且更加有效。为此需要创造一个能适应并满足师生们灵活、自由的交流的空间。如在室内外设置各种适合于师生停留、小憩、谈话的场所、空间、角落，并放置一些桌椅板凳；有条件的地方可以放置自动售货机或小买部、咖啡屋。这种良好的交流机会，有利于各种信息、情报、知识相互的交流、传递、碰撞，到到智慧的升华。
现代学校建筑要求个体建筑结构体系和内部空间的划分，更加通用化、模数化，以适应灵活、变化的要求。为适应多功能的需要，教室、研究室、实验室的尺度均较大，可通用、可互换，多采用柱网较大的框架结构体系。教室的种类不多，但适应性较强，以保证其多用途、多功能的各种教研环节的需要。
在校园的规划设计中也要注意到对环境的保护和可持续发展的问题。建立即能满足当代人的需要，而又不对将来的发展规律产生破坏的校园。首先要始终如一的保护环境、维持自然的生态平衡。校园中不但要有足够的绿化面积，还要积极的促进生态的良好发展，如校园的生物多样性，水面的净化、保持，以及推进原有山地、湿地的自然发展。创造新的生态平衡，人造自然环境，制造小气候，充分利用阳关、风、雨等自然资源；使人们能够更好地享受自然、回归自然。
4、校园建筑的单体设计
校园建筑应有校园建筑的特色和品格，探求适应学校的学习生活，反映学生的心理与环境行为的崭新的建筑形式，是建筑师、规划师把握的关键。校园建筑的风格会给人以强烈的第一印象，更是代代已毕业了的学子们的永久回忆。校园建筑虽然有比较多的类型，有其各自的特色风格，但是也要注意加强建筑的群体效应，和谐中求统一，统一中再求变化。在设计时要注重校园建筑的整体性，使其达到和谐统一的良好效果。
高校校园由多个部分组成，不大可能在一期内，一气呵成，由一次投资而建成。由于方方面面的资金的制约，校园的建设往往周期很长，在规划设计中要做好分期实施的准备和余地。同时还需考虑到其在建设周期内的合理使用和多种变化的可能性，并且要避免在后期的施工中对正常的教学、科研有过分大的干扰。
学校建筑特别是高等学校建筑往往被列为重点工程，学校及地方领导对其中建筑有着很高的期望值，最注重的就是“标志性”。在校园建筑中占有主要地位的教学楼，却由于其功能的限制很难能做到体现标志性这一点。所以相对来说功能限制较小的图书馆和行政楼就要体现标志性的要求。校园建筑整体特色形成该校园建筑独特的标志性，而标志性建筑群体的形成最能突出校园建筑的风貌。主楼则是其标志性建筑群体的主导，占有重要的地位。
(文章来源：中国知网) 外文原文出处：
Ramble on architectural planning and designs of school buildings
In the campus, functions and various demands tend to be diversified, we must find a way in the planning and designs of school buildings to adapt and meet the needs of the present, the future and even the world.
1、The functions and orders of a school
The school, especially high school's function is relatively complex. In order to achieve a reasonable design and good planning, we should give full consideration to the zoning in the school and order of teaching.
Teaching area is the core of the campus, which is the most important part of the campus construction.All other functions in the school are carried out around it.The layout of teaching areas is mainly formed with two kinds of design methods. One is the method of cluster and the other is the method of network type.The method of cluster facilitates the departments to organize the teaching activities and management independently, which can adapt to the reality of long period and stage construction in the school buildings.“Courtyard" is the traditional Chinese architectural layout. The courtyard surrounded with the buildings forms social public space, which is helpful for the communication of school.The planning development of the network is conducive to the future development of professional updating and the adjustment of scale in different departments and it can be adjusted flexibly in the use e of the real teaching. So it is a new campus planning and layout of the modern preference.it is conducive to the current domestic university colleges, combined departments and subjects to adjust the teaching reform trend.
