Writing Introductions: Research Dissertations
Introductions to dissertations tend to be short but quite complex. Some of the more common moves include:
?establishing the context, background and/or importance of the topic
?giving a brief synopsis of the relevant literature
?indicating a problem, controversy or a gap in the field of study
?establishing the desirability of the research
?listing the research questions or hypotheses
?providing a synopsis of the research method(s)
?explaining the significance or value of the study
?defining certain key terms
?provide an overview of the dissertation structure
?explaining reasons for the writer's personal interest in the topic
Examples of phrases which are commonly employed to realise these functions are listed below. Note that there may be a certain amount of overlap between some of the categories under which the phrases are listed.
Establishing the importance of the topic:
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ....
It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the ....
X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
X is a common disorder characterised by ....
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ....
Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.
X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ....
In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .... The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease.
X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of ....
X is at the heart of our understanding of ....
Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given):
Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ....
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ....
In the arena of X , there has been a recent surge in interest and research.
Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in .... Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ....
Since 1949 the submarine area off X has undergone intensive investigation ....
The past decade has seen the rapid development and diffusion of X in many ....
The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of.....
Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ....
In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine .....
X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
One of the most important events of the 1970s was ....
Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ....
X was widespread in the Middle East in the 1920s.
Synopsis of Literature
Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine .... Previous studies have reported ....
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with ....
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ....
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with .... Recent evidence suggests that ....
Several attempts have been made to ....
A number of researchers have reported ....
Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977). What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... Studies of X show the importance of ....
Highlighting a problem in the field of study:
However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ....
However, a major problem with this kind of application is ....
Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks: However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ....There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ....
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ....
Highlighting a controversy in the field of study:
To date there has been little agreement on what ...
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ....
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ....
In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ....
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ….
This concept has recently bee n challenged by …. studies demonstrating …. Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study:
So far, however, there has been little discussion about ....
Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors ....
However, far too little attention has been paid to ....
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ....
So far this method has only been applied to ....
This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among .....
However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ....
What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ....
The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ....
Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ....
However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in .... Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for ....
No previous study has investigated X
Although extensive research has been carried out on ..., no single study exists which .... Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies:
Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ....
Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ....
Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they ....
However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of .....
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
Previous studies of X have not dealt with ....
Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ....
However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ….
Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ....
However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
X's analysis does not take account of .... nor does he examine ....
Stating the purpose:
Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ....
There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate .... 2. To ascertain ....
The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ....
The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between .....
The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with .... This thesis intends to determine the extent to which .... and whether ....
This thesis will examine the way in which the ....
This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ....
This dissertation seeks to explain the development of ....
This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....
Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ....
The aim of this study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of .... The major objective of this study was to investigate .....
One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ....
The objectives of this research are to determine ....
This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ...., and the effect
of ....
This study systematically reviews the data for...., aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of …..
Research questions or hypotheses
The central question in this dissertation asks how ....
In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
The hypothesis that will be tested is that ....
The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ....
This study aimed to address the following research questions:
Another question is whether ....
Synopsis of the method/sources of data
This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ....
This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi-structured interview methodology.
By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ....
This work takes the form of a case-study of the ....
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.
A holistic approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archaeological material to establish ....
The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: ....
The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .... Five works will be examined, all of which ....
Indicating limitations
Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of .... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the ....
The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on ....
Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad.
A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
Giving reasons for personal Interest*
My main reason for choosing this topic is personal interest.
I became interested in Xs after reading many of those articles in the national press which quoted evidence, often anecdotal, of ....
This project was conceived during my time working for X. As a medical advisor I witnessed ....
* sometimes found in the humanities, and social science disciplines
Outlining the structure:
The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ....
The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ....
The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ....
Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
.... and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into
this area.
.... Finally, areas for further research are identified.
Explaining key terms:
While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ....
Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to ....
In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
According to .... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of .... "
The term X is a relatively new name for ....., commonly referred to as ….
This definition is close to that of Smith (2009) who defined X as ....
