Modern Economy, 2014, 5, 785-790
Published Online June 2014 in SciRes. https://www.doczj.com/doc/a76578745.html,/journal/me
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a76578745.html,/10.4236/me.2014.57072
Research and Discussing on Internal
Control Auditing
Jianfei Leng, Lingfen Zhang
School of Business, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Email: ljf200209@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a76578745.html,, fenfei00559@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a76578745.html,
Received 1 May 2014; revised 1 June 2014; accepted 13 June 2014
Copyright ? 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a76578745.html,/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
In modern China, the development of the economy is rapid; it mainly includes the creation of many
companies. However, it is a double edged sword which may lead to economic development, but it also has a lot of problems. This paper mainly regards the corporate internal control system as the research object. Through the Zhong Xin Fu Tai cases, it found problems from specific aspects and
the overall level of internal control audit, and identified the problems and then proposed appro-
priate recommendations for improvement.
Keywords
Internal Control, Financial Statements, Auditing
1. Introduction
The internal control system is an important activity of enterprises operating smoothly, which is the important measure to achieve the long-term strategic development of the enterprise and which aims to improve the operat- ing efficiency of the effect. The external audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting (ICFR) is a very ex- pensive and contentious aspect of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). Wang Qin, Huang Dan, Ellen Young found that the disclosure of internal control self-assessment report is better; internal control audit report issued by the njmbers is increasing year by yearh bjt the accojnting firm’s internal control ajdit report’s credibility has yet to be verified [1]. The current enterprise faces the problems which come from the aspects such as society, economy, law, foreign culture changes in the environment, which has prompted the development of internal control theory;
furthermore, the internal control system mainly experiences five development stages. They include the internal check, internal control, internal control structure, internal control-integrated framework, enterprise risk man- agement-integrated framework. Firms are more likely to be identified with an internal control weakness, if their audit committees have less financial expertise or, more specifically, have less accounting financial expertise and
J. F. Leng, L. F. Zhang
non-accounting financial expertise [2]. The first line of the enterprise internal control defense is to prevent fi- nancial reporting errors and frauds, which make sure that the internal mechanism of enterprises is a complete fi- nancial report. The second line of defense is against the enterprise financial report errors and frauds. The certi- fied public accountants namely put forward the financial statements and express the opinion of the enterprise accounting information quality.
Firms are more likely to be identified with an internal control weakness, if their audit committees have less financial expertise or, more specifically, have less accounting financial expertise and non-accounting financial expertise [3]. In recent years, auditing in China has made remarkable development; in June 2008 and April 2010, the ministry of finance, securities and futures commission, the national audit office, the China banking regulato- ry commission, insurance regulatory commission has jointly issued the enterprise internal control basic norms and three facilities, such as enterprise internal control audit guidelines, which are mainly aiming at the existing problem of Chinese enterprises and establishing internal control system, and for Chinese companies, a sound system of internal control is established ihich provides the basic frameiorkh namely “to establish internal con- trol system is the Chinese enterprises to participate in international competition, gradually accepted and con- scientiously abided by rules of the market economy, perfecting enterprise system and the inherent requirement of fine management”. Based on resojrce dependency theory that stresses entity’s economic needs for internal control over administering federal funding, they select a sample of nonprofit hospitals subject to the Single Au- dit Act in the United States, from 2001 to 2008. Their results show that hospitals that had audit committees and also employed Big 4 auditors were associated with better internal control quality [4].
The internal control goal guarantees enterprise operation and management in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations, the safety of the assets, and financial reports and related information and true, and improves the management efficiency and effectiveness, promotes enterprise development strategy—“internal control audit is a control behavior which can understand internal control whether the establishment is effective, can prevent the frajdh at last to provide reasonable assjrance for the realization of the internal control goals” [5].
In Chinese state-owned enterprises occupying the dominant position in the national economy, the number is larger, and the relationship in the state-owned enterprise internal control audit has very important practical signi- ficance. It is beneficial to the state-owned enterprises to speed up the perfect internal control system, which is more advantageous to enhance the enterprise competition. The remaining part is organized as follows:
The second part mainly analyses the internal audit and explains its relationship with the audit of financial statements from the company’s management aspect; the th ird part describes the main elements of the internal control; the fourth part is about the case description and analysis; the fifth part is the conclusions and recom- mendations.
2. From the Company’s Management Aspect, It Mainly Analyses the Int ernal Audit
and Explains Its Relationship with the Audit of Financial Statements In the past, people used to focus on whether the management has the behavior beyond the control. Though we can’t deny that this is still a part of the modern internal co ntrol auditing important content, under modern corpo- rate environment, for the audit, the process of management aims to achieve effective utilization of resources.