Dormitory area is an important part of the university campus. No matter how much the social reform efforts are carried out in the management of students living areas, or the situation that "it is not a matter of counting the bedplate enrollment" as enrollment form to what extent. In the current situation, the new university campus still need good planning and constructions of students living zone. Of course, we should consider how to facilitate the socialization of management, which is conducive to the formation of an independent management system, and we should make it possible for future development.
2、Traffic organization in the school
It is very important to embody the people-oriented ideology in the traffic organization in the higher school. According to the psychology and behavior of teachers and students, the architect should study various roads organization, form and levels to create a campus environment which meets the requirements of the material and spiritual campus users.
Modern campus requires the demands that it is easy to contact, smooth, and convenient between buildings.Therefore, the design of various buildings adopts centralized layout. Construction group is agglomerate in order to minimize the distance between the floor and traffic routs. E ach relatively independent region, tries to get through the segmentation boundaries. Indoor and outdoor are equipped with convenient corridor and channel, which make the building groups contact easily, improve and guarantee the traffic, communication, transport communication in the best efficiency in general.
3、The environmental and sustainable development in the schools
Influence of environment on human psychology, and feedback of the inflection of emotional effect will produce a substance.People who are in a good environment and in the spirit of encouraging mind will induce more thinking and inspiration and sparks of wisdom. Although it is invisible in the role of teaching and research, it is certainly effective.Environmental design of modern campus should be based on the creation of beautiful and elegant culture of the campus environment in order to meet the people's spiritual needs, to improve the training of people and foster noble spirits.Such as three-dimensional green, outdoor art, sculpture, and careful design of the stones, grass, water, flowers, stone lamp and small buildings.In this extremely elegant style, blending traditional and modern, to enjoy the campus, how can the wisdom spark of teachers and students could not unrestrained.
In the school, in addition to the normal teaching and scientific research, a lot of discussion and extensive communication is very necessary.All kinds of discussion and communication can be planned and organized. And it can also be no plan and no organization. But the latter is more effective on the participants and the effect is enormous.So we need to create a free and flexible communication that can adapt to and meet the teachers and students.Such as place various settings in the interior and exterior which suitable for teachers and students to stay and rest, and set places for conversation of space and corner, and place tables and chairs.
A vending machine or small shops and coffee house can be placed in the conditional place. Such a good opportunity of communication is beneficial to mutual exchange, transfer and collision of all kinds of information, intelligence and knowledge in order to the sublimation of the wisdom.The modern school building requires that the individual building structure system and internal space should be more universal, modular and flexible in order to adapt to the changing requirements.To meet the needs of multi-function, the scale of classroom and laboratory should be large, and can be universal and interchangeable with large column frame structure system.The species are not so many, but they have the strong adaptability so as to ensure the needs of various teaching link of the multipurpose.
In the planning and design of campus ,the protection of the environment and sustainable development issues should also be paid attention to.To establish the campus that not only can meet the needs of contemporary people, but also have no harm to the future development of the campus.First of all, protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance of nature from beginning to end.The campus not only have adequate green space, but also promote the good development of ecological actively.Such as it is important to keep campus biodiversity, keep the water clean, and promote the original mountain, wetland natural development.Make full use of sunlight, wind, rain and other natural resources to create a new ecological balance and artificial natural environment so that people can better enjoy the nature and return to nature.
4、 Single design of campus building
Campus buildings should have the characteristics and quality of campus construction in order to adapt to school life and reflect the new architectural forms of psychological and environmental behavior of students. It is the key and grasp of architects and planners. Campus architectural style can give a person with a strong first impression, it is a permanent memory from generation to generation has graduated students Although there are many types of campus building which have their own characteristic styles,strengthening the group effect of buildings should be paid attention to in order to seek the unity harmony, and then seek changes in the unity.Integrity in the designs of the campus buildings should be paid attention to in order to achieve good results of harmony and unity.
