浅谈定语从句的译法 1.源文本分析 著名的翻译理论家赖斯认为：“文本类型决定翻译方法。”她根据不同的特点将文本分为：信息性文本、表达性文本、呼唤性文本以及视听文本。信息性文本的特点是以内容为主，主要作用是传递信息、知识和交换意见。信息发出者（作者）和信息的形式均被放在突出的位置。其典型代表是虚构性文学作品（Katharina Reiss，1971）。根据赖斯的定义，“《王牌》—特朗普家族风气的揭秘”主要作用就是交流信息、知识和意见，以内容为主，属于典型的信息性文本。 笔者在翻譯这篇文章时发现，原文定语从句共有22例，这无疑增加了翻译的难度，也成了这次翻译实践的最大难题。为了充分认识这一困难，以便进一步解决它，笔者对照原文，阅读了一些大家的经典译本和对定语从句的相关论述，运用尤金·奈达的功能对等理论浅谈定语从句的译法，以求解决我在这方面的困惑。 2.翻译实例剖析 美国语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家尤金·A·奈达（1964）从语言学的角度出发，根据翻译的本质，提出了著名的“功能对等”翻译理论。奈达认为翻译就是在译语中再现与源语信息最贴切的自然对等物，是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息，语言文化的差异决定源语和目的语之间只能做到相对的对等。奈达“功能对等”理论中的对等包括词汇对等、句法对等、篇章对等和文体对等四个方面。而在这四个方面中，奈达认为“意义是最重要的，形式其次，形式很可能掩藏源语的文化意义并阻碍文化交流”（郭建中，2000）。采用功能对等原则时，“内容第一，形式第二”。 因此，我们在理解和翻译现代英语中的定语从句时就不能局限于句式上的对等，正确理解源句并找出其中的逻辑关系是准确翻译的前提，选择恰当的汉语句式将源句意思准确完整地表达出来则是翻译的最终目标。 2.1前置法 英译汉时，把简短的定语从句的意思放在前行词之前，这种方法成为前置法。 （1）Seperating the real harassment from the benign behavior that seems to come with the territory. 译文：将真正的骚扰与那些看似天经地义的宽厚亲切举动区别开。 定语从句that seems to come with the territory修饰benign behavior，这个定语从句简单，内容易理解，故可采用前置法，使目标语读者更好地理解原文信息，
2008高考语文复习定语从句典型错误例析 在使用定语从句过程中,有些学生往往会出现这样或那样的错误.为避免这些错误,现对一些常见错误作以归纳： 1 ．从句中多余宾语 [误] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. [正] The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth. 上例中,关系代词that或which在定语从句中作宾语,可省去,因此,从句中宾语it多余. 2 ．从句中缺少主语 [误] He is the professor gave us a speech yesterday. [正] He is the professor who gave us a speech yesterday. 关系代词who 或that在定语从句中做主语不能省略,否则,句子结构不完整. 3 ．从句中主谓不一致 [误]I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you. [正]I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you. 定语从句中,关系代词做主语时,应注意主谓一致,也就是说,根据先行词的人称和数来确定从句中谓语动词的形式.如：- I just spoke to the doctor who is an eye specialist. He was the only one of youngest girls who plays in the band. 4．搭配错误 [误]Don’t talk about such things that you do not understand. [正]Don’t talk about such things as you do not understand. 在such…as结构中,as所引导的中定语从句时,不能用其它关系代词代替,但在the same…as结构中,如属同类则用as,如: 如You’ve made the same mistake as I did ,not changed ,not another or others作之意时,则需用that，如You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time。 5．关系代词误用 （1）what与that误用 [误]All what she could do was to go back home. [正]All that she could do was to go back home. what一词不能引导定语从句.当先行词是all时,应用关系词that引导定语从句,另外,有些复合不定代词（如nothing everything:等）作先行词,或先行词受形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时,关系代词常用that而不用which.如::They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory. （2）Who与whom误用 [误]The citizens ,most of who were workers ,welcomed the new mayor. [正]The citizens ,most of whom were workers ,welcomed the new mayor. 关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰人时用Whom;同样,关系代词紧跟介词后面引导定词从句修饰物时用which 如:The two things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and
【初中英语】定语从句知识点总结 一、定语从句 1．This is the most beautiful picture __________ I have ever seen. A．that B．which C．what D．who 【答案】A 【解析】 句意：这是我见过的最漂亮的画。考查定语从句。先行词被最高级修饰时，引导词应用that。 结合句意和语境可知选A。 点睛：限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的几种情况： 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing （something 除外）, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如： Have you set down everything that Mr Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有被邀请参加婚礼的 客人都是重要人物。2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first American movie that I watched was the Titanic. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best museum that I have visited all my life. 4. 当先行词被the very, the only, the first / last等修饰时。如：She is the only person that understands me. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd? 站在人群前 面的那个人是谁？Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in? 哪一间是王先生住的房间？ 当先行词人与物时。如：Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如：She admired the way （that） they solved the questions. 2．Mr.Brown is a teacher is strict with all is students. A．which B．who C．where 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 句意“布朗是一个对所有的学生都严格的老师”。 本题考查定语从句。A.指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；B.指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；C.表示地方，在从句中作地点状语。本句话中先行词为a teacher，指人，在从句中作主语，故选B。 【点睛】 做定语从句的题时，可先将先行词还原到句中。其次选择关系词，要先看先行词指人、指