“On the one handh the management is the vital position in the control environment.”
As an example, Shanghai Stock Exchange main board listed companies to disclose Internal 2012 control self- assessment report and the audit report as a sample, follow the COSO internal control report, the five elements of internal control of 650 Shanghai-listed companies drawn from the analysis of defect types: Shanghai-listed companies to disclose Internal control deficiencies small percentage of the company; [6] management ideology, directly affect the whole process of, only we fully understand the intention of the authorities, we can do better to improve the internal control by the ajdit companyh and perfect the processh so as to improve the company’s op- erating purposes. This article combines internal control and information technology, suggesting how internal control plays a positive role in achieving company’s goal and improving enterprise valje [7].
The process ajdit is a kind of more operational ajdit. “In Wang Haibin’s paperh internal control self-assess- ment report is not only a reflection of the effectiveness of corporate financial reporting, it is the business of the whole process of implementation of internal control evaluation, development and implementation of the internal control system has a decisive role [8].” The concept itself also has to ensure the efficiency of the internal control process and to determine the reasonable goal, evaluation of project risk, implementation of control behavior,
J. F. Leng, L. F. Zhang guarantee the realization of the goal, and then make sure the new goal to adapt to the development of enterprise. “Internal control is a continjojs cycle repeat stepsh so for the evaljation of internal control and ajdith it also should be to this process audit. So the audit of internal control should be a circulation of the audit process [8].”Enterprise internal control operates smoothly and that has important influence on enterprises to prepare finan- cial statements. The following briefly introduces the relation and the distinction between the financial statements and the internal control.
The relationship betieen the internal control and the company’s financial statements:
1) The audit in the same way.
Both took risk oriented audit mode. Audit procedures are same. Financial statements audit must understand the internal control environment of the enterprises, and even take control of the test; the internal control auditing must understand and test the internal control; at the same time the definition of the effectiveness of the internal control and evaluation method, they can be used to ask, examination, observation, through the test, to implement methods and procedures.
2) Focus on the same object.
Both of them need to identify key account, important deal category and so on. In the financial statements au- dit certified public accountant needs to evaluate these key accounts and key to make sure that whether they are the material misstatement category; in the internal control audit, they need to evaluate whether these accounts and transaction are covered by the internal control.
3) Determine the importance of the same level.
They need to check whether there is a material misstatement in the financial report; to determine the level of importance in the internal control audit, they also need to check whether there is a significant internal control defects.
Therefore, only internal control get to formulate and effective implementation, can they guarantee the audit report is issued by officially. But the specific part of the internal control and those content will be namely intro- duced in the next section.
3. Main Components of the Internal Control
First of all, the control environment is the first part of the internal control framework. It sets the tone for the company as a whole and it also affects the execution of its staff awareness. This is an integral part of the internal control components and the basis of internal control procedures provides the tone and organizational structure. In this phase, the company determines the business goals and the overall business philosophy. It is used to iden- tify and analyze and realize the risks associated iith the company’s objectives. Every company is faced iith various risks from internal and external, therefore, to maintain the continuing operations of the enterprise, they must assess the risk. At this stage, the company should find out all kinds of risks and determine the basic meas- ures of risk management; control activities is the third part of the internal control framework, it helps to reduce the risk of company objectives, control activities including account reconciliation, separation of duties, decen- tralization, and uses the serial number of the documents in advance to aim to overcome these activities, such as the company may face the potential risks, and help the company achieve its business goals [10]. So the company must be in the form of appropriate and at the appropriate time determine and communicate relevant information about the internal control so that in the fourth part of the internal control people can perform their duties of communication and information.
It mjst be commjnicated iith the company’s bjsiness objective s, and control activities should control activi- ties so that the staff can find the management information and also need to monitor by monitoring, and control activities over a period of time can be evaluated, as well as the whole internal control, you can determine the ef- fectiveness of the control activities to make sure whether the control activities need to be scaled, or whether it is no longer needed to perform. They also shojld be evaljated at this stage of the company’s bjsiness objectives. The above five aspects is necessary for the enterprise to develop sustainable and healthy which include the control environment, risk assessment and supervision process, and the business process level control include the control activities, further, only iill do the bjsiness floih daily life and from the overall levelh enterprise’s control can continue to operate normally [11]. Today’s enterprise internal control ajdits are almost large enterprise in- ternal. And big enterprise is mainly state-owned enterprises. They can be stated through the specific case below.