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
问题解决型作文模板 /Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem…(问题) /It is important for us to…(问题). For instance_____________________(例一) First，_________________________(原因一). Moreover，_____________________(例二) Second，_______________________(原因二) 第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem． /Confronted with…(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation． Firstly，________________________(解决方法一) Secondly，______________________(解决方法二) 第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_______________(我的方法) /To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…(问题) One of them is ________________________(我的方法) The other way is_______________________(方法二)
By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y…(结果) 2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s no doubt that…. 现象解释型作文模板
A Comparative Study of Mate Selection Between American Youth and Chinese Youth Thesis Statement：Mate selection, which is governed by some invisible rules and principles, is a common practice throughout human history, but it differs from nation to nation for the cultural differences, and it won't be the same for the same reason． Outline： I. Introduction A. The significance of the discussion B. Layout of the paper II. Principles and rules that regulate the choice of a mate A. Five fundamental theories on mate selection in sociology 1．The theory of historical precedent 2. The theory of psycho-analysis
3. The theory of complementary need 4. The theory of value 5. The theory of filtering process B. Two general rules 1. Endogamy 2．Exogamy III. Important criteria in mate selection A. Chinese youth's expectation for a mate 1. Male's list of an ideal wife and female's list of an ideal husband 2. Qualities desired in a mate B. American's expectation for a mate 1. Qualities of an ideal mate 2. Other concerns IV. The similarities between two nations A. Age consideration B. Equity seeking V. The differences that are brought about by the cultural pattern A. Arranged marriage B. Views on sex
毕业论文引言写法 毕业论文引言又称绪论,毕业论文前言或毕业论文导论（后面都省略毕业论文）。科技论文主要由绪论、本论(结果和讨论)、结论三部分组成。绪论提出问题,本论分析问题,结论解决问题。引言是开篇之作,写引言于前,始能疾书于后,正所谓万事开头难。古代文论中有“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”之称。虽然科技论文不强调文章开头象凤头那样俊美、精采、引人入胜,但引言是给读者的第一印象,对全文有提纲挈领作用,不可等闲视之。 1. 毕业论文引言书写内容和格式-毕业论文引言这么写？ (1)说明论文的主题、范围和目的。 (2)说明本研究的起因、背景及相关领域简要历史回顾(前人做了哪些工作?哪些尚未解决?目前进展到何种程度?)。 (3)预期结果或本研究意义。 (4)引言一般不分段,长短视论文内容而定,涉及基础研究的论文引言较长,临床病例分析宜短。国外大多论文引言较长,一般在千字左右,这可能与国外内数期刊严格限制论文字数有关 所谓的引言就是为论文的写作立题，目的是引出下文。一篇论文只有“命题”成立，才有必要继续写下去，否则论文的写作就失去了意义。一般的引言包括这样两层意思：一是
“立题”的背景，说明论文选题在本学科领域的地位、作用以及目前研究的现状，特别是研究中存在的或没有解决的问题。二是针对现有研究的状况，确立本文拟要解决的问题，从而引出下文。一般作者在引言写作中存在这样两方面的问题。 1）文不着题，泛泛而谈。一些作者似乎把论文的引言看成是一种形式，是可有可无的部分，将引言的写作和正文的写作相分离，只是为了给论文加一顶帽子。常见的现象是，一般化地论述研究的重要性，甚至从技术所涉及的行业在国民经济中的地位开始谈起，就像一篇领导的讲话稿。就是落脚于研究的主题，也是从宏观谈起到微观结束，停留在一般性的论述较多。显然，这样做的结果是使读者无法准确地判断“论文命题”的具体价值，缺少对当前研究状况的概括和介绍，不知道作者的研究与以往的研究工作有什么不同？因此，科技论文的引言必须交代研究工作的背景，概括性地论述所研究问题的现状。对研究现状的论述，不仅是考查作者对资料的占有程度和熟悉程度，更重要的是从资料的全面程度和新旧程度可以判断研究工作的意义和价值，以及研究结果的可信度。 2）引文罗列，缺少分析和概括。引言不仅要反映背景的广度，更重要的是要考查作者对研究背景了解的深度。一般作者对研究的问题了解不深，在介绍研究现状时往往是列出一
英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。 撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。 IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题： Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？ Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？ Results（结果）：发现了什么? Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么? 按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。 英文科技论文的基本格式包括： Title-论文题目 Author(s)-作者姓名 Affiliation(s) and address(es)-联系方式 Abstract-摘要 Keywords-关键词 Body-正文 Acknowledgements-致谢，可空缺 References-参考文献 Appendix-附录，可空缺 Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定 其中正文为论文的主体部分，分为若干章节。一篇完整的科技论文的正文部分由以下内容构成： Introduction-引言/概述 Materials and Methods-材料和方法 Results-结果 Discussion-讨论 Conclusions-结论/总结 下面对科技论文主要构成部分的写法和注意事项进行详细介绍。
