写作强化阶段讲义
吴浩George
wuhaoielts@
wuhaoielts2012
8243559
学习目标：
1.全面地了解IELTS写作
2.明确IELTS写作的要求
3.了解议论文的分类和主要类型的文章结构
4.掌握一种有效的句子构成法：四步句子速成法
5.了解各种图表作文的特征和各类图表的典型写作句型
6.熟悉各个话题的实用词汇和短语
第一讲：
第一部分：IELTS写作概述
An overview of the IELTS writing test 解决三个问题：
1.What: What is the format of the IELTS writing test?
Components of the writing test: task writing
T ask 1: to write a summary of some graphic or pictorial information.
Data：line chart, pie chart, bar chart, table, mixture
●Facts: flow chart, maps
T ask 2: to produce a written argument on a given topic.
●Opinion:
A/B(option A/option B), A/D(advantages/disadvantages) ●Solution:
Causes, Effects, Solutions
2.Why: Why is the test designed in this way?
The nature and goal of each task
T ask one
T ask two
3.How: How to achieve the writing goal of each task?
The criteria of the writing test
总结：IELTS写作就是用西方的思维方式和地道的英语表达来阐述合理的想法。
第二部分：议论文概述：
1.议论文的分类
1)问题现象类：
问题出现的原因
问题带来的影响
解决问题的方法
原因和方法最好是一一对应
2)表达观点类
对两个相对立的观点进行分析，最后得出自己的观点
观点对立的形式一般有两种：A/B, A/D
2. 议论文的结构
1)问题现象类
2)表达观点类
A.观点偏向型：一般采用5段式
B.观点中立型：一般采用4段式
观点中立型范文：
Question：The aging populations of more developed countries are going to cause social and economic problems for society in the future, especially for the younger generation. T o what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
In the modern world today, people are expected to live longer because of better health care resources, the availability of better quality foods and the higher standards of living. (介绍背景)While the changing age structure of society might be problematic, it should not always be viewed as something threatening. (文章布局)
There is no denying that constraints of time, money and space are placed on modern industrial societies with growing aged population and declining birth rates. (第一个观点) The most obvious would be the costs associated with caring for the elderly, funding their retirement pensions and providing residential care accommodation. (第一个论点) Governments cannot be expected to carry this burden alone. They would need to impose additional taxes on the younger population and shift some of the caring responsibilities onto the
extended families. (支撑论据)
However, the valuable contributions that active and healthy aged individuals can make should not be overlooked. (第二个观点) Firstly, these retired individuals could take the role of carers for their grandchildren, (第一个论点)allowing both parents to work longer hours and save on day care expenses. The extra earnings and savings could be used to impr ove the family‘s living standards.(支撑论据) Secondly, the retirees could volunteer their services as drivers for the very old and sick. (第二个论点)For example, they could deliver meals directly to their homes and assist with transportation to and from specialist appointments or hospital.(支撑论据)
In conclusion, there are both positive and negative issues associated with aging populations. It is best to take a balanced approach. People need to work together and recognize that all members of society contribute in many diverse ways to the well-being of the whole community. (本人的中立观点)
T ask 2 题目范围
第三部分：136写作基础词汇第一部分
Education:
The rise in maternal employment in all family types, combined with the rise in single calls for significant attention to building strong support structures
for children and teenagers.
development and getting useful of the civilian-run college students.
There's a growing that parents should
pay more attention to their children.
Staying up late makes him at his worst in terms of situation.
health.
The opinions of his are more important to him than his parents' ideas.
The relative price effect states that the only efficient
for employees is for employers to offer monetary rewards---the more money that is offered, the
As is well known, the failure or success of English learning is largely decided by students' motivation, therefore, as a teacher, the realization and arousal of
students' learning play an extremely important role in teaching a language.
The children are happy at the school, but they lack
Try to the names of all the people you see there tonight.
She has mastered English grammar and a large vocabulary without the help of a teacher.
Media
He finds it difficult to remain where his son is concerned.
the academic success of British students, a survey of teachers
favorite inspiration.
elegraph.
policy.
holiday.
I need someone look after the children while I'm at work.
Now we're going live to our reporter in Washington for
plan.
The book is extremely about life in Roman times.