The campus is composed of multiple parts. It is unlikely to make smooth reading in a period and from an investment.Due to the restriction of all aspects of the
capital, the campus construction often is very long. It is important to make room for the preparation and implementation in the planning and design. At the same time, the possibility of their rational use in construction period and a variety of changes should be considered in order to avoid in the late construction interference in the too big to the normal teaching, scientific research.
The school building especially higher school building is often listed as the key project,schools and local leadership regard these buildings with high expectations. The most important of the attentions is the symbol building. The campus teaching building occupy major position, but it is difficult to present the point of symbolic due to its functional limitation.So relatively speaking,small library and administration building should reflect the iconic request.campus architectural features form the unique campus buildings and the formation of building groups represent the most prominent campus architectural style.The main building is the symbol of leading construction group and occupies an important position.
（From: Architectural Engineering and Design Management）
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。而建筑工程管理工作直接关系到工程的质量、成本管理、人员的安全、企业的经营效益,甚至关系到企业的生死存亡,但是我国建筑工程管理在现阶段存在许多的不足:管理体制不健全。我国大部分的建筑工程为了节约人员开支,减少了建筑工程管理机构的人员数量和质量。管理制度深入性不足。建筑行业的相关管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行业专家等共同研究制定的,但是在各建筑单位中就只是一张纸,他们也都只是为了应付上级的检查,并不能应用到建筑工程管理上。 在我国建筑工程管理工作中,难以全面确立我国建筑工程管理思路体系,主要是因为我国缺乏管理理论和经验。建立建筑工程管理思路体系是专业性较强的问题,其实施必须由资深的建筑学科专家和具有丰富工作经验的管理人员来组织,只有这样才能实现。国外建筑行业无论是技术还是理论都比较先进,因此我国在建筑工程管理思路体系的建立过程中,必须借鉴国外的先进理念,另外,还必须吸取先进的建筑工程管理方法,并对各方面的资料加以综合和整体。总之,要想确保我国建筑工程管理工作的有序进行,必须以健全的工程管理思路体系作为建筑工程总体管理水平提升的基本保障。加强施工质量管理,建立合理可行的质量保证体系,将工程的质量工作落到实处。工程施工企业要根据质量保证体系,形成行之有效的质量保证系统,树立质量方针,从而让其更加有指令性、系统性及可操作
性。要将人、材料和机械各个要素有效结合起来。 首先,人是质量控制的核心,要把人作为控制的推动力,充分调动人的积极性,树立工程质量第一的观念。其次,施工材料作为建筑产品的主体,对材料质量的控制是工程质量控制的关键。最后,工程施工的机械是进行施工机械化的主要标志,对现代化项目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影响了施工项目的进度和质量,所以,选好用好工程机械设备非常重要。所以,应该根据工程项目的具体特点,综合考虑各种环境因素,实施有效的施工现场控制,为保证施工质量及安全创造良好的外部条件。 现阶段建筑工程管理越来越受到人们的重视,项目成本管理是工程管理不可或缺的内容。工程管理本质特征可以由项目成本管理体现出来。首先,建立项目成本管理责任制。项目管理人员的成本责任,不同于工作责任,工作责任完成不等于成本责任完成。在完成工作责任的同时,还应考虑成本责任的实施,进一步明确成本管理责任,使每个管理者都有成本管理意识,做到精打细算。其次,对施工队实行分包成本控制。项目部与施工队之间建立特定劳务合同关系,项目部有权对施工队的进度、质量、安全和现场管理标准进行监督管理,同时按合同支付劳务费用。再次,施工队成本的控制,由施工队自身管理,项目部不应该过多干预。 为了保证政府监督工作的有效性和权威性,应该提高监督队伍的整体素质。因此,加强建筑工程质量监督机构的质量管理的学习,从而使得监督队伍的业务素质得以提高。另外,质量监督手段也要不断进行完善,增加检测设备,使得监督工作具有较大科技的含量,实现监督工作的现代化。从建设市场的整体来看,市场运行的规则不够完善。执法不严,违法不究的现象常常会出现。工程质量受到危害在很大程度上都是由于建设市场的混乱所造成的。因此,政府必须建立健全的运行规则,保证这些规则能够真正落实处。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