【推荐】英语专业标准论文格式要求-word范文 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议请及时联系，本司将予以删除 == 本文为word格式，简单修改即可使用，推荐下载！ == 英语专业标准论文格式要求 格式是否规范是一篇英语论文的主要判断标准之一，规范英语学术论文的格式，使之与国际惯例接轨，无论对于我们进行英文文章写作还是进行国际学术交流都具有重要意义。 本文以人文学科英语论文格式为参考，概述美国教育学术界常用的论文格式规范。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行(通常为by，居中)的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:dr./prof.c.prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:english 734或british novel)。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言，如果英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页(及提纲页)，而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即:有ⅰ应有ⅱ，有a应有b，以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
如果大家仔细看了这些高质量期刊对审稿人审稿的要求或者说直接点，就是对稿件的要求，我想大家心里都有底了。结合我个人的审稿经验，我个人认为一篇高质量的学术论文应该具有下面十个要素： （1）原创性 （2）创新性 （3）题目合适 （4）好的摘要 （5）论文组织论证严密（逻辑性强） （6）图表清晰可靠 （7）英语表达好，语法拼写等错误少 （8）精选参考文献 （9）LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊 （10）可读性，好的文章通俗易懂，有影响力 我审稿时看稿件的顺序是题目、摘要、图表、前言、参考文献和正文，我觉得题目、摘要、前言、图表、参考文献很重要，实验部分我觉得其次。大部分期刊的基本要求：原创性、创新性、图表、论证、组织、写作、参考文献。 一般国外期刊至少两个审稿人，也有三个甚至还有六七个的，审稿人会有不同的审稿方位和审稿重点，所以按照审稿人意见逐条仔细修改很重要的，当然主编根据多位审稿人的意见，进行综合后给出最终决定的，所以你在写作时要从审稿人的角度去写作尽量方方面面考虑到，语法、语言组织、论文逻辑结构、图表表达，实验结果配合理论、仿真等会更好，如果是快报，当然可以只给出实验结果也行。只有实验数据的文章，除非创新性很强，一般不会发表在高档期刊的。也许有人认为差一点的杂志档次要求应该低一些，实际上，如果你认为档次差一点的期刊要求低一些，这对你会有害处的，不管档次高低，高标准要求自己是最好的，而且现在低一点档次的期刊投稿数量越来越多，如何在这么多文章中脱颖而出并被录用，高标准是关键因素。 至于期刊的审稿周期，我审稿的期刊都要我一个月内审完，我都提前十天审完，如果审稿人一个月内没审完，可以申请延期。当然很好的查询审稿周期方法是：下载该期刊最近五六篇文章，查看摘要下面或者页尾的文章时间信息，会有submit、revise、accept 和available online 等信息，算算相关时间就能估计该期刊的审稿周期了。 现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项 （1）题目： 概括性强、体现创新性、精炼 题目写作注意事项： 英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或) 后置定语构成。例如：The fabrication of …。短语型题目要确定好中心
Writing an Introduction Elements of the introduction: 1.General statements about a field of research, to provide the reader with a setting or context for the problem to be reported and to claim its importance. 2.More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other researchers, laying a foundation of information already known. 3.Statements that indicate the need for more investigation, creating a gap for the present study. 4.Very specific statements giving the purpose/objectives of the writer’s study or outlining its main task. 5.Optional statements that give a positive value or justification for carrying out the study. 6.Statements that describe the structure or organization of the thesis. Organization 1.Introduction 1.1Background of the study (Setting: 1, 2) Recently, there has been wide interest in … The effect of … has been studied extensively in recent years. 1.2Literature Review (3) (if put in Part II, use Purpose and Significance/Implication of the study) Most studies have …. Much research has been done on …. Bachman (1990) showed that validity is an important aspect of writing language tests. … However, …/ Although many studies have been done on X, … 1.3Purpose of the study (4, 5) The purpose of this thesis is to analyze/investigate/explore/examine, etc. This thesis + describes/presents + the result of …. This thesis will discuss/deal with …. Significance or value: The study may provide an alternative …. The analysis may provide new insights into the teaching of literature in China. 1.4Structure of the thesis (6) The thesis contains four parts: Part 1 …. Part 2 is …. Part 3 …. Part 4 …. (Please refer to your outline.) For example: Using Microcomputers in Teaching During the past 40 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into life of people. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers are