His books aren't particularly well-written, but they're
第二讲：
第一部分：四步句子速成法
语言从构成上可以分为5个层次：词汇，短语，句子，段落和文章，其中句子是最重要的一层，因为它是构成完整意思的最小单元，也是我们文章的基石。
四步句子速成法讲解了如何一步一步写出好的英文句子，是一种对英语语法的全新运用方法。
第一步：运用三大基本概念写出完整的句子
三大基本概念：单词词性，句子成分以及句子结构。
第二步：熟悉英语特殊形式写出正确的句子
动词变化：时态，语态，第三人称单数
名词变化：单复数
第三步：掌握句式多变方法写出漂亮的句子
句式多变方法：非谓语动词，三大类从句，情态动词
1. 非谓语动词
1)不定式
2)动名词
3)现在分词
4)过去分词
2. 三大从句：
1)名词性从句（主，宾，表，同）
2)形容词性从句（定语从句）
3)副词性从句（状语从句）
3. 情态动词
情态动词是给出有关能力，可能性或必要性的助动词，后面跟不带to的不定式，其形式不改变。
第四步：了解特殊句式结构写出精彩的句子
特殊句式结构：倒装，插入，省略，强调，虚拟
第二部分：三大基本概念
写句子好比修房子，你需要知道房子的类型，各个部分具备什么功能以及可以使用什么建材。
三大基本概念明确了句子的结构，成分和构成。
三大基本概念：单词词性，句子成分以及句子结构。
1.单词词性：单词是构成语言的基础，词性决定了单词在语法结构中扮演的角色。
分类，分组记忆词性：
⑴. 实词：能够单独充当句子成分的单词共6种
A：名词&代词
B：形容词&副词
C：动词&数词
⑵. 虚词：不能单独充当句子成分的单词共4种
A: 介词&连词
B: 冠词&感叹词
2. 句子成分：句子成分是组成句子的零部件，各种句子成分具有不同的功能，承担不同的任务，英语中有6种主要句子成分和2种辅助句子成分。
主要句子成分：
1)主语: 句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一
个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。
主要充当者：名词、代词
Success is the result of good judgment.
Life lights the candle of hope.
We live and learn.
其它充当者：数词、从句、介词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式、名词化形容词（the + adj.）
2)谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主
语之后。
Violence on TV increased violent behavior.
3)宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。
主要充当者：名词、代词
Reading enriches our mind.
God help those who help themselves.
其它充当者：数词、从句、介词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式、名词化形容词（the + adj.）
4)定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。
一般翻译为―……..
的‖，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。
主要充当者：形容词，名词
A warm smile is the universal language.
College students
Credit card
Generation gap
Communication skills
其它充当者：代词、数词、名词所有格、介词短语、定语从句、动名词、现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式
5)状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。
按照功
能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。
主要充当者：副词
Thank you very much.
Furthermore, studying abroad can render students a
good opportunity to experience a totally different
culture.
其它充当者：介词短语，形容词，名词，独立主格，状语从句，状语从句省略结构，动名词、现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式
6)补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的性质或状态）、宾语
补足语（补充说明宾语的性质或状态）
主要充当者：形容词、名词
He died young.
He is called T om.
其它充当者：数词，介词短语，动名词、现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式
辅助句子成分
1)同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称
之为同位语。
充当者：名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语，从句、动词不定式、动名词
从句：The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.
2)插入语：插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、
解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。
充当者：副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等
Needless to say, he'll be off work for a while.
That's exactly what I expected.
3. 句子结构：句子结构就是句子的构成方式，掌握句子结构是写出正确句子的关键。
首先，英语有四大类句子类型
1)简单句：只含有一套句子结构的句子
2)并列句：由连接词连接两个或以上分句而形成的句子
3)复杂句：含有由引导词引导的从句的句子
4)并列复杂句：同时含有分句和从句的句子
Example:
1. Think it over and you will find a way.
2. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.
3. That the moon moves around the earth is well known to all of us.
简单句是所有句子的基础，5种结构要牢记：
1)主语+谓语
2)主语+谓语+宾语
3)主语+系动词+表语(主补)
4)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语
5)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
运用三大基本概念写出完整句子的步骤：
1)形成想法
2)确定句子类型
3)确定句子成分
4)确定句子构成
运用示范：
1)翻译：自动化显著地提高生产率。
2)选择句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语
3)选择句子成分：
主语---自动化：automation
谓语---提高：boost/improve
宾语---生产率：productivity
状语---显著地：substantially/significantly
4)组成句子：Automation substantially boost productivity.
5)检查：Automation substantially boost s productivity.
简单句翻译练习
1)有些人经常换工作。
2)开心的生活需要乐观的态度。
3)我们所有人都要对空气污染负责。
4)现在，学生经常在课堂上给朋友发短信。
5)现代技术使我们与其他国家的人能够面对面交流。
简单句翻译练习答案：
1)Some people change their jobs very frequently.