定语从句的注意事项 一、定语从句中宜用that而不用which的情况 1．先行词是不定代词的时候，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。 [eg.] We should do all that is useful to the people. [eg.] There is nothing that can be said about it. [eg.] Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? 2．先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very等词修饰时。 [eg.] The only thing that we can do was to wait. [eg.] You can take any seat that is free. [eg.] That is the very word that is wrongly used. [eg.] This is only one of the evidences that reveal his crime. 3．先行词是序数词或者被序数词修饰时。 [eg.] This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term. 4．先行词是最高级或者被最高级修饰时。 [eg.] This is the best that can be done now. [eg.] the most important thing that he should do is how to stop him from going on. 5．先行词既有人又有物。 [eg.] The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known. 6．先行词为数词时。 [eg.] Yesterday I caught two fish and out them into a basin of water. Now you can see the two that is still alive. 7．如果有两个从句，其中一个关系词以用which为关系词，另一个应该用that。 Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 8．主句是there be结构修饰其主语的定语从句用that作为关系词。 [eg.] There is still a seat in the corner that is still free. 9．先行词为表语的时候，或者关系带词本身是定语从句的表语，宜用that。 [eg.] This is a good book that will help you a lot. [eg.] My home village is no longer the place that it used to be. 10．一些特殊词为先行词的时候用that作先行词 [eg.] The way that you deal with him would ignite him. 二、定语从句中宜用which而不用that的情况 1．当关系带词前面有介词时。 [eg.] A zoo is a park in which many kids of animals are kept for exhibition. 2．在非限定性定语从句中。 [eg.] Crusoe’s dog, which was now very old, became ill and dead. 3．在一个句子中有两个从句，其中一个用了that，另外一个用which。 [eg.] Let me show you the novel that I barrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 4．当关系代词后有插入语时。 [eg.] Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
定语从句改错 请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正。 1. This is the factory where we visited last week. 2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking. 3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two. 4. The house in that we live is very small. 5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow. 6. I’ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library. 7. This is the best film which I have ever seen. 8. My father talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country. 9. Everything which we saw was of great interest. 10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died. 11. The reason which he didn’t go to school is that he was ill. 12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands. 13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard. 14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors. 15. We’re going to visit the school where your brother works there.
定语从句的连接词不可以用what． 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 关系副词有where, when, why等。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 指人，在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. … (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. / 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning @ 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow ^ 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous. (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) We”ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/wh o) we have often talked about. "
定语从句的注意事项 一、主谓一致 这是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词一致的问题。 1、取决于先行词，先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数。 Eg，Mr Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you. The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to seee you. 2、“one of+可数名词复数”后的定语从句，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only/ very/right one of+可数名词复数”后的定语从句，谓语动词用单数形式。 Eg，Jeff is one of the students who were awarded. 杰夫是当时获奖的学生之一。 Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded. 杰夫是唯一一个获奖的学生。 二、宜用that不用which的情况 that 和which在定语从句中都可以做主语或宾语，指物。作宾语时，均可省略。通常情况下，二者可以互换使用。但有时不可以随便互换。 1、当先行词是指物的不定代词，如all，much，little，few，something，anything，everything，none，nothing等或被不定代词修饰时。 Eg, You should hand in all tht you have. I did nothing that might hurt you. 2、当先行词有the only，the same，the very，the last等词修饰时。 Eg，These articles are the very ones that should be read. Charring was the only thing that interested her most. 3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 Eg，This is the best film that has been seen shown so far in the city. He was the first that gave us some useful advice. 4、当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。 Eg，Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Which of us that knows something about physics can not join electric wires? 5、当先行词有两个或两个以上，并且分别表示人和物时。 Eg，She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in. 三、宜用which不用that的情况 1、先行词本身就是that时。 Eg，What’s that which flashed in the sky just now 2、在定语从句中作介词宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。 Eg，I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these coins. 四、宜用who不用that的情况 1、先行词如果是指人的不定代词或指示代词，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody,anybody,