四川外国语大学成都学院外语专业本科毕业论文写作规范 本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标的重要教学环节。毕业论文的写作是对学生综合素质的检验，它既是检测学生综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能进行科学研究、理论思考与实践设计能力的重要手段，也是对他们进行初步的科研训练，掌握基本的科研方法，培养学生观察问题、分析问题和解决问题能力的重要过程。本科毕业论文是学院教学档案的重要组成部分，为了进一步做好本科生毕业论文工作，加强本科毕业论文的规范管理，结合我院实际，特制定本写作规范。 一、毕业论文总要求 本科毕业论文要求学生在掌握本专业的基础理论、专门知识和基本技能的基础上，通过查阅相关资料，有条理、有逻辑地观察问题、分析问题和解决问题。论文要求观点鲜明、论据充分、论证有力、逻辑性强、条理清楚、文字正确通顺、格式规范。同时，论文鼓励学生进行思维与观念上的创新，培养学生的创新能力，鼓励学生发表新见解；论文应该科学合理地利用资料，严禁抄袭或剽窃他人的作品（具体要求见《四川外语学院成都学院本科生毕业论文撰写条例（暂行）》）。 二、毕业论文打印格式 （一）纸型：A4纸型，除封面外，全部双面打印。 （二）页码：页码从正文第二页开始打印（首页不显示），放在页面的底端，采用“页面底端居中”的格式。 （三）字体：用汉语撰写的论文统一采用“宋体”，用英语、法语、俄语、德语、西班牙语撰写的论文采用“时代新罗马（Times New Roman）” 字体，用日语撰写的论文采用“明朝体”。 （四）字号：论文正文的字号用“小四”，章节标题用“四号”加粗。（五）页边距：采用Windows XP默认页边距：上2.54厘米，下2.54厘米，左3.17厘米，右3.17厘米。 （六）装订线：左边1厘米。 （七）行数：每页44行。 （八）页眉页脚：页眉1.5厘米，页脚1.75厘米。 （九）行距：论文全文采用1.5倍行距。 （十）对齐方式：论文正文采用“两端对齐”的方式，标题或副标题采用“居中”的方式。 三、论文组成部分 本科生的毕业论文应该包括以下部分，字数在3000-4000之间： 第一部分：论文封面页（Cover Page） 第二部分：论文题目页（Title Page） 第三部分：论文目录页（Outline Page） 第四部分：论文正文（Body） 第五部分：论文尾注（Endnotes）
Paper Title (use style: paper title) Subtitle as needed Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3: City, Country line 4: e-mail: name@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a17279712.html, Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3: City, Country line 4: e-mail: name@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a17279712.html, Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. T he various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. DO NOT USE SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR MATH IN YOUR TITLE OR ABSTRACT. (Abstract) Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words) I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1) All manuscripts must be in English. These guidelines include complete descriptions of the fonts, spacing, and related information for producing your proceedings manuscripts. Please follow them and if you have any questions, direct them to the production editor in charge of your proceedings at Conference Publishing Services (CPS): Phone +1 (714) 821-8380 or Fax +1 (714) 761-1784. This template provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. PLEASE DO NOT RE-ADJUST THESE MARGINS. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow. II.T YPE S TYLE AND F ONTS Wherever Times is specified, Times Roman or Times New Roman may be used. If neither is available on your word processor, please use the font closest in appearance to Times. Avoid using bit-mapped fonts if possible. True-Type 1 or Open Type fonts are preferred. Please embed symbol fonts, as well, for math, etc. III.E ASE OF U SE A.Selecting a Template (Heading 2) First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the US-letter paper size. If you are using A4-sized paper, please close this template and download the file for A4 paper format called ―CPS_A4_format‖. B.Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications The template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations. IV.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLING Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you. Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar: A.Abbreviations and Acronyms Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. B.Units Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception
