当前位置:文档之家› 构词法

构词法

构词法
构词法

语法—构词法

英语的构词法有三种,合成,转化和派生。

(一)合成:由两或者更多的词合成一个词,有的用连字符连接,有的直接写在一起,有的分开写。有下列几种形式

1. 合成名词

名词+ 名词:classmate,craftsman, space-age, goldfish

名词+ 动词:storyteller,sunburn

动名词+ 名词: living room, swimming pool, walking stick, diving board,

boarding card(登记证), driving license

现在分词+ 名词:flying fish, running water, guiding principle, neighboring country

名词+ 及物动词—er / or:b ookseller, painkiller,

名词+ 介词+ 名词:mother-in-law, commander-in-chief

动词+ 名词:Scarecrow,break-water,pickpocket

代词+ 名词:she-tiger

名词+ 动名词:handwriting, weight lifting, fruit picking, surf riding,

coal mining

形容词+ 名词:greenhouse, blackboard,

副词+动词:outbreak, overthrow, output, outcome,

副词+ 名词:outside, upstairs, downstairs

2. 合成形容词

名词+ 形容词:snow white, duty free, class-conscious

名词+ 现在分词:English speaking,

名词+ to + 名词: up-to-date, fade-to-face, step-by-step,

名词+ 过去分词:snow-covered,sunburnt, man-made

数词+ 名词first-class , second-hand, one-way, five-star

数词+ 名词-ed three-legged, 21-storeyed, (通常用连字符)

数词+ 名词+ 形容词:10-year-old,100-metre-long

动词+ 副词:go-ahead, see-through,

形容词+ 名词:supermarket, super hybrid, red hand hard-line

形容词+ 现在分词:epoch-making,good-looking, easy-going,

形容词+ 形容词:dark-blue, light-blue

副词+ 形容词:evergreen, evermore, overall

副词+ 现在分词:everlasting, outgoing, hardworking, overbearing

副词+ 过去分词:well-known, overdone, overblown, overburden,

overcooked

副词+ 名词:downward, outback

介词+ 名词:downtown,downhill, downriver, downside, downstairs

其他:up-and-up, in-between,

3. 合成动词

名词+ 动词:sleepwalk, handcraft,

副词+ 动词:overcome,overdo,overdose, overdrive, overextend

4. 合成副词

形容词+ 名词:everyday, everyplace, everyway, anyway,

形容词+ 副词:anywhere,anyhow,somehow,somewhere

副词+ 副词:however,

介词+ 名词:upstairs, overboard

介词+副词:forever, outback

5. 合成代词:

指代人himself, themselves, herself, ourselves, yourself,

yourselves

Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, nobody 指代物itself,

something, anything, nothing

6. 合成介词

副词+ 名词:inside, outside, ,

介词+ 副词: within, without

副词+ 介词:in between,

(二)转化

转化指词的形式没有变化,而是其词性发生变化,意义与以前相近,在句子中做的成分发生变化,一般是,名词,动词,形容词相互转化。

1. 名词←→动词:play,hone,drink,care,snow,programme, dinner, water,

study, reach, light,walk,try,cover, drive

2. 形容词←→动词:open,close,clear, dry, free, slow

3. 形容词←→名词:light,red, blue, orange

4. 形容词←→副词:downtown,upstairs,downstairs,eastward

5. 其它:ups and downs, pros and cons

这种变化形式很灵活,也是各种考试的一个热点。通常是在一个句子里,根据句子意义,判断词性,决定其形式(主要是做动词时的谓语形式)

例如:

The fragrant smell made him (water).

There is some (water)in the cup.

The flower must (water)every other day.