J. F. Leng, L. F. Zhang
4. Case Is Introduced and Analyzed
The company is listed in 1886. In the same yearh in Febrjary’s it issjes 270 million nei shares to the C hina in- ternational trust and investment group (Hong Kong) co. LTD. This make the CITIC group (Hong Kong) hold company’s 64.7% [12] stake. Since then, it had become a subsidiary of CITIC. In Western Australia CITIC Pa- cific’s operated iron oreh in order to reduce the currency risk of the company, since 2007, CITIC Pacific began to bjy foreign cjrrency options contracts to hedge. On December 5h 2008h CITIC Pacific’s shares closed at 5.80 Hong Kong dollars and declined more than HK $21 bi llion in more than a month’s. On November 12h 2008h CITIC Pacific’s made an annojncement againh iith the parent company of CITIC grojp restrjctjring reaching a preliminary agreement, one of them was to convert the bond manner and to CITIC capital injection of $1.5 bil- lion. At the general meeting, according to leaked CITIC Pacific on December 19, shareholders got 99.94% of the vote. Second is the “sjrgical” iay of the partial derivatives contracts from the listed companyh CITIC grojp iill assist in CITIC Pacific two-step restructuring the existing a $8.7 billion contract. According to the announce- ment, CITIC group hopes to complete restructuring in December 30. The derivatives losses are over periodically.
In the second part we introduced the five elements of internal control, now we will explain the cause of the problem from the aspect of the business flow and the overall level in this paper.
4.1. The Business Flow
It mainly includes two parts: control activities and information syst ems. In CITIC Pacific’s caseh its defects em- bodied in investing heavily, within the scope of a certain amount, there are corresponding level for examination and approval of personnel, but in the actual execution process, because of the amounts involved, numerous and complicated formalities, it finally results in the defect of the control activities; in information systems, because there are specific legal provisions of the state-owned enterprises overseas futures hedging business management method, it clear stipulates the total trading spot trading volume shall be a limited amount, while CITIC Fu Tai chairman Larry Yung and managing director Henry Fan has been aware of this situation. But he did not commu- nicate timely; finally, the circumstance led to the delay of information, as a result, the amount made losses in- crease greatly.
4.2. The Overall Level
It mainly incljdes three parts: control environmenth risk assessment and sjpervision. In this caseh they don’t have a desi gn abojt the necessary risk assessment process; they also don’t make the overall jnderstanding of the overall control environment. Without the approval of the board of directors the company executives make a ma- jor strategic decision which makes the CITIC Pacific exists a huge hole in corporate governance. Standard & poor’sh a rating agencyh at the same time according to the reporth CITIC Pacific’s hjge foreign exchange trading losses reflect that the company lacks proper internal regulation and transparency insufficient which cause huge losses of CITIC Pacific.
For any management decision-making activities of the enterprise, they must consider the basis of the above five aspects, then the company could have much better development.
5. The Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. To Ensure Effective Implementation of Internal Control
Since 2002 the United States has gradually strengthened the construction of enterprise internal control and su- pervision, and the most representative is issued by the US President George Bush in 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act which puts forward the effectiveness of internal control self-assessment, hires a certified public accountant audit self-assessment report required and classified according to the type and size of listed companies gradually, and strengthens the supervision of the internal control of listed companies. The enterprise that has investment value needs not only to have a good business performance and developing prospect, but also to have a perfect internal control system; to some extent, the internal control failure faced a greater risk of decline in operating perfor- mance. This may bring fatal harm to the significant internal control defects.
In our country, commodity business has entered the era of meager profit. As an example of the steel industry, according to the survey, in 2009 profit margin of annual sales of large and medium-sized steel mills is only 2.5%,
J. F. Leng, L. F. Zhang however, capital operation is more risky than the traditional commodity business. Deron, Gelinkeer events and a series of failure cases are being exposure, which show the significance and urgency of the internal control and economic globalization. Enterprises are facing the risk of more complex control and the most important way of avoiding these risks is to establish and implement internal control system, and make the effect about the internal control audit.
The development of our country enterprises is more and more restricted by market and a bjyer’s market has initially formed. The increasingly competitive market focuses more on high quality, many varieties, famous brand, low cost, economies of scale of enterprises and products; this has forced companies to enhance their own brand strength by controlling the cost, improving the management level and finally to ensure the realization of business objectives.
5.2. The Establishment of Independent Internal Control Audit Institutions
“In viei of the state-owned enterprise, internal audit independence is not recognized by the public of the status, I think they should set up internal audit institutions under the highest decision-making and enforcement agencies, and they also should appoint the nomination or specific head to ensure the independence and authority of inter- nal audit institutions; at the same time, we should follow our country enterprise internal control basic norms and the enterprise internal control audit guide specification requirements to make sure that audit content and audit procedures are reasonable and find weak link of enterprise internal control and internal management and at the same time ie shojld pjt foriard opinion to improve the enterprise internal control.”