英文论文Introduction的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers 学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper）。The introduction section shows the questions that shoul d be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局 引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项： 1）介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等； 2）对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较； 3）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义； 4）说明自己研究课题的目的； 5）概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。 如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。 我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。 第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and p resent level of development……2) Reviewing previous researc h in this area……… 第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant
Writing Introductions: Research Dissertations Introductions to dissertations tend to be short but quite complex. Some of the more common moves include: ?establishing the context, background and/or importance of the topic ?giving a brief synopsis of the relevant literature ?indicating a problem, controversy or a gap in the field of study ?establishing the desirability of the research ?listing the research questions or hypotheses ?providing a synopsis of the research method(s) ?explaining the significance or value of the study ?defining certain key terms ?provide an overview of the dissertation structure ?explaining reasons for the writer's personal interest in the topic Examples of phrases which are commonly employed to realise these functions are listed below. Note that there may be a certain amount of overlap between some of the categories under which the phrases are listed. Establishing the importance of the topic: One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is .... It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .... X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries. X is a common disorder characterised by .... Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and .... Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known. X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y. In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .... In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .... The issue of X has received considerable critical attention. X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease. X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics. Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of .... X is at the heart of our understanding of .... Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given): Recent developments in X have heightened the need for .... In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in .... In the arena of X , there has been a recent surge in interest and research.
英语本科毕业论文撰写要求 1. 论文全篇除一级标题外，字体一律小四号，1.5倍行距。英文用Times New Roman字体，中文用宋体。 2. 所有英文标题实词首字母大写，英文书名斜体；中文书名用书名号。 3. 英文段落首行空4格英文字符，中文空2个中文字符。全文两端对齐。 4. 正文（从 Introduction开始到 Conclusion结束）不少于4200词。每一章另起一页，各小节之间空1行，无需分页。 容及顺序： 1．Title page （论文首页，具体要求见所附样稿，后同。） 2．诚信申明 3．Contents （目录） 4．Acknowledgements（鸣谢） 5．容提要（中文摘要） 6．Abstract（英文摘要） 7．（正文包括以下容） -- Introduction（简介：长度不超过2页） -- Chapter One…（论文不少于3章，各章须分小节，多极标题格式见目录页；每章不少于3页） -- Chapter Two… -- Chapter Three… -- Conclusion（结论：长度为1 － 2页） 8. Bibliography（参考书目，至少5本，不包括网址。参考书可均为英文书，也可中英文均有，但不可均为中文书）
样稿（论文首页） Dream Shattered -- A Tentative Analysis of Martin Eden (论文题目，加粗，居中，实词首字母大写，小二号字，该页其余部分四号字。) A Paper Presented to College of Continuing Education Shanghai International Studies University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By WANG Meiyuan (自己，姓大写，名首字母大写) Under the Supervision of Mr.（或）Ms. Xxx (导师，姓大写，名首字母大写) （空1行） December, 2011（论文定稿完成年月）