(三)派生

派生是指一个词通过前后缀的变化,来实现意义和用法的改变。有些词缀改变词性,不改变此意,有些即改变词语意义,又改变词性。

如:happy(adj)→unhappy(adj)→happily (adv)→happiness (n)large(adj)→enlarge (v)

use(n , v)→useful(adj)→useless (adj)

前缀:前缀一般改变词义,不改变词性(少数例外)。

后缀:后缀一般改变词性,不改变词义。

1.前缀:

表示否定意义的前缀:un-, dis-, im-, in-, mis-, il-, ir-, non-等

dis-: disagree, disappear, discover, dislike

un-: unable, unfair, unlimited, untie, unacceptable, unaddressed, unappreciated

in-: incomplete, incorrect, incapable, incoherence, incommunicative, incorruptible

im-: impossible, impatient, immature, impassable, imperfect, impersonal

non-: no-stop, non-smoker, non-profit, nondestructive, nonessential, nonexistence

mis: misunderstand, mislead, misapplied, misbehave, miscalculation, miscommunication

il-: ill-fated, ill-suited, illegal, illogic

ir-: irrational, irreal, irregular, irrelevance, irresponsibility

后缀通常改变词性,构成意思相近的其他词性的词。少数后缀改变词义。

练习

(一)填空

1.All the players are (athletes)in the playing field.

2. Our school arrange us to do all kinds of (act).

3. There are many natural (attract)in the west.

4. Northwestern culture is quite different to the (southeast)one.

5. Come Away with Me is now an album that catchs on with (grown-up).

6. The final exams are of great (important)to us.

7. The toilets in that restaurant were horribly (smell).

8. Big companies can offer the specialized (suggest)and strong (deliver).

9. The little boy looks (happy), does he?

10. This science and technology- (base)theme park in France uses the most

(advance)technology.

(二)选择

1. The students are asked to write about a passage .

A. 80- words

B. 80- word

C. 80 word

D. 80 words

2. If you are in class, you can’t follow the teachers.

A. absent-mind

B. absent-minding

C. absent-minded

D. absence-minded

3. The employees should be paid and they are protected by law.

A. regularly

B. normally

C. absolutely

D. ordinarily

4. He is a smoker, and usually smokes .

A. heavy; seriously

B. heavily; heavy

C. heavy; heavily

D. hard, hardly

5. Come ready to get from our comfortable and knowledge-providing museum.

A. satisfaction

B. satisfy

C. satisfied

D. satisfing

6. He is the one of the luckiest students who have won to Beijing University.

A. admission

B. connection

C. profession

D. accession

7. The depressed persons are easily to relationship problems.

A. available

B. sensible

C. addicted

D. sensitive

8. He is a man who keeps his words. He is always to carry out his promise.

A. decided

B. determined

C. confident

D. reliable

9. He is a well-know , and he teaches in our school.

A. historical; historic

B. historian; historic

C. historical; historian

D. historian, history

10. Some people like to buy in the big shop.

A. cloth; clothes

B. clothes; clothing

C. cloth; cloth

D. clothes, clothes

答案

.语法

(一)填空

1. athletic

2. activates

3. attritions

4. southeastern.

5. grown-ups

6. importance

7. smelly

8. suggestions; delivery

9. unhappy 10. based

(二)选择1—5 B C A C A 6—10 A DB D B

(全)高考英语历年真题详解-构词法

高考英语历年真题详解-构词法 2015新课标1卷 Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 答案:regularly 构词法:形容词构副词,形容构副词一般是在词尾加ly,副词可以修饰动词、形容词、副词与整个句子。 2015新课标2卷 In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition”a house without using electric equipment. 答案:ability 构词法:形容词构名词,名词后缀-ity: ability, possibility, probability, responsibility, purity, reality, equality Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat (slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.