2)A happy life requires an optimistic attitude.
3)All of us are responsible for air pollution.
4)Nowadays, students frequently send their friends text
messages during their class.
5)Modern technology enables us to have a face-to-face
communication with people in other countries.
第三部分：图表写作概述
教材：基础写作p59--- p60
数据图文章的结构分为开篇，主体，结尾三个部分
各个部分的功能如下：
开篇：介绍主题
主体：数据分组
结尾：规律总结
数据图写作的关键是对数据的解读，也就是对数据所代表的含义的说明。
第四部分：图表开篇段句型
教材：基础写作p61
数据图开篇段的目的是向读者介绍文章所描述的主题，包含6种要素：图表名称，呈现动词，数据形式，数据对象，数据地点和数据时间。
例句：
The graph（图表名称）illustrates changes（呈现动词）in the amount of （数据形式）beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed（数据对象）in a particular European country (数据地点) between 1979 and 2004（数据时间）.
增加句式：
1.The chart
the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.
2.
and France in the years 1980 and 2000.
3.
family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
第五部分：线形图的特点
Line graphs show how information or data change over time. They highlight trends.
趋势描写的常用词汇和句型
教材：基础写作p61/62
趋势：
1.上升和下降
Adjective + Noun
From 2001 till 2004, there was a gradual increase in DVD sales in Australia, from 2 to 3 million- a rise of 50%. Verb + Adverb
From 2001 till 2004, DVD sales in Australia increased gradually from 2 to 3 million- a rise of 50%.
More examples:
2. 保持不变
T o remain stable/constant/steady
T o stay unchanged at
T o level off
Share values have leveled off after yesterday's steep rise.
3. 经历波动
T o fluctuate/fluctuation
T o go up and down
T o rise and fall
T o vary
The number of unemployed fluctuates between two and three million.
4. 达到峰值
线形图练习
Fill in the blanks in the following text. Use a different verb or phrase for each space.
The graph (1) ______________the number of professional and manual jobs available over a 20-year period. The number of manual job vacancies (2) -______________dramatically between 1985 and 1990, but then it (3) ______________over the next 5 years from 1990 to 1995. The number of professional jobs available also (4) -______________between 1985 and 1990, reaching a peak of approximately 15,000. The figures then (5)______________until 2005, when they (6) -______________to 10,000. The figures for manual jobs (7) -______________since 1995. These figures (8) -______________that, overall, there are fewer professional jobs available than manual jobs.
答案：
The graph (1) shows the number of professional and manual jobs available over a 20-year period. The number of manual
job vacancies (2) rose/increased dramatically between 1985 and 1990, but then it (3) fell/dropped over the next 5 years from 1990 to 1995. The number of professional jobs available also (4) rose/increased between 1985 and 1990, reaching a peak of approximately 15,000. The figures then (5) remained the same/showed no change until 2005, when they
(6) dropped/fell to 10,000. The figures for manual jobs (7) have remained the same/have not changed since 1995. These figures (8) indicate that, overall, there are fewer professional jobs available than manual jobs.
第六部分：136写作基础词汇第二部分
T echnology
She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely .
There have been in medicine in the last ten years.
We have
greatly in our knowledge of the universe.
is too much information for one human being to absorb in an expanding world of people and
technology.
These scandals will not the
organization's reputation/image.
The total nearly £200 by donations from
parents.
.
The industry is one of the
most profitable industries in our country.
Government
The heating system has recently been modified to make it more
第三讲：
第一部分：特殊英语形式
英语当中有一些语法现象是中文中所没有的，同学们也就自然而然对这些语法现象感到陌生，这就造成了同学们在处理这些语法现象的时候容易犯错。
这些英语中特殊的语法现象包括两种词的变化形式：动词和名词。
名词的特殊形式在于英语中名词分为可数和不可数名词，而且可数名词还具有单复数的变化。
可数不可数练习：
Fill in the gaps with amount, number, few, little, many or much.
How much sleep do we need?
The 1___________ of sleep each person needs dependents on 2___________ factors, including age. Infants generally require about 16 hours a day. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to be the ideal 3___________ of sleep, although a 4___________ people may need as 5___________ as five hours‘sleep or as 6___________ as ten hours‘sleep
each day. Getting too 7___________ sleep creates a sleep debt, and eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid.