引导定语从句的有：关系代词who(whom, whose)，which, that和关系副词when, where, why等。例如： The girl who had lunch with me yesterday is my girl friend.昨天与我共进午餐的那个女孩是我的女朋友。(girl是先行词，who是关系代词) The book that(which)I am reading is very interesting.我正在看的这本书非常有趣。(book是先行词，that是关系代词) 现略谈一谈关系代词和关系副词的作用和用法，引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用，它们可以作定语从句的一个成分： 一、关系代词可以作定语从句的主语、宾语或定语。 1.who指人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语；whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语。例如： (1)This is Uncle Li who mended computers for us.这就是为我们修电脑的李叔叔。 The student who(that)is playing with a yoyo is only seven.正在玩溜溜球的那个学生仅仅七岁。 (2) This is the man(whom)I met in Australian last month.这就是我上个月在澳大利亚遇见的那个人。 The soldier whom you want to see has already come.你要见的那名士兵已经来了。 (3)There is nobody here whose name is Gu Jianfei.这儿没有名叫顾剑飞的人。 My aunt whose photo I showed you yesterday will come to see us this evening.我姨妈今晚要来看我们，她的照片昨天我给你看过。 2.which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如： (1)Take the pencil which is lying on the desk.把课桌上的那支铅笔拿去。 We visited the Jade Buddha Temple, which is in the northwestern part of Shanghai.我们参观了玉佛寺，它在上海西北边。 (2)The factory which we visited yesterday is very famous in the world.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是全球闻名的。
定语从句十大典型错误例析 [错例展示] 1. I am sorry I have lost the book you lent it to me last week. 2. Mary is the only one of us who have been to the Great Wall. 3. Is this museum that you paid a visit to a few days ago? 4. Please show me the book which cover is red. 5. Don’t worry. I will do all what I can to help you out. 6. It is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world. 7. I will never forget the day when we spent together in No. 1 Middle School. 8. My glasses, without them I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. 9. The weather turned out to be very good, that was more than we had expected. 10. It was in this factory where my father had worked for more than 20 years. [指点迷津] 1. 去掉it。定语从句you lent to me last week前省略了关系代词that / which, that / which在定语从句中充当宾语，it与关系代词重复，应去掉。 2. have → has。关系代词作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。例句中关系代词who指代的是先行词the only one of us，故谓语动词用单数。 3. 在that前加the one或者museum前加the。解这类题时，不妨先将疑问语序改为陈述语序。this museum是主句的主语，故应添加the one作主句的表语，同时也充当定语从句的先行词。当然，如果this单独作主语，那么在museum前加the，即the museum作了主句的表语，同时充当了先行词。 4. which → whose。whose作定语限定cover，whose cover在定语从句中作主语。注意：whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以是人，还可以是物。 5. what → that或将what删除。that引导定语从句修饰先行词all，that在从句中作宾语也可省略。注意：what不能引导定语从句。当然，也可以将例句中的all 删除，这样，what I can就成了宾语从句。 6. It → As或将逗号改为that。关系代词as作“这一点”解，指代后面整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句，并且在从句中作主语。也可以将逗号改为that，这样，
定语从句 1、定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句． 2、定语从句用来修饰名词，代词或整个主句． 3、定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 4、定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词+从句 5、定语从句的构成步骤： 1）找出先行词 a．确定从句中关系代词的人称和数。 b．确定定语从句的位置（一般定语从句都紧跟在先行词后） 2）确定关系代词在从句中所担当的成分，以确定关系代词的格。 3）确定从句时态，根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态（它的时态和语态都不受主句的限制）。（一）定语从句及相关术语 1、定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句 2. 代替先行词 3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分 （二）关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 (1) I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you. (2) The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. (3) He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well. （one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式） (4) He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well. the (only；very；right) one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式） 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当动词或介词的宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.（whom 作介词about的宾语）
摘要 在翻译的实践中,很多人常常苦于那些比较复杂的定语从句，觉得无从下手，有时甚至完全脱离了原句的意义。因此，根据定语从句的语法现象，从定语从句的基本类型和用法方面出发，进行探讨，从而归纳出一些定语从句翻译的方法。 关键词：限制性定语从句，非限制性的定语从句，兼有状语职能的定语从句，翻译方法。In translation practice, many people often suffer from that more complex attributive clause, feel overwhelming, sometimes even completely out of the original sentence meaning. Accordingly, according to the attributive clause grammatical phenomena, from the basic type of the attributive clause and usage aspects, were discussed, which induces some attributive clause translation methods. Keywords: restrictive attributive clause, the restrictive attributive clause, both adverbials function attributive clause, translation methods. 众所周知，英语中有许多语法现象，而定语从句则是英语中最主要最常见的语法现象之一。