答案:slowly 构词法:形容词构副词 As (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. 答案:natural 构词法:名词构形容词,形容词后缀-al:natural, additional, educational, national 2016全国卷(新课标一) But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (attract). 答案:attraction 构词法:动词构名词,名词后缀-ion, -ation:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction The title will be (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. 答案:officially 构词法:形容词构副词 2016全国新课标二卷

构词法

构词法 一、掌握构词法的重要性 1.有助于扩大词汇 care careful careless carefully carelessly carelessness carefulness 2.有助于了解词义 possible impossible fair unfair 3.有助于辨认词类 glory glorious operate operation 二、英语的构词方法 在英语中,主要有三种构词法,即合成、转化和派生。 1.合成由两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新的词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词,叫合成词。合成词有的用连字符―-‖连接,有的直接连写在一起。合成词的词类主要有三种,即合成名词、合成形容词和合成动词。 1)合成名词 football birthday homework blackboard dining-room drinking-water 2)合成形容词 middle-aged warm-hearted ordinary-looking funny-looking hard-working 2.转化由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类的方法称作转化法. 1)由名词转化为动词,例如: water n. 水→water v. 浇水 2)由形容词转化为动词,例如: clean adj.干净的→clean v.打扫,清理empty adj. 空的→empty v.清空,倒空 3.派生由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词的方法称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但引起词义的变化;后缀附加在单词或词根的后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,只改变词类。 1)常见的前缀 (1)用来构成反义词的前缀 ①dis- agree 同意disagree __________; appear 出现disappear ________ like 喜欢dislike honest诚实的dishonest _______ ②in- complete 完全的incomplete__________; correct 正确的incorrect___________ ③im- 例如: possible 可能的impossible ______ ;polite 有礼貌的impolite _____________ ④ir-例如: regular 规则的irregular ___________________ ⑤il-例如: legal合法的illegal Driving after wine breaks the law, that is to say, it is illegal. ⑥un- fair 公正的unfair __________; happy高兴的unhappy _________ ⑦non-例如: stop 停止non-stop __________;smoker 吸烟者non-smoker ___________violent→non –violent________ ⑧ab-例如:normal正常的→abnormal 反常的use使用→abuse 滥用absent= not present 缺席 Don’t abuse drugs and you should have a healthy lifestyle.

现代汉语中的造词法和构词法

现代汉语中的造词法和构词法。 一、造词和造词法 (一)造词概说 1.造词 所谓造词就是指创制新词,是解决一个词从无到有的问题。 2.人们的造词活动 人们的造词活动就是人们为新事物、新现象命名的行为(不限人、地)。 (二)造词法 1.含义:创制新词的方法。 2.汉语的造词法: (1)音义任意结合法——就是用某种声音形式任意为某种事物命名的方法(现已少用,多是单纯词);如:手、足、蜻蜓 (2)摹声法 ①摹仿自然界事物发出的声音来造词。 a.根据事物发出的声音给事物命名;如:猫、布谷 b.根据事物发出的声音创制新词,以描写该事物的性状的;如:嗯、哎呀、哗哗、轰隆隆 ②摹仿外语词的声音来造词(一般称为音译词);如:咖啡(coffee)、沙发(sofa) (3)音变法——通过语音变化的方式产生新词。

①儿化韵造词;如:盖--盖儿尖--尖儿 ②改变读音造词;如:好(三声)--好(四声) (4)说明法——通过对事物加以说明从而产生新词的造词方法。 ①情状;如:国营、胆怯 ②性质特征;如:方桌、石碑、丁字尺 ③用途;如:雨衣、牙刷、洗衣粉、书桌 ④领属;如:树叶、羊毛、鞋带 ⑤颜色;如:红旗、绿豆、白云 ⑥数量;如:三秋、六书、八卦 ⑦通过注释的方法进行说明。 a.用所属物类注释说明;如:菊花、芹菜、吉普车 b.用单位名称注释说明;如:人口、马匹 c.用事物情状进行注释说明;如:静悄悄、恶狠狠、光秃秃 ⑧运用语言中习用的虚化成分,对原有词的意义做某些改变以说明事物。如:聋子、甜头、黑乎乎 (5)比拟法——用现有材料,通过比拟、比喻等手段创制新词的方法。 ①整个词就是一个完整的比喻,属于借喻,不出现本体,只出现喻体。如:鸡眼、猫眼 ②新词的一部分是比喻成分;如:雪花、瓜分、木马、刀子嘴