A large 8___________ of people over 65 have frequent sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep stages in 9___________ elderly people often become very short or stop completely. Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In 10___________ cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing Microsleeps. The widespread practice of burning the candle at both ends in western industrialized societies has created so 11___________ sleep deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.
可数不可数练习答案：
How much sleep do we need?
The amount of sleep each person needs dependents on many factors, including age. Infants generally require about 16 hours a day. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night
appears to be the ideal amount of sleep, although a few people may need as little/few as five hours‘sleep or as much/many as ten hours‘sleep each day. Getting too little sleep creates a sleep debt, and eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid.
A large number of people over 65 have frequent sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep stages in many elderly people often become very short or stop completely. Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In many cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing Microsleeps. The widespread practice of burning the candle at both ends in western industrialized societies has created so much sleep deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.
动词的特殊形式在于其在表示不同的时态，语态和人称数时其形式会随之改变。
时态的功能：先决定自己的意图再选择时态。
主要时态的功能：
1. 一般现在时:
1)经常性的习惯或反复发生的动作：（描述频率的词汇包括：
always, usually, every day…）
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2)一般存在的状态：
My parents own a restaurant.
3)陈述事实或广为接受的真理：
Students don‘t generally hav e much money.
4)提供指导或指示：
You go down to the traffic lights, and then you turn left. 5)讲述故事，电影，书籍或戏剧：
In the film, the tea lady falls in love with the Prime Minister.
2. 现在进行时：
1)现在的情况或状态：
I‘m studying really hard for my exam.
My cousin is living in Thailand at the moment.
2)说话间正在发生的动作：
I‘m waiting for my friends.
3)趋势或正变化的情况：
The price of petrol is rising dramatically.
现在时态练习：
Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the box in the correct present tense.
We 1___________ energy for three main things: electricity production, heating and transport. For the first two, we 2___________ options such as solar and wind power, or natural gas. But oil is still the world‘s number one source of energy, and for transport at least, there is currently no alternative. In China, domestic energy consumption 3___________ year by year and demand in similar regions 4___________ fast. We 5___________ how to use energy more efficiently now than in the past but the worldwide rise in demand 6___________ concern amongst experts. Some experts 7___________ that oil supplies will start to fall within the next twenty years. Most experts 8___________ that we need to find a new source of energy soon.
现在时态练习答案：
We use energy for three main things: electricity production, heating and transport. For the first two, we have options such as solar and wind power, or natural gas. But oil is still the world‘s number one source of energy, and for transport
at least, there is currently no alternative. In China, domestic energy consumption is going up year by year and demand in similar regions is catching up fast. We know how to use energy more efficiently now than in the past but the worldwide rise in demand is causing concern amongst experts. Some experts think that oil supplies will start to fall within the next twenty years. Most experts agree that we need to find a new source of energy soon.
3. 一般过去时：
1)过去已经完成的动作
A few weeks ago a woman called to report a robbery at her home.
2)按照发生顺序描述的一系列动作
The burglar came in through the front door, picked up the woman‘s handbag, emptied it out and stole her purse.
3)过去的习惯动作
When her son got older he often went out to visit his friends after school.
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
4)过去长时间保持的，现在已经发生改变的状态
Bill Murphy worked for the police force for over 17 years.
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
一般过去时练习
Fill in the gaps in this model answer with verbs from the box in the past simple.
Thanks to modern technology, there have been enormous changes in the workplace over the past 100 years.
What are the most significant changes that have occurred and what changes do you foresee in the next 100 years?
The pace of change in the world of technology is amazing. It 1___________ (not) long ago that the postal service 2___________ our only way to communicate over any distance. It 3___________ days and sometimes weeks to receive letters from within the same country. As a result, the news in the letters 4___________ already out of date when people 5___________ them. In the workplace, this 6___________ that business was mostly conducted locally
over relatively short distances.
When Alexander Graham Bell 7___________ the telephone in 1876 it 8___________ the foundation for the communication system we have today. The telephone 9___________ two people to communicate instantly across a great distance. Eventually computers 10___________ typewriters and dramatically 11___________ the speed of our daily work life. Nowadays the Internet is an essential part of every business.
However, it is not just communications that have changed. Only 50 years ago most people 12___________ （not）a car. People 13___________ to work or 14___________ bicycles. Changes in travel as well as the increased speed of communications have led to the global business world that we have today.
一般过去时练习答案：
The pace of change in the world of technology is amazing. It was not long ago that the postal service was our only way to communicate over any distance. It took days and sometimes
weeks to receive letters from within the same country. As a result, the news in the letters was already out of date when people received them. In the workplace, this meant that business was mostly conducted locally over relatively short distances.
