构词法
- 格式:doc
- 大小:116.00 KB
- 文档页数:6
1 语法—构词法
英语的构词法有三种,合成,转化和派生。
(一)合成:由两或者更多的词合成一个词,有的用连字符连接,有的直接写在一起,有的分开写。有下列几种形式
1. 合成名词
名词 + 名词: classmate,craftsman, space-age, goldfish
名词 + 动词: storyteller,sunburn
动名词 + 名词: living room, swimming pool, walking stick, diving board,
boarding card(登记证), driving license
现在分词 + 名词:flying fish, running water, guiding principle, neighboring country
名词 + 及物动词—er / or: bookseller, painkiller,
名词 + 介词 + 名词: mother-in-law, commander-in-chief
动词 + 名词: Scarecrow,break-water,pickpocket
代词 + 名词: she-tiger
名词 + 动名词: handwriting, weight lifting, fruit picking, surf riding,
coal mining
形容词 + 名词: greenhouse, blackboard,
副词 +动词: outbreak, overthrow, output, outcome,
副词 + 名词: outside, upstairs, downstairs
2. 合成形容词
名词 + 形容词: snow white, duty free, class-conscious
名词 + 现在分词: English speaking,
名词 + to + 名词: up-to-date, fade-to-face, step-by-step,
名词 + 过去分词: snow-covered,sunburnt, man-made
数词 + 名词 first-class , second-hand, one-way, five-star
数词 + 名词-ed three-legged, 21-storeyed, (通常用连字符)
数词 + 名词 + 形容词: 10-year-old,100-metre-long
动词+ 副词: go-ahead, see-through,
形容词 + 名词: supermarket, super hybrid, red hand hard-line
形容词 + 现在分词: epoch-making,good-looking, easy-going,
形容词 + 形容词: dark-blue, light-blue
副词 + 形容词: evergreen, evermore, overall
副词 + 现在分词: everlasting, outgoing, hardworking, overbearing
副词 + 过去分词: well-known, overdone, overblown, overburden,
overcooked
副词 + 名词: downward, outback
介词 + 名词: downtown,downhill, downriver, downside, downstairs
其他: up-and-up, in-between,
3. 合成动词
名词 + 动词: sleepwalk, handcraft,
副词+ 动词: overcome,overdo,overdose, overdrive, overextend
4. 合成副词
形容词 + 名词: everyday, everyplace, everyway, anyway, 2 形容词 + 副词: anywhere,anyhow,somehow,somewhere
副词+ 副词: however,
介词 + 名词: upstairs, overboard
介词 +副词: forever, outback
5. 合成代词:
指代人 himself, themselves, herself, ourselves, yourself,
yourselves
Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, nobody
指代物 itself,
something, anything, nothing
6. 合成介词
副词 + 名词: inside, outside, ,
介词 + 副词: within, without
副词 + 介词: in between,
(二)转化
转化指词的形式没有变化,而是其词性发生变化,意义与以前相近,在句子中做的成分发生变化,一般是,名词,动词,形容词相互转化。
1. 名词←→动词: play,hone,drink,care,snow,programme, dinner, water,
study, reach, light,walk,try,cover, drive
2. 形容词←→动词: open,close,clear, dry, free, slow
3. 形容词←→名词: light,red, blue, orange
4. 形容词←→副词: downtown,upstairs,downstairs,eastward
5. 其它: ups and downs, pros and cons
这种变化形式很灵活,也是各种考试的一个热点。通常是在一个句子里,根据句子意义,判断词性,决定其形式(主要是做动词时的谓语形式)
例如:
The fragrant smell made him (water).
There is some (water)in the cup.
The flower must (water)every other day.
(三)派生
派生是指一个词通过前后缀的变化,来实现意义和用法的改变。有些词缀改变词性,不改变此意,有些即改变词语意义,又改变词性。
如:happy(adj)→ unhappy(adj)→ happily (adv)→ happiness (n)
large(adj)→ enlarge (v)
use(n , v)→ useful(adj)→ useless (adj)
前缀:前缀一般改变词义,不改变词性(少数例外)。
后缀:后缀一般改变词性,不改变词义。
1. 前缀:
表示否定意义的前缀:un-, dis-, im-, in-, mis-, il-, ir-, non-等
dis-: disagree, disappear, discover, dislike
un-: unable, unfair, unlimited, untie, unacceptable, unaddressed, unappreciated
in-: incomplete, incorrect, incapable, incoherence, incommunicative, incorruptible
im-: impossible, impatient, immature, impassable, imperfect, impersonal
non-: no-stop, non-smoker, non-profit, nondestructive, nonessential, nonexistence 3 mis: misunderstand, mislead, misapplied, misbehave, miscalculation,
miscommunication
il-: ill-fated, ill-suited, illegal, illogic
ir-: irrational, irreal, irregular, irrelevance, irresponsibility
(1) 表示其它意义的前缀
前缀 含义 例词
a- 处于„状态的
以„方式的 alive, asleep
aloud
en- 使成为
使处于„ enlarge, enrich
endangering,
inter- 互相,在„之间 International, Internet, interdepartmental, intermarry,
interview
re- 再,重(用于动词)
重新
回复 rebroadcast,
rewrite, reconsider, reuse, recycle
reunite
tele- 远
由(为)电视 telescope, telecommunications, telepathy, telescoping
tape-recording, teleplay
auto- 自己(做)的
自动的 autobiography,
auto-pilot, automatic, autodial
co 共同,和„一起
以„相同程度做,和„一起
辅助„做,副 coeducation,
coauthor
copilot
anti 反(对)
反,与„对立(相反)
防(止) anti-American, antibody
anticlimax, antimatter
antifreeze, antiseptic
multi- (许)多 multicolored, multistory,multicultural, multichannel
Kilo- kilometer, kilogram
2. 后缀
后缀通常改变词性,构成意思相近的其他词性的词。少数后缀改变词义。
(1) 形容词后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-able 可被„的
具有„性质的,处于„状态的 washable, unbreakable, acceptable,
knowledgeable, comfortable,, unbelievable,
reasonable
-al 与„有关的
„的动作 coastal, political, natural, national
arrival
-an
-ean,-
ian) „地方的人(物),与„有联系的人(物)
精通(钻研)的人 American, Asian,
historian, musician,
-ern „的方向 eastern, western, southern, northern
-ese „国家、地区的人(语言)
(限于一定人群使用的)语言风格 Viennese, Chinese, Japanese
Journalese(新闻语体), officialese(官方语言 )
-ful ○1充满„的;
○2有„特性的;引起„的 beautiful, careful, eventful(多事的)
restful, painful,
-ful 充满容器所需之量
满„的
充满„的地方(空间) cupful, pocketful,
armful , mouthful, handful
shelfful, roomful
-less 无,没有
不, 不能 childless, harmless, hatless, endless,careless,
useless, homeless
tireless, countless
-ic / ical 与„有关的;像„一样的
受„影响的人 photographic, alcoholic, polysyllabic, energetic,
idealistic, tragic,
grammatical, hysterical, musical, political