英语构词法讲解及专项练习

构词法Word Formation 在英语中,词的构成方式主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。 一、合成Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。 方式:1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。 ; (4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生Derivation 前缀

注意:-ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。

; 三、转化Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形,而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。 1. 名词和动词之间的转化 telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词perfect完美的——使完善 3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的 4.形容词转化为名词chief 主要的——首领 语法填空之构词法专项练习 1. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________(die)is heavier than Mount Tai. 2. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________(long). 3. How________ (fool) he is! black people were against slavery and fought for their ________(free) bravely. 5. What you said sounded________(reason) but in fact it was untrue. thing you should do is to _____(large) your vocabulary. (honest)speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose. 8.Tianjin and Guangzhou were also found to be safe from_____ (legal) drugs. 9. As he tried to read a map, he drove off the road into a river ______ (luck) 10. Thunder and lightning happen ______________ (simultaneous).

构词法练习

班级:_________ 姓名:______________ 学号:_______________ 构词法专练 Ⅰ.填空或填写括号内单词的正确形式。 1.Mary was very sad at the news, so she looked sadly at her husband, her eyes full of ___________(sad). 2.To our ______________ (satisfy),the headmaster was very satisfied with our report. 3.The good working condition in this city is _______(attract). 4.The police are looking into the woman’s____(disappear). 5.After a long_____________ (discuss) with her father, she decided not to take the job. 6.Rose had left the company after a____________ (disagree) with her boss. 7.The boy didn’t pass the entrance examination, so his parents were _____________(happy) about the result. 8.There,my voice sounds really ______________(wonder) because there’s a slight echo(回音)to it. 9.Edison was a great _______________ (invent).During his life he had many inventions. 10.She once led a ____________ (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister. Ⅱ.真题链接 1.While there are ____________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.(2014新课标全国Ⅰ) 2.Just be ____________ (patience).(2014新课标全国Ⅰ) 3.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers ______________(sudden) became friendly to one another.(2014新课标全国Ⅱ) 4.I cannot control my body well. My legs become (pain).(2014辽宁) 5.She was _____________ (surprise) helpful.(2014广东) 6.“That would be a very ______________ ( reason ) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,”Nick said.(2013广东) 7.“But such a small thing couldn’t ______________(possible) destroy a village.”(2013广东)

构词法(1)

第一部分通过词缀认识单词 (常用前缀一) 1、a- ① 加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非" acentric 无中心的(a+centric中心的) asocial 不好社交的(a+social好社交的) amoral 非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoral不道德的) apolitical. 不关政治的(a+political政治的) anemia 反常的(a+nomal正常的+ous) ② 加在单词前,表示"在…,…的" asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉) aside 在边上(a+side旁边) ahead 在前地(a+head头) alive 活的(a+live活) awash .泛滥的(a+wash冲洗) 2、ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等 abnormal 反常的(ab+normal正常的) abuse 滥用(ab+use用→用坏→滥用) absorb 吸收(ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉) absent 缺席的(ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的) abduct 诱拐(ab+duct引导→引走→诱拐) abject 可怜的(ab+ject抛→抛掉→可怜的) abstract 抽象的;心不在焉的(abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉) abstain 戒绝(abs+tain拿住→不再拿住→戒绝) abscond 潜逃(abs+cond藏→藏起来→潜逃) abscind 废除(abs+cind剪切→切掉→废除) abscise 切除(abs+cise剪→剪掉→切除) abstinence 节制;禁欲(abs+tin拿住+ense→不在拿住→戒除,禁欲) 3、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意 accelerate陪伴(ac+company伙伴→陪伴) accentuate加速(ac+celer速度→一再增加速度) accomplish强制(ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调) accumulate积累(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累) accustom使习惯(ac+custom习俗→习惯习俗) addict上瘾,入迷(ad+dict说→一再说起→对……入迷) addictive上瘾的(addict的形容词) adduce引证,举例(ad+duce引导→一再引导→举例说明) affable亲切的(af+fable说话→不断可以说话→亲切) afford买得起(af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起) affirm肯定(af+firm坚定→肯定) aggression侵略,进攻(ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻) aggrandize扩大(ag+grand大→一再大→扩大[权力]等) aggravate恶化(ag+grav重+ate病加重)