In our country, enterprise internal control supporting guidance of certified public accountants audit guidelines demands that the CPA should implement the audit work in accordance with the method of top-down which re- quires the auditor to focus on the level control first, then the big account, and the final focusing on trading or application level in the process of the specific control in the state-owned enterprise internal control audit work; commonly used methods are mainly about the appropriate personnel, observing activities, checking the related documents through testing, and the methods of execution, but the question itself is not enough to obtain suffi- cient and appropriate evidence, and it should be combined with other internal control auditing method together.
5.3. Improve the Quality of the Internal Auditors
Perfecting the internal audit work—“the internal control ajditing practice standard is the internal control ajdit personnel’s professional standard; they need to have a number of highly qualified internal control auditing pro- fessionals”h it is important to strengthen ajdit professionals folloi-jp edjcation. “Throjgh enhancing the ajdi- tor’s professional ethics consciojsnessh strengthening ajdit professional train ing, strengthening the internal au- ditors of the certification exam and continuing education training, they aim to improve risk analysis of the inter- nal audit staff proactive; they need to meet the requirements of the development of state-owned enterprise inter- nal ajdit in the aspects sjch as personnel strjctjre and qjality.”
5.4. Strengthening the Internal Control Auditing Supervision
At the end of each year, according to the principle of cost and the importance, SASAC available should make spot check about whether the state-owned enterprise internal control is effective; the internal control evaluation report is a true reflection of enterprise internal control; internal control of the auditing reports issued by certified public accountants is real fair. Only when they strengthen the regulation, the state-owned enterprise internal control construction and the effect of the internal control auditing will be strengthened.
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会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
内部控制透视：理论与概念 摘要：内部控制是会计程序或控制系统，旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。它包括计划、方法和程序使用，以满足任务，目标和目的，并在这样做，支持基于业绩的管理。内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的，但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务，不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。 关键词：内部控制，管理控制，控制环境，控制活动，监督 1、介绍 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1，另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线，维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制，我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊，内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论，内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构，工作和权力流动，人员和具体的管理信息系统，旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段，其中一个组织的资源被定向，监控和测量。它发挥着无形的（重要的作用，预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源，包括生理（如，机械和财产）和乙二醇，声誉或知识产权，如商标）。在组织水平，内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告，及时反馈业务上的成就，并遵守法律，法规。在具体的交易水平，内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标（例如，如何确保本组织的款项，在申请服务提供有效的。）内部控制程序reduce程变异，导
A Clear Look at Internal Controls: Theory and Concepts Hammed Arad (Philae) Department of accounting, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Barak Jamshedy-Navid Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Kerman-shah, Iran Abstract: internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. It comprises the plans, methods, and procedures used to meet missions, goals, and objectives and, in doing so, support performance-based management. Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes. In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed. Keywords: Internal Control, management controls, Control Environment, Control Activities, Monitoring 1. Introduction The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over his/her organization. Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something. he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth. One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the cost-benefit of each control. Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud. We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise, established by the management for the smooth running of business; it includes internal cheek, internal audit and other forms of controls. COSO describe Internal Control as follow. Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective. In accounting and organizational theory, Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization's structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks). At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g., how to ensure the organization's payments to third parties are for valid services rendered.) Internal control
外文翻译 原文： T h e V a l u e O f In t e r n a l A u d i t In C or p or a t e G ov e r n a n c e Today, corporate boards must provide close oversight of such vital issues as finance, accounting, risk management, and compliance in often-complex o r g anizati ons. Yet there i s an organization wi t hin the c ompa ny t hat ha s bee n shaping just the controls needed to effectively monitor these governance matters—internal audit. By making internal audit a stronger player in the governance team, smart boards can tap into a highly valuable source of expertise. Internal auditors are like a lighthouse. Their work provides a point of reference that enabl e s compani e s t o know w he re t hey are—and t heir gui dance c a n h elp provide the insights they need to navigate with confidence into the future. That is why expectations are high that internal auditors will “raise the bar”by continuing to improve operating efficiency as well as effectiveness—not just in controls, risk management, and governance, but across the enterprise as a whole. There a re th re e mess a ges I would like to shar e on how i nternal audi t ors ca n ke e p th e momentum going by building new value for today, and by becoming a source of leadership talent for business organizations tomorrow. First,internal auditors can help enable the“risk intelligent enterprise.” While management and the board may “o w n”risk, internal auditors can play a key role in ena b ling the “risk int e llige n t e nt erpri s e.”At D e loitt e, this is an outcome t hat we strongly advocate for our clients, for ourselves, and for any corporation that wants to grow and prosper. Think about it. In all companies, risk abounds—in governance, in strategy and execution, in operations, and in infrastructure. If the magnitude of this challenge were not already enough, other factors can leverage the impact of risk, from the speed at which events can unfold to the uncertainty that often accompanies them. It would be great if those were the only challenges but, of course, there are countless others to consider.