在英语学习中我们经常会遇到关于定语从句的句子，我们如能恰如其分地汉译定语从句，则会对整句，乃至整篇文章的理解有很大帮助。英语定语从句可按它与先行词在逻辑含义上不同的紧密程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。它们含有特定的翻译方法。此外，兼有状语职能的定语从句是一种特殊的定语从句，译法有许多相同之处，因此也与上述各类定语从句一起讨论。 限制性定语从句的译法 一、限制性定语从句和所修饰的名词或代词(称为先行词)之间的关系十分密切,是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰说明语。带有限制性定语从句的句子里,主句的含意是不完整的,要靠从句补充说明,全句概念才能表达清楚。限制性定语从句与主句之间没有逗号。例如:Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。限制性定语从句的翻译往往可以采用以下三种方法。 1.合译法 所谓合译法,主要是指把英语限制性定语从句译成汉语的“…的?字结构” ,放在被修饰词之前,从而把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句。合译法尤其适合于翻译结构不很长的限制性定语从句,不论是先行词前面有定冠词的(称为意义上的)限制性定语从句,还是先行词前无定冠词的(称为形式上的)限制性定语从句,都可采用这种译法。In the room where the electronic computers kept ,there must be no dust at all .在存放电子计算机的房间里,不能有一本点灰尘。英语中,有些限制性定语从句可省略关系词,翻译时也同样采用合译法。例如:The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have.分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。(第二个定语从句中省略了关系代词which或that)The time nuclear fission takes place vast energy is released. 核裂变发生时,放出大量的能。( 定语从句中省略了when)以as引导的限制性定语从句的翻译值得特别注意。关系代词as经常与such ,the same ,as many ,as much等配合使用。在这些句型中,as引导限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语,表语,宾语等。以as 引导的这类限制性定语从句往往有比较固定的一些译法: (1) such + (名词) + as 或such as 通常译为“象……之类的”、“象……(这)那样的”, “……的一种”等。例如:Without rubber there would be no automobiles such as we have today.如果没有橡胶,就不会有我们今天这样的汽车。(2) the same ……as 通常译为“和……一样的”、“与……相同的”。例如:A color transmission contains the same information as a black and white transmission.彩色传输所容纳的信息,和黑白传输容纳的信息一样。
定语从句改错 一、误用关系词 I will never forget the days when we spent together on the farm. This is the factory where he was invited to visit last month. He save a son which I have ever help in our school. The news which we never forgot to be invited to the party is a lie 二、宾语重叠 As we all know it , the earth is round. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see it carried out the next month. He is such a strong man as we all expected him. This is a long river which we have never seen it . 三、缺少先行词或关系词 Is this park where his father works? I went to the village they grew up. Are those people who were praised in the meeting. Is this the day we held the party for daughter. 四、whose的误用 I live in a house whose the window faces south. This is the student whose’s parents died in the fire. The son whose the father worked in our officer is my employee. I loved the flowers of which owner is a poor boy. 五、忽略标点符号的作用 The old man has three sons, all of them are workers. He washed three windows, one of them is broken. We spent three days in our village , and was never forgot . Don’t carry the plan out of the kitchen, in that case you might have the house on fire.
高考英语定语从句知识点知识点 一、选择题 1．Car races are recorded and uploaded to YouTube and other video platforms, ______________ they can be viewed repeatedly. A．which B．where C．when D．there 2．Until now, we have raised 100,000 pounds for the poor children, ___________ is quite unexpected. A．that B．which C．who D．it 3．Optimism is the essential ingredient of top performers,__________we assume separates the high achievers from the rest. A．as B．who C．which D．that 4．The past decades have witnessed China’s many scientific achieve ments, _____ the development of Shenwei supercomputers is a typical example. A．to which B．for which C．at which D．of which 5．John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members. A．them B．that C．which D．whom 6．The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system______ students were able to choose their own courses of study. A．on which B．about which C．to which D．by which 7．5G is an exciting mobile technology, ________ will give a massive boost to smart cities and vehicles. A．where B．when C．that D．which 8．—How did you find your way here？ —It was by following the travel brochure _____ the route is clearly clarified. A．that B．how C．where D．which 9．My brother bought a telescope, ______ he could study the star in the night sky. A．of which B．through which C．in which D．on which 10．The beautiful dress _______ Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers. A．that B．which C．in which D．wearing which 11．We came to a place ______ they had never paid a visit before. A．in which B．to which C．what D．which 12．She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ________ allows them to communicate freely with each other. A．which B．where C．what D．who 13．You were really between a rock and a hard place ______ you had to choose between your career and your relationship. A．when B．where C．before D．until 14．We won’t forget the heroes ________ lost their lives while fighting against a forest fire. A．who B．whose C．when D．why