八年级英语寒假复习(一):构词法北京实验版知识精讲

初二英语寒假复习(一):构词法北京实验版【本讲教育信息】 一. 教学内容: 寒假复习(一):构词法 二. 重点、难点 构词法(派生词) 三. 教学目标: 通过本讲的学习,使学生能够掌握一定的构词能力,以扩大学生们的词汇量。 四. 重点知识讲解: (一)词的派生 1. 派生词多数是由词根加后缀构成的。 1)+后缀→名词 a. –er: worker cleaner maker teacher b. –or: visitor sailor inventor actor c. –ist: scientist artist pianist d. –ess: actress waitress e. –ee: employee trainee referee trustee f. –ian: musician Canadian Australian g. –ness: illness happiness greatness coldness h. –(a)tion: dictation reparation exception invitation i. –ment: movement development arguement j. –ion: discussion revision decision k. –ing: building feeling painting wedding l. –ship: friendship relationship scholarship m. –ence: difference dependence confidence reference n. –ance: allowance acceptance assistance o. –th: truth warmth health length p. –y: modesty difficulty safety q. –ure: failure pleasure pressure 2)+后缀→形容词: a. –ful: cheerful useful grateful faithful b. –less: careless homeless fearless hopeless c. –ish: Swedish selfish d. –ive: active collective decisive destructive e. –ous: dangerous famous continuous courageous various f. –able: acceptable agreeable forgettable applicable comfortable g. –ible: sensible responsible permissible possible h. –y: rainy snowy foggy dirty i. –some: troublesome burdensome lonesome handsome j. –al: critical physical chemical medical classical k. –en: golden wooden woolen

(完整word版)英语构词法练习题基础篇.docx

英语构词法练习题一、基础练习 A: 名词后加“y”变成形容词 sun---_________( rain ---________( health ---________( luck ---__________( B: 名词后加“-ful” )wind ---__________()cloud---__________() )snow ---__________()fun---__________() )noise ---__________()salt---__________() )sleep ---__________()sand---__________() -less“”变成形容词 care ---__________()__________() use---__________()__________() colour---__________() _________() help---__________() __________() hope ---__________()__________() harm---__________() __________() success---________()wonder---_______()peace---__________() sleep ---__________()home---__________()value---__________() C:名词后加“-ern ”变成形容词 east---______()west ---_______()south---_______() north---__________() D:名词后加“-al”变成形容词 person---__________()education---__________()tradition---__________() medicine---__________()music ---__________()nature---__________() E:名词后加“-ly”变成形容词 friend---___________() love---___________() week---__________() F:名词后加“--ous”变成形容词 danger---___________() mystery---___________() fame---__________() G:名词后加“-en”变成形容词 wool---___________() wood---___________() gold---__________() H:名词转化为形容词的不规则变化 energy---___________() athlete---___________() hunger---___________() pride---___________()death---___________()science---___________() knowledge---___________() anger---___________() Africa---___________() America---___________()Asia---___________() Australia---___________() I:动词变名词 ① work---________( 工作者 ) sing---________( 歌手 ) teach---_________( 教师 ) drive---_________( 司机 ) write---________( 作家 ) dance---_________( 舞蹈家 )win---_________( 获胜者 ) run---___________( 赛跑者 ) swim---_________( 游泳者 )act---_________( 演员 ) collect---__________( 收藏家 ) direct---___________( 主管 ) visit---_________( 参观者 ) invent---_________( 发明家 ) translate---_______ _(翻译家 ) ②educate---___________( 教育 ) describe---___________( 描述 ) predict---___________( 预言 ) collect---___________( 收藏 ) invent---___________( 发明 ) build---___________( 建筑物 ) ③mean---___________( 意思 ) meet---___________( 会议 ) cross---___________( 路口 ) turn---___________( 转弯处 ) decide---___________( 决定 ) die---___________( 死亡 ) ④fly---___________( 飞行 ) know---___________( 知识 ) please---___________( 高兴 ) pronounce---___________( 发音 ) mix---___________( 混合物 ) J:形容词的两种形式—ing/— ed