文献出处：C E Hogan. The Discussion of Audit Risk Control [J]. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2015, 25(1): 219. 原文 The Discussion of Audit Risk Control C E Hogan Abstract For any one market, seeking resources optimal configuration is its internal requirements, this requirement with complete information between market subjects, in reality, however, investors and by investors, creditors and debtors, regulators and inevitable existence of information asymmetry between the regulated, audit the generation of the industry is to eliminate the information asymmetry. Certified public accountants to verify statements of the financial information of foreign enterprises and other information, the truth of market main body with information as close as possible to complete information is the process of the audit. Since the audit conclusion is certified public accountants in sampling surveys on the basis of the subjective conclusion, usually can't be absolutely perfect information, the audit risk and the audit risk is the audit itself inherent cannot evade a question. Keywords: audit risk, audit risk management and risk control 1 Introduction Auditing profession development, has become an indispensable organic part of market economy, in the establishment and maintenance of the capital market development, holds an important place of audit, audit of the financial market is hard to imagine. In recent years, however, in view of the accounting firms and certified public accountants case erupted repeatedly, most lawsuits and high litigation of the damages to the whole industry development.2002 of the American journal of accounting statistics results show that the United States over the past 15 years for the auditor to accuse lawsuit, far more than the whole industry occurred in the 105 - year history of the total number of ['];European Ernst & young, KPMG, delete and PWC international accounting firms in 2007, a year only received compensation lawsuit, claim amount
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附录B 如何监测内部控制 内部控制是任何组织有效运行的关键,董事会、执行长和内部审计人员都为实现这个企业的目标而工作;该内部控制系统是使这些团体确保那些目标的达成的一种手段。控制帮助一个企业有效率地运转。此外,运用一种有效的风险系统,风险可被降低到最小。同时,控制促进经营和与经营有关的信息的可靠性。全美反舞弊性财务报告委员会发起组织(COSO；1992) 在它发布的具有开创性的文件《内部控制整合框架》中,将内部控制定义为：企业风险管理是一个过程，受企业董事会、管理层和其他员工的影响，包括内部控制及其在战略和整个公司的应用，旨在为实现经营的效率和效果、财务报告的可靠性以及法规的遵循提供合理保证。该委员会还指出,一个的内部控制的系统包括五个要素。它们是：控制环境、风险评估、信息和沟通、控制活动、监控。 COSO的定义及五个要素已被证明确实对不同的团体,如董事会和首席执行官起到作用。这些群体对内部控制系统的监管以及系统设计与运行有责任。而且,内部审计人员已经发现COSO的指导是有用的。这群人员可能会被董事会或管理层要求去测试控制。COSO最近发布的一份讨论文件，指出五个要素监控,其中的五个要素的确定在1992 frame work COSO原本。中国发展简报的题为《内部控制-整合框架：内部控制体系监督指南》(COSO，2007)。在文件中,COSO 强调监控的重要性，以及这些信息常常被没有充分利用。 因为董事会、执行长,和内部审计人员都在一个公司的内部控制中扮演着重要角色，内部控制的各要素,包括监测,都对所有的团体有着非常重要的意义。同时,外审计人员对监测有兴趣。《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》（2002）为外部审计师创建了一个新的监督体制。所有的五个要素,包括监测,必须加以考虑。另外,内部控制审计必须结合对财务报告的检查。在一体化审计之前，在首席执行官的领导下，也许也在内部审计活动的支持下的管理，评估了内控制体系的有效性。随后外部审计人员对控制出具意见。起监督角色的董事会，将阅读内部审计、管理层和首席执行官出具的报告。文件关于监测对每一个团体的指导起了帮助,因为他们分别为各自的角色而劳动。 第一，什么是监测。监测的组成可评估内部控制系统在过去一段时间发挥效用的质量。其对控制功能的评估有助于企业确定其控制在有效地运作中。在执行监测活动时，相关人员参与审查系统的设计及其运行效果。这种检查必须进行及时,目的是为了提供给企业最大的利益。管理层负责做出适当的行动以回应这些结果。当事人对内部控制有兴趣,可以充分依赖这个内部控制系统,如果合适的监