原文： DOCTORAL FORUM NA TIONAL JOURNAL FOR PUBLISHING AND MENTORING DOCTORAL STUDENT RESEARCH VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1, 2010 Green buildings Priscilla D. Johnson PhD Student in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, Texas William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Professor and Faculty Mentor PhD Program in Educational Leadership Whitlowe R. Green College of Education Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Hall of Honor (2008) William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School Prairie View A&M University Member of the Texas A&M University System Prairie View, Texas Visiting Lecturer (2005) Oxford Round Table University of Oxford Oxford, England Distinguished Alumnus (2004) College of Education and Professional Studies Central Washington University Ellensberg, Washington Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’notion, green building’design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of
- - -. 毕业设计（论文） 开题报告 题目XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计 专业土木工程 班级 学生 指导教师教授 讲师
一、毕业设计(论文)课题来源、类型 本论文课题来源于XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计，本设计来自工程实际，结构类型为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。该建筑分十三层，耐火等级为一级，主体结构为二级耐久年限，抗震设防为八级。二、选题的目的及意义 随着我国经济发展和城市化进程，人们对住宅的需求量逐渐增多，住宅物业管理日益为人们所关注。住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。尤其近几年，高层小高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。这是由高层和小高层的特点所决定的，高层建筑可节约城市用地，缩短公用设施和市政管网的开发周期。人们花的钱越多，不但对住宅的本身的美观质量要求越来越高，同时对物业小区的服务和管理也要求越来越高，比如对小区的绿化，保安，停车场，维修甚至对各项投诉的要求小区管理者做的好。信息时代的今天，住宅小区的硬件设施也必须跟得上时代的步伐，对现代化住宅小区建设的要求越来越高。小区楼的艺术美更要符合现代人的需求，此外还必须有较高的实用性、经济性。住宅小区的居住环境安全与否，是小区居民极其关心的问题，要创建一个安全的居住环境不仅要有科学的小区管理制度，而且在很大程度上也依赖于小区规划的安全性，这其中涉及到居民的生理、心理安全和社会安全等因素。在住宅小区的规划设计中应充分考虑居民的有效防X行为，通过控制小区和组团入口、明确划分空间领域等措施来提高小区的安全防卫能力。一是在小区和组团的入口处设置明显标志，使住宅小区具有较强的领域性和归属性。二是注重院落空间的强化，使居民之间既有充分了解和相互熟悉的机会，又可以使住户视线能够触及到住宅入口，便于对陌生人进行观察、监视。三是注重小区交通网络的合理组织。在小区主干道的规划设计上要做到“顺而不穿，通而不畅”，减少交通环境的混乱交杂，提高安全系数，在小区级道路的规划上尽量作曲形设计，限制车辆穿行的速度，达到安全与降低噪音的目的。同时，规划时应尽量减少组团的出入口，一般设置两个即可，以便有效控制外来行人任意穿行，从而起到安全防卫的作用。我这次选择的是高层住宅楼的设计，目的就是为了设计一栋满足居住需求和美观要求的住宅楼。并且也可以通过这次的毕业设计，把以前学习的专业课的知识运用到实践中，以及对它们更加深入的学习和系统化的总结。在这个过程中需要查阅、搜集许多的资料，将提高我运用图书馆的资料文献和互联网上大量信息的能力。office办公软件的综合运用使我的电脑基本功有了很大的提高。从建筑设计到结构的计算设计都是由自己单独完成，这就培养了我们独立解决设计中的问题以及娴熟使用auto CAD和PKPM系列软件的能力。综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题，在作毕业设计的过程中，所学知识得到疏理和运用，它既是一次检阅，又是一次锻炼。
Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1）a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2）structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have