构词法

构词法 派生法 1 前缀 1) 表示“否定”、“相反”意义的词缀: de- decrease减少; decentralize分散; degrade降级,降低的地位; decode解码,破译密码; decompress(使)放松,卸压dis- dislike不喜欢; disagree不同意; disconnect断开,使分离; disinvest减资; disunite使分离,分裂; distrust不信任; disappear消失 il- illegal不合法; illogical不和逻辑的; illegible难以辨认的; illegalize宣布……为非法 im- impossible不可能的; impolite不礼貌的; immoral不道德的; impractical不现实的 in- informal非正式的; incorrect不正确的; incapable无能力的ir- irregular不规则的; irresponsible不负责任的; irresistible不可抵抗的 mis- misunderstand误解; misplace误放; misspell拼写错; miscalculate算错 non- nonstop中途不停的; nonviolence非暴力; nonfiction非小说类文学作品 un- unhappy不高兴的; untrue不真实的; undecided没有定的2) 表示“时间先后”的前缀

ex- ex-husband 前夫; ex-president前总统 fore- foretell 预言; foresight 先见之明; foresee预见,预知 mid- midterm 期中的; midnight午夜 ; the Mid-autumn Festival中秋节 pre- pre-school children学龄前儿童 ; prehistoric史前的 ; prearrange预先安排 post- postwar战后; postgraduate研究生; postdoctoral博士后的3) 表示“方向”“位置”的前缀 ex- export出口; exclude把…...排斥在外; external外部的; exterior外部 in- iuput输入; indoor室内的; inrush涌入; incoming进来的 inter- international国际的; intercontinental洲际的; interchange互换; interdependent相互依赖的; interact相互影响out- output输出,产量; outfall出水口,河口; outdoor户外的sub- subway地铁; subconscious下意识的; subnormal低于正常的 trans- transatlantic横渡大西洋的; transplant移植; transcontinental 横跨大陆的 4) 表示“程度”的前缀 extra- extraordinary非凡的,惊人的; extracurricular课程以外的mini- miniskirt超短裙; minimum最小量; minibus小型公共汽车over- overpraise过分赞扬; overestimate高估; overburden使......

英语学习中的构词法

英语学习中的构词法 Prepared on 22 November 2020

英语学习中的构词法 词是什么 “词”的英语是“Word”。依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。那么“Word”是什么 我们先从表达思想来说。大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时,一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明它”。这种表达模式我们叫做“一句话”,在语言学上称为句子(Sentence)。例如: 例A:Your book is on the desk. 你的书在书桌上。 例B:Tom goes to school by bicycle every day. 汤姆每天骑自行车上学。 例C:The lady who has just passed by is our English teacher. 刚经过的那位女士是我们的英语老师。 解说:上面各例都是句子。例A是表示我们生活中周边的静态事物,例B是表达事物的动态现象,例C所表达的是两者都有。那么句子是由什么来组成的呢由上面各例可以了解句子的组成要素如下: 由上面的解说我们可以了解: 定义:词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素(Element)。 词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位(Sense unit)。 构词法