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 浅析内部审计风险的成因及解决途径 摘要 内部审计风险成因包括内部审计机构的独立性不够，内部审计人员的业务不精，内部审计方法的科学性不强，内部审计管理的制度不健全。为了降低内部审计风险，应加强内部审计的法制建设，保证内部审计的独立性，提高内部审计人员的素质，执行科学合理的审计工作程序，正确处理降低风险与经济效益的关系，开
展以风险为导向的风险基础审计。 一、内部审计风险形成的原因 1.内部审计机构的独立性不够内部审计机构是单位内设机构，在单位负责人的领导下开展工作，为单位服务。因此，内部审计的独立性不如社会审计，在审计过程中，不可避免地受本单位的利益制约。内审人员面临的是与单位领导层之间的领导与被领导的关系以及与各科室、部门之间的同事关系，所涉及的人不是领导就是同事，非直接有关也是间接相关， 审计过程及结论然涉及到具体的个人利益，因而审计过程难免受到各类人员干扰。 2.内部审计人员的业务不精审计人员素质的高低是决定审计风险大小的主要因素。审计人员的素质包括从事审计需要的政策法规水平、专业知识、经验、技能、审计职业道德和工作责任。 审计经验是审计人员应有的一种重要技能，审计经验需要实践的积累。我国的内部审计人员中不少人仅熟悉财务会计业务，一些审计人员不了解本单位的经营活动和内部控制，审计经验有限。另外，内部审计人员工作责任和职业道德也是影响审计风险的因素。由于我国内审准则工作规范和职业道德标准方面还有一些空白，许多内审机构和人员缺乏应有的职业规范的约束和指导。总之，目前我国内审人员总体素质偏低，直接影响到内审工作开展的深度和广度。面对当今内审对象的复杂和内容的拓展，内审人员势单力簿，这将直接导致审计风险的产生。 3.内部审计方法的科学性不强 我国内审方法是制度基础审计，随着企业内部经营管理环境复杂化，这种审计模式不适应开展内部管理审计的需要，因为它过分依赖于对企业内部管理控制的测试，本身就蕴藏巨大的风险内部审计一般采用统计抽样方法，由于抽样审计本身是以样本的审查结果来推断总体的特征，因此，样本和总体之间必然会形成一定的误差，形成审计的抽样风险。随着信息化程度提高，被审计单位的会计信息资料会越来越多，差错和虚假的会计资料掺杂其中，失察的可能性也随之加大。虽然统计抽样是建立在坚实的数学理论基础之上，但其本身是允许存在一定的审计风险的。同样，大量的分析性审核也会产生相关风险，使审计风险的构成内容更4.内部审计管理的制度不健全
外文出处：Maijoor S. The Internal Control Explosion[J]. International Journal of Auditing, 2000, 4(1):101–109. 内部控制爆炸① 摘要：Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审计制度和内部控制，它已内部控制爆炸然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 关键词：机构理论；公司治理；外部审计；内部审计；内部控制制度；管理控制 1 概述 Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审计制度和内部控制，它已然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。例如，在最近的对于欧洲联盟内外部审计服务的内部市场形成的辩论中，监管建议建立关于内部控制和内部审计制度。虽然对有关内部控制的价值期望高，但Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制是对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 在审计和公司治理的公共政策辩论中，内部控制的概念越来越得到重视。公共越来①Maastricht Accounting and Auditing Research and Education Center (MARC), Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universiteit Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands s.maijoor@marc.unimaas.nl Fax: 31-43-3884876 Tel: 31-43-3883783
内部和外部审计监督的实证比较 理查德?L.拉特利夫、理查德?L.詹森、詹姆斯 C.弗拉格 管理审计杂志，第8 卷，第2章，2006 年，第9-16页 ? MCB 大学出版社，0268-6902 引言 审计监督项目的对象包括所有可以确保审核有效地进行的必要活动。监督一个审计项目与向管理方提出的审计报告息息相关。新西兰社会会计师公会在其审计准则中明确提出正确的审计业务过程中应当包含约定计划和监督。内部审计师协会（IIA）以及其在美国的总部与新西兰的区域分会在其《内部审计专业实践标准》中也提到：“审计工作应妥善计划和监督”。 总体审计项目监督中很重要的一方面就是对那些计划已得到批准的审计工作的监督。 内部审计师协会（IIA）重点要求审计项目应得到“妥善监管”，其中包括： ●指导审计人员的工作分配 ●监督审计方案的批准 ●确保有足够数量的审计底稿 ●保证足够的审计报告 ●确保审计目标的实现 ●监督审计过程中记录并保留证据 新西兰社会会计师公会在审计准则4中明确指出：“审计工作者应当小心地直接监督和审查那些委托助理们完成的工作。”为达到本文研究目的，这里引用准则4中提到的审计监督方面的术语包括“方向”“监督”“审查”。 “方向”包括“告知助理他们的职责和审计程序的目标”，督促他们并且“让他们知道那些可能会影响整个审计程序的性质、时间及进度的事项……”。准则针对正确的审计工作列出了时间计划表、计划备忘和审计书面方案。 “监督”包括监察审计工作的进展、对审计工作计划中要求修改的部分提出警告以及用自己的专业判断来解决问题。准则中同时还指出：对每一项由助理完成的工作必须进行检查。 尽管内部审计师协会（IIA）和新西兰社会会计师公会提供了一些关于审计监督的指导性意见，但除了公会简要的未明确定义出规划的时间表、计划备忘以