When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 it laid the foundation for the communication system we have today. The telephone allowed two people to communicate instantly across a great distance. Eventually computers replaced typewriters and dramatically increased the speed of our daily work life. Nowadays the Internet is an essential part of every business.
However, it is not just communications that have changed. Only 50 years ago most people did not own a car. People walked to work or rode bicycles. Changes in travel as well as the increased speed of communications have led to the global business world that we have today.
4. 现在完成时
1)到现在为止还未结束的一段时间：
I‘ve written a rough plan this morning.
2)现在之前的过去某个时间点已经发生的事情，但对现在有
影响：
I‘ve collected plenty of information.
3)起源于过去，并延续到现在的某种状态：
I‘ve worked really hard for the last two weeks.
现在完成时练习：
Look at the chart and fill in the gaps with the past simple or
present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets to make true sentences.
Percentage of UK adults to have used the Internet
1.The chart shows the percentage of British adults who
___________(use) the Internet since 1995.
2.The number of women who have ever used the Internet
___________ (increase) by more than 60% since 1995. 3.The percentage of men who have accessed the Internet
___________ (rise) to 60% in 2005.
4.The number of women to have accessed the Internet
___________ (rise) each year.
5.The percentage of men who used the Internet
___________ (be) greater than the percentage of women from 1995 to 2005.
6.However, British women ___________(overtake) British
men in Internet usage since 2005.
7.The total number of people accessing the Internet
___________(grow) each year although the most significant rise ___________ (occur) between 1995 and 2000.
现在完成时练习答案：
1.The chart shows the percentage of British adults who
have used the Internet since 1995.
2.The number of women who have ever used the Internet
has increased by more than 60% since 1995.
3.The percentage of men who have accessed the Internet
rose to 60% in 2005.
4.The number of women to have accessed the Internet has
risen each year.
5.The percentage of men who used the Internet was greater
than the percentage of women from 1995 to 2005.
6.However, British women have overtaken British men in
Internet usage since 2005.
7.The total number of people accessing the Internet has
grown each year although the most significant rise occurred between 1995 and 2000.
被动语态表达的是什么事情发生在某物上面。
它的谓语动词构成形式是：be+过去分词
The union is being run by 7 executive officers.
被动语态一般在以下几种情况中使用：
1 当宾语比主语更重要，施动者或很明显，不重要或不为人知：
All applications are processed on the spot.
2 在正式写作中使其较少出现人格化：
You are advised to return the application form within three days.
3 当描述一个过程时
The union is run by seven executive officers who are elected by students.
第二部分：流程图的特点&顺序词的使用
顺序词总结：
流程图写作练习：
The diagrams show how a traditional canoe (1) _______________. First, a suitable tree (2) _______________and then the bark (3) _______________off in one piece. Next, the bark (4) _______________in a river so that it becomes soft and pliable. It (5) _______________
(then) over a fire but it should (6) _______________ (not) to burn. In order to shape the bark, it should (7) _______________between two trees that are growing close together. Finally, once the bark has cooled, the edges (8) _______________together. Your canoe (9) _______________. These canoes (l0) _______________for fishing.
流程图写作练习答案：
The diagrams show how a traditional canoe (1) is made. First, a suitable tree (2) is chosen and then the bark (3) is stripped off in one piece. Next, the bark (4) is soaked in a river so that it becomes soft and pliable. It (5) is then heated (then) over a fire but it should (6) not be allowed (not) to burn. In order to shape the bark, it should (7) be placed between two trees that are growing close together. Finally, once the bark has cooled, the edges (8) are sewn together. Your canoe (9) is finished. These canoes (l0) are used (by indigenous
people) for fishing.
第三部分：地图的特点&表替换常用的词汇和句型replace, convert, turn over, become, change
give way to=make way for
1)T ourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main
industry.
2)The room was converted from a kitchen to a lavatory.
3)Grants are being offered to farmers who agree to turn
over their land to woodland and forests.
4)In some areas, modern intensive farming is giving way to
the re-introduction of traditional methods.
第四部分：136写作基础词汇第三部分
T ourism
Learning a foreign language can
Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the
Thus, they can come closer to the advanced science and
profoundness of science and technology.
The organization works to friendship between nations.
As the Hawaii of the East, swimming at the beaches of
The tend to be suspicious of strangers.
It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and
organization and its publics.
Language
cause many social dislocations.
public opinion.
Scientists say that seventy-four different kinds of living
each year.。