英文词和中文词的最大不同点在于中文词是属于象形文字语系,字形是固定不变,而且是一字一音;英文词是属于符号文字语系,其字形(拼写法)须配合语意和句意表达的条件并受其约束,同时有一字一音、一字二音、一字三音……等。请参考下列的中英文词对比。 上面对比表中所列示者只是英文词的基本变化部分,实际上英文词的词形变化还不止这些。语言学家把这种专门研究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学(Morphology),通常简称为构词法(Word Formation)。 构词法基本上包括下列三项: 1.词根(Root) 2.派生词(Derivative) 3.合成词(Compound Words) A.词根(Root) 定义:英文词形成的“根基”部分称为词根(亦称字根)。 现以“like”为例列示如下: Root like................................................... 像 a-like.................................................... 相像 un-like................................................... 不像 like-ness............................................ 相像 un-like-ness............................................ 互不相像 解说:如例所示“like”就是“alike…unlikeness”等词的词根。因英文词源自拉丁语者约占五分之三,所以英文词的词根也大部分源自拉丁词根。词根大部分都是

构词法 知识讲解

构词法 编稿:张桂琴审稿:梁晓 概念引入: Let's go out for a walk .我们到外面去散散步吧。 Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 语法讲解: 英语构词法种类 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。定义与精讲 1. 合成: 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。 复合名词 class + room = classroom (名词+名词) black+ board= blackboard (形容词+名词) 复合形容词 warm + heart + ed = warmhearted 热心肠的 good + looking = good-looking 相貌好看的 world +wide= worldwide世界性的 hard+ working=hard-working 努力工作的 复合动词 over + come = overcome克服(副词+动词) 复合数词 fifty+ four= fifty-four 复合代词 everyone,somebody, anything, nobody ( 不定代词+名词) 复合副词 down+ stairs = downstairs在楼下( 形容词+名词) whole+ heartedly =wholeheartedly 全神贯注地(副词+副词) 2. 派生: 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。 happy --- unhappy develop --- development 前缀: 一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化,只有少数能引起词类的变化。 mis- 错误的+ understand v. 理解 --- misunderstand v. 误解 en + large adj. 大的--- enlarge v. 扩大 后缀: 一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。 care v. 照料 --- careful adj. 细心的 work v. 工作

英语:高中英语构词法讲解

高中英语构词法讲解与练习 一.类别 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。 二.定义与精讲 1.转化法 英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。 1)动词转化为名词 ①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如: Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。 ②有时意思有一定变化,如: He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 ③有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如: Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。 2)名词转化为动词 ①很多表示物件,如 Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? ②身体部位,如: Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。 ③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如: She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。 ④某些抽象名词也可作动词。如: We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。 3)形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如: We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4)副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如: Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。 5)形容词转化为名词

构词法精讲

构词法 许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律,这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Composition)和转换法(Conversion)三大类。 一、派生法(Derivation) 在一个词的词根(root)前面或后面加上某个词缀(affix)来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法(derivation)或词缀法(affixation)。加在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix),加在后面的词缀叫后缀(suffix)。一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,不改变词根的词性;而后缀往往改变词根的词性,有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义,因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。 (一)后缀法(Suffixation): 这种通过在词根的后面加词缀构成新词的方法叫后缀法。一般情况下,构成新词的词性发生改变,许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。 后缀法——名词后缀 1.构成名词的常用后缀有: 2) 构成表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀有:-al, -ance, -ence, -(a)ton, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment,

后缀法——形容词后缀 2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -ant, -ent, -ary, -en等。例

(二)前缀法(Prefixation):这种通过在词根的前面加词缀构成新词的方法叫前缀法。一般情况下,它不改变新词的词性,只引起词义的变化。许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。

常见构词法归纳

-- - 常见构词法归纳 1.派生法 (1)前缀 ①表示否定意义的前缀: a. 纯否定前缀: un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, unfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的) dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability (残疾、无能), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从) in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、无能力的), inability(无能力,无才能), inplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的) non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话) b. 表示错误的意义: mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding(n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待) c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义: anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的) ②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫) a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边) de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级) en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床) ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩X), export(输出、出口) fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefoot in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midposition(中间位置) out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat(大衣,外套), overdress(外衣), oversea(s)(海外) post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言) pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词) super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower(超强特权,超强大国), superman, supermarket trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通) under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传) auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[??t?ba?'?gr?f?(自传) tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜) ③表示时间,序列关系的前缀: fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge (先知) mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档