中小企业内部控制_外文参考文献 安徽工业大学毕业设计外文翻译 Private Enterprises of the intenal control issues Pulin Chang Economic Review. 2008, (5) Third, the promotion of private SMEs in the internal control system strategy (A) change management and business owners the concept of development. The majority of private small and medium enterprises in the family business, the success of these enterprises depends largely on internal control or entrepreneur leadership attention and level of implementation. Over the years, by traditional Chinese culture, business owners believe in Sincerity, fraternal loyalty permeate many aspects of enterprise management, strengthen internal controls that will affect the organization the members of distrust, resulting in internal control. Many private business owners that rely on business to do business benefits out of, rather than out of the internal financial management control; that the market is the most important internal control will be bound himself and staff development. Understanding of the bias, so that these leaders neglected the internal control system on the production and operation activities. Internal control can really become the leader of the internal needs of enterprise internal control system is the key to whether a mere formality. The internal control to make the internal needs of the enterprise depends largely on two points: First, determine
文献信息： 文献标题：A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs（科威特工业中小企业内部审计有效性的理论探讨）国外作者：Awn Metlib AL-SHBAIL，Turki A.A.TURKI 文献出处：《International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences》, 2017,1(7):107-116 字数统计：英文2221单词，12805字符；中文4184汉字 外文文献： A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Further, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if present) and the effectiveness of IA among industrial SMEs in Kuwait are investigated through satisfaction of internal auditors. By ascertaining the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms via theories as well as variables, this paper broadens the available literature on the effectiveness of IA. Key words：Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs 1.Introduction Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has
文献出处:Lakis V, Giriūnas L. THE CONCEPT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM: THEORETICAL ASPECT[J]. Ekonomika/Economics, 2012, 91(2). 原文 THE CONCEPT OF INTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM: THEORETICALASPECT Vaclovas Lakis, Lukas Giriūnas* Vilnius University, Lithuania Introduction One of the basic instruments of enterprise control, whose implementation in modern economic conditions provide conditions for achieving a competitive advantage over other enterprises is the creation of an effective internal control system. In the industry sector, the market is constantly changing, and this requires changing the attitude to internal control from treating it only in the financial aspect to the management of the control process. Internal control as such becomes an instrument and means of risk control, which helps the enterprise to achieve its goals and to perform its tasks. Only an effective internal control in the enterprise is able to help objectively assessing the potential development and tendencies of enterprise performance and thus to detect and eliminate the threats and risks in due time as well as to maintain a particular fixed level of risk and to provide for its reasonable
ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) ERP系统在财务报告内部控制的作用 【摘要】：萨班斯-奥克斯利法案法例中强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用内部控制反映公司的基本建设，为此 ERP系统软件开发供应商也增加了对内部控制的应用。他们认为，这些内置的控制和其他功能将帮助企业改善其财务报告内部控制就如萨班斯法案要求的那样。这项研究测试，通过检查萨班斯法案第404条在1994年和2003年之间实施ERP 系统的公司合规内控数据。其结果表明，应用ERP 的公司相对于未应用ERP的样本公司较少报告内部控制弱点。它还发现，这种差异存在一般控制和特别控制中。
关键词：企业资源规划；ERP；萨班斯-奥克斯利法案；萨班斯法案第404条；内部控制1简介 2002年的萨班斯法案要求企业将其内部控制的有效性的报告与财务报告作为一个整体努力，以减少欺诈和恢复完整的财务报告过程的一部分。ERP系统软件开发供应商已强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用“内置”控制反映公司基本建设。他们在营销理念强调了产品的功能，声称这些系统将帮助企业按萨班斯法案所要求提高内部控制的有效性。 这些供应商的声明激发了关于ERP系统对内部控制的影响一项有趣的实证问题研究。具体来说，是不是实现ERP系统的企业或多或少可能比未实现ERP系统的公司较少在其年度报告报告内部控制弱点？已经进行过这特定区域研究的经验/档案相对较少的，因为之前萨班斯法案内部控制的数据并没有被公开报道。这项研究的方法通过在文献资料检查一个已经宣布实施ERP系统和一个还没有类似的公司控制样本公司的抽样调查的内部控制数据来发现差距。 内部控制是在公司使用的以解决代理问题的许多机制之一。其他的机制还包括财务报告，编制预算，审计委员会和外部审计（Jensen和佩恩2003）。研究表明，内部控制降低了代理成本（Abdel-khalik 1993；Barefield 等，1993），有些甚至争辩说，即使没有萨班斯法案的要求，企业也有经济诱因报告内部控制（Deumes和Knechel，2008年）。他们的论点假定这些额外提供给有关的代理行为主体的信息可以减少了信息不对称和降低投资者的风险以及权益资本成本。其他的研究发现，内部控制报告与公司盈余质量有关, （Chan 等， 2008；Ashbaugh-Skaife等，2008） ERP系统提供了一种机制，运用内部控制，旨在保证控制的准确性和快速，准确的财务报告财务信息的可靠性报告给股东。 除了提供有关代理行为的外部委托人的增加保证，ERP系统也应有助于减轻大型企业各层次之间的管理的代理问题。使用内建控制以增加透明度的应该使各级代理商从中不可观察的行为中受益变得更加困难。这是可能的，但是，企业实施ERP系统可能无法利用的所有的内建的控制功能，无论是对经营合法的原因或者是因为管理层为了操纵盈余希望避免增加透明度的目的。通过这些控制措施的成效的检查，这项研究不仅扩展了研究机构的理论流，还考察这种盈余管理与内部控制、一般控制和特别控制之间相关的整体检验假说。 这项研究使用了108家在1994年和2003年之间宣布实施ERP系统的样本公司，与
中英文翻译 内部控制爆炸① 摘要：Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审计制度和内部控制，它已然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 关键词：机构理论；公司治理；外部审计；内部审计；内部控制制度；管理控制 1 概述 Power的1997版书以审计社会为主题的探讨使得审计活动在联合王国（英国）和北美得到扩散。由审计爆炸一同带动的是内部控制制度的兴起。审计已经从审计结果转向审 ①Maastricht Accounting and Auditing Research and Education Center (MARC), Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universiteit Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands s.maijoor@marc.unimaas.nl Fax: 31-43-3884876 Tel: 31-43-3883783
计制度和内部控制，它已然成为公众对公司治理和审计监管政策的辩论主题。例如，在最近的对于欧洲联盟内外部审计服务的内部市场形成的辩论中，监管建议建立关于内部控制和内部审计制度。虽然对有关内部控制的价值期望高，但Power表示对什么是有效的内部控制各方说法不一。本人对内部控制研究方面有一个合理的解释。内部控制是对非常不同概念的各个领域的会计进行探究，并研究如何控制不同水平的组织。因此，内部控制研究的各类之间的交叉影响是有限的，而且，许多内部会计控制是研究是再更宽广的公司治理问题的背景下进行的。所以，许多有关内部控制制度对公司治理的价值观点扔需要进行研究。 在审计和公司治理的公共政策辩论中，内部控制的概念越来越得到重视。公共越来越关注内部控制，令人对power在1997年英国和北美的书中的审计社会的现状有所信服。此书的主题是在Anglo-Saxon经济体的审计活动：审计爆炸的扩散。Power表示，联合开发与审计爆炸带动了内部控制制度兴起。增加监管问责制是公众对审计和公司治理政策辩论机构内部控制系统的一部分。然而Power注意到，尽管公众对内部控制的关注度迅速增加，内部控制的概念还是很模糊。他支出，内部控制是什么，内部控制的有效性的界定是内部控制的最基本问题。 本文讨论研究内部控制的兴起，认为内部控制的研究也有一些潜在的问题。首先，在以往的研究中，长期的内部控制涵盖完全不同的概念。其次，有关的内部控制研究机构的规模是有限的，要从孤立的学科进行交叉使用得到结果很难。因此，内部控制是尚未独立的研究范畴。最后，以往的对内部控制的研究没有彻底解决在审计和公司治理的公共政策辩论中谈到的内部控制有关问题。假设的内部控制、财务报告和公司治理的基本关系也没有被证实。 本文解构如下：在开始对内部控制进行研究和讨论之前，先介绍了两个主要的，在Power1997的书中所提出的发展：第一部分讨论了审计爆炸，第二部分讨论了内部控制的崛起。两者也讲被从欧盟的角度评论。第三部分讨论了什么是内部控制，并从会计研究的三个主要观点出发，研究内部控制制度。第四部分确定了内部控制和公司治理的公共政策辩论所承担的四个基本关系，并讨论之前的相关研究。最后一节提供了一个总结和结论。 2 内部控制的崛起 不论是否存在审计爆炸，Power1997和1998在审计中变得越来越重要。根据Power （1997年83爷），因为内部控制系统的可审计假设使得审计爆炸成为可能。根据更具体