语法—构词法
英语的构词法有三种，合成，转化和派生。
（一）合成：由两或者更多的词合成一个词，有的用连字符连接，有的直接写在一起，有的分开写。
有下列几种形式
1. 合成名词
名词+ 名词：classmate，craftsman, space-age, goldfish
名词+ 动词：storyteller，sunburn
动名词+ 名词: living room, swimming pool, walking stick, diving board,
boarding card(登记证), driving license
现在分词+ 名词：flying fish, running water, guiding principle, neighboring country
名词+ 及物动词—er / or：b ookseller, painkiller,
名词+ 介词+ 名词：mother-in-law, commander-in-chief
动词+ 名词：Scarecrow，break-water，pickpocket
代词+ 名词：she-tiger
名词+ 动名词：handwriting, weight lifting, fruit picking, surf riding,
coal mining
形容词+ 名词：greenhouse, blackboard,
副词+动词：outbreak, overthrow, output, outcome,
副词+ 名词：outside, upstairs, downstairs
2. 合成形容词
名词+ 形容词：snow white, duty free, class-conscious
名词+ 现在分词：English speaking,
名词+ to + 名词: up-to-date, fade-to-face, step-by-step,
名词+ 过去分词：snow-covered，sunburnt, man-made
数词+ 名词first-class , second-hand, one-way, five-star
数词+ 名词-ed three-legged, 21-storeyed, （通常用连字符）
数词+ 名词+ 形容词：10-year-old，100-metre-long
动词+ 副词：go-ahead, see-through,
形容词+ 名词：supermarket, super hybrid, red hand hard-line
形容词+ 现在分词：epoch-making，good-looking, easy-going,
形容词+ 形容词：dark-blue, light-blue
副词+ 形容词：evergreen, evermore, overall
副词+ 现在分词：everlasting, outgoing, hardworking, overbearing
副词+ 过去分词：well-known, overdone, overblown, overburden,
overcooked
副词+ 名词：downward, outback
介词+ 名词：downtown，downhill, downriver, downside, downstairs
其他：up-and-up, in-between,
3. 合成动词
名词+ 动词：sleepwalk, handcraft,
副词+ 动词：overcome，overdo，overdose, overdrive, overextend
4. 合成副词
形容词+ 名词：everyday, everyplace, everyway, anyway,
形容词+ 副词：anywhere，anyhow，somehow，somewhere
副词+ 副词：however,
介词+ 名词：upstairs, overboard
介词+副词：forever, outback
5. 合成代词：
指代人himself, themselves, herself, ourselves, yourself,
yourselves
Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, nobody 指代物itself,
something, anything, nothing
6. 合成介词
副词+ 名词：inside, outside, ,
介词+ 副词: within, without
副词+ 介词：in between，
（二）转化
转化指词的形式没有变化，而是其词性发生变化，意义与以前相近，在句子中做的成分发生变化，一般是，名词，动词，形容词相互转化。
1. 名词←→动词：play，hone，drink，care，snow，programme, dinner, water,
study, reach, light，walk，try，cover, drive
2. 形容词←→动词：open，close，clear, dry, free, slow
3. 形容词←→名词：light，red, blue, orange
4. 形容词←→副词：downtown，upstairs，downstairs，eastward
5. 其它：ups and downs, pros and cons
这种变化形式很灵活，也是各种考试的一个热点。
通常是在一个句子里，根据句子意义，判断词性，决定其形式（主要是做动词时的谓语形式）
例如：
The fragrant smell made him （water）.
There is some （water）in the cup.
The flower must （water）every other day.
（三）派生
派生是指一个词通过前后缀的变化，来实现意义和用法的改变。
有些词缀改变词性，不改变此意，有些即改变词语意义，又改变词性。
如：happy（adj）→unhappy（adj）→happily （adv）→happiness （n）large（adj）→enlarge （v）
use（n , v）→useful（adj）→useless （adj）
前缀：前缀一般改变词义，不改变词性（少数例外）。
后缀：后缀一般改变词性，不改变词义。
1.前缀：
表示否定意义的前缀：un-, dis-, im-, in-, mis-, il-, ir-, non-等
dis-: disagree, disappear, discover, dislike
un-: unable, unfair, unlimited, untie, unacceptable, unaddressed, unappreciated
in-: incomplete, incorrect, incapable, incoherence, incommunicative, incorruptible
im-: impossible, impatient, immature, impassable, imperfect, impersonal
non-: no-stop, non-smoker, non-profit, nondestructive, nonessential, nonexistence
mis: misunderstand, mislead, misapplied, misbehave, miscalculation, miscommunication
il-: ill-fated, ill-suited, illegal, illogic
ir-: irrational, irreal, irregular, irrelevance, irresponsibility
后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其他词性的词。
少数后缀改变词义。
练习
（一）填空
1．All the players are （athletes）in the playing field.
2. Our school arrange us to do all kinds of （act）.
3. There are many natural （attract）in the west.
4. Northwestern culture is quite different to the （southeast）one.
5. Come Away with Me is now an album that catchs on with （grown-up）.
6. The final exams are of great （important）to us.
7. The toilets in that restaurant were horribly （smell）.
8. Big companies can offer the specialized （suggest）and strong （deliver）.
9. The little boy looks （happy）, does he?
10. This science and technology- （base）theme park in France uses the most
（advance）technology.
（二）选择
1. The students are asked to write about a passage .
A. 80- words
B. 80- word
C. 80 word
D. 80 words
2. If you are in class, you can’t follow the teachers.
A. absent-mind
B. absent-minding
C. absent-minded
D. absence-minded
3. The employees should be paid and they are protected by law.
A. regularly
B. normally
C. absolutely
D. ordinarily
4. He is a smoker, and usually smokes .
A. heavy; seriously
B. heavily; heavy
C. heavy; heavily
D. hard, hardly
5. Come ready to get from our comfortable and knowledge-providing museum.
A. satisfaction
B. satisfy
C. satisfied
D. satisfing
6. He is the one of the luckiest students who have won to Beijing University.
A. admission
B. connection
C. profession
D. accession
7. The depressed persons are easily to relationship problems.
A. available
B. sensible
C. addicted
D. sensitive
8. He is a man who keeps his words. He is always to carry out his promise.
A. decided
B. determined
C. confident
D. reliable
9. He is a well-know , and he teaches in our school.
A. historical; historic
B. historian; historic
C. historical; historian
D. historian, history
10. Some people like to buy in the big shop.
A. cloth; clothes
B. clothes; clothing
C. cloth; cloth
D. clothes, clothes
答案
．语法
（一）填空
1. athletic
2. activates
3. attritions
4. southeastern.
5. grown-ups
6. importance
7. smelly
8. suggestions; delivery
9. unhappy 10. based
（二）选择1—5 B C A C A 6—10 A DB D B。
