Part I Reading Comprehension (45 points)
Questions 1--5 are based on the following passage:
Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest.
A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."
To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.
Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues(暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.
1. This passage is mainly concerned with _______.
a. the importance of eye contact
b. the potency of nonverbal techniques
c. successful speech delivery
d. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks
2. According to the passage, a good speaker must _____.
a. "sealo" his or her ideas to an audience
b. maintain direct eye contact with listeners
c. be very persuasive and believable
d. be exceptionally well-disposed
3. The word "target" in the last sentence of the first paragraph can best be replaced by
________.
a. "destination"
b. "goal"
c. "audience"
d. "followers"
4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons will
inevitably ____.
a. smile to each other
b. feel awkward and look away immediately
c. try to make a conversation with each other
d. none of the above
5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits for
the speaker EXCEP that it doesn't ________.
a. help the speaker to control the audience
b. help the speaker to gain audience interest and esteem
c. help the speaker to know whether he is talking too much about a certain point
d. help the speaker to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speech Questions 6--10 are based on the following passage:
After the very active and successful tenure(任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job.
The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals(报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions(制裁)are imposed by the international community.
President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned(不结盟的)nations.
At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government.
The Congolese president's aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.
6. In the first paragraph, the word "successor" refers to ________.
a. a person who enjoyed a successful career in politics
b. a person who was very popular in the political arena
c. the person who was to lead the organization
d. the former head of the organization
7. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Nguesso ______.
a. is Congolese
b. knew that it was very difficult for him to be elected
c. was elected without any opposition
d. has held a meeting in the Ethipion capital
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
a. President Sassou Nguess has decided to visit as many African countries as possible.
b. President Sassou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth Kaunda that a
meeting be held of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa.
c.President Sassou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech there.
d. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, the
racist regime of Pretoria will probably take revenge on its neighbors.
9. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Nguesso has been working really
hard to ________.
a. prove himself a trustworthy president
b. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctions
against the racist regime of Pretoria.
c. show to the whole world the strength and power of the Organization of African
Unity
d. seek financial support from some advanced countries to promote African economy.
10. This piece is most probably taken from _____.
a. a newspaper report
b. a biography
c. a history book
d. a Who's Who
Questions 11--15 are based on the following passage:
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working).This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working─temperature will rise─milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from
starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,
as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors─pedestrians or other cars in the intersection ─must also be present.
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
11. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _______.
a. relationships between causes and results
b. classification of reasoning
c. some other common types of reasoning
d. some special type of reasoning
12. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _______.
a. from cause to effect
b. from effect to cause
c. from effect to effect and on the cause
d. from effect to cause and on to another effect
13. A necessary cause is ______.
a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
b. one of the causes that can produce the effect
c. one that is enough to make the effect occur
d. none of them
14. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been
cut off. The power failure is a ________.
a. necessary cause
b. sufficient cause
c. contributory cause
d. none of them
15. This passage mainly discusses ______.
a. causal reasoning
b. various types of reasoning
c. classification of causes
d. the causal process
Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teen-agers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree withtheir parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance.
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is
that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕茧) ─into a larger cocoon.
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come─with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
16. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell _______.
a. readers how to be popular with people around
b. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
c. parents how to control and guide their children
d. people how to understand and respect each other
17. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their
own, but, in fact, most of them ______.
a. have much difficulty understanding each other
b. lack confidence
c. dare not cope with problems single-handed
d. are very much afraid of getting lost
18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
a. There is no popularity that really counts.
b. What many parents are dong is in fact hindering their children from finding their
own paths.
c. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
d. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually
doing he same.
19. The author thinks of advertisements as _______.
a. convincing
b. influential
c. instructive
d. authoritative
20. During the teen-age years, one should learn to _____.
a. differ from others in as many ways as possible
b. get into the right season and become popular
c. find one's real self
d. rebel against parents and the popularity wave
Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage:
It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates(变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent(犯法的) and sexually precocious(早熟).Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.
There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.
It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises(大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer hill School where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal(肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.
21. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on ______.
a. the effect of smoking among children
b. the difficulty in preventing children from smoking
c. the reasons why children start smoking among children
d. the measures to ban smoking among children
22. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?
a. Disobedience
b. Laziness
c. Lack of intelligence
d. Vanity
23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
a. Some children start to smoke out of curiosity
b. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.
c. In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workers
should not smoke.
d. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adults
from smoking.
24. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.
a. should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied.
b. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.
c. should be introduced though it may not work effectively.
d. needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children.
25. The author's attitude towards his writing is ______.
a. objective
b. emotional
c. critical
d. indifferent
Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage:
When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20,1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man's history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, itwas nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery.
And Armstrong's historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module(宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth─"one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" ─was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.
As for the pictures reputedly(一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun─a notion that most people take for granted.
The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax(骗局) in history.
From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.
The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.
The society's belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point ofthe North Pole.
The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle(环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthierargue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.
26. To the International Flat Earth ResearchSociety, man's first landing on the moon was
_______.
a. one of the most inspiring events in man's history
b. only a well-conducted experiment
c. just a smartly-performed trick
d. a science-fiction piece produced by a certain scriptwriter
27. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?
a. It now has about 1,400 members.
b. Its headquarters are in both Great Britain and the United States.
c. After its foundation in 1800, it was called the Zetetic Society.
d. In 1956, Samuel Shelton changed its name to the present titl
e.
28. According to the society's belief, ________.
a. the earth is flat and the Arctic is an impenetrable ice-cold girdle around the earth
b. the Antarctic region is a compact island mass
c. some explorers had made successful transantarctic expeditions
d. much of the accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth is sheer
nonsense
29. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the Passage?
a. The International Flat Earth Research society
b. Man's First Landing on the Moon
c. The Zetetic Society
d. The Evils of Science
30. This piece is written ______.
a. in a matter-of-fact way
b. in a sarcastic tone
c. with a touch of irony
d. as a joke
Part II Translate the following into Chine( 10 points)
I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.
Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction (收缩) of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.
Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets inthe nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing(排队) up at a supermarket. And the proprietor(店主)knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.
Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points)
31. Mr. White was told again and again to ______ smoking but he just wouldn't listen.
a. cut through
b. cut off
c. cut down
d. cut away
32. The Greyhound ______ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m. and started for
Washington D.C. at 6:20p.m..
a. pulled up
b. pulled down
c. pulled out
d. pulled on
33. Can you give me another hint without _______ the answer?
a. giving off
b. giving away
c. giving up
d. giving in
34. Columbus was ___ his times in his belief that the Earth was round.
a. in front of
b. in advance of
c. before
d. ahead of
35. Nowadays a large number of people buy ___ Christmas trees instead of real ones.
a. false
b. fake
c. sham
d. artificial
36. Though he is only 7years old, he has a ______ imagination.
a. faithful
b. fertile
c. frank
d. furious
37. The doctor _____ me that the discomfort would disappear in a couple of days if I
followed his advice.
a. assured
b. confirmed
c. ensured
d. confessed
38. It is not considered _____ to litter in public.
a. respectful
b. respective
c. respected
d. respectable
39. The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers but distant
enough to reduce _______ hazards(危险).
a. feasible
b. positive
c. potential
d. substantial
40. We ____ so as not to wake the child.
a. whispered
b. moaned
c. grunted
d. muttered
41. Electric eels use charges to ______ prey and also stun them before they eat them.
a. examine
b. detect
c. determine
d. search
42. Metal must be hammered and cooled rapidly to ______ internal stress caused by
heating.
a. retain
b. release
c. relieve
d. replace
43. Almost every layman I have met exhibits ______ and how they are written.
a. the real curiosity about the songs
b. a real curiosity about the songs
c. real curiosity about the songs
d. a real curiosity about songs
44. Rosa is quiet and introverted(内向的), and she objects to _______ her living room with
dozens of people in the apartment.
a. share
b. sharing
c. having shared
d. have shared
45. We haven't seen our neighbor for over a week. They ______ on a trip abroad.
a. could go
b. must go
c. may have gone
d. should have gone
46. The Government has promised to do ____ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the
homeless.
a. what
b. all
c. that
d. which
47. The bartender walked out ____ the counter and began to drive the drunk out of the bar.
a. from before
b. from under
c. from behind
d. from across
48. ______ how to operate a switchboard, I had to ask the office supervisor to show me the
correct procedures.
a. Not known
b. Not knowing
c. Not to know
d. Having not known
49. The pilot felt something _____ wrong with the engine just before the plane took off.
a. go
b. went
c. was going
d. to go
50. I prefer his plan to yours, ___ it is more practical and easier to be carried out.
a. for which
b. for that
c. in which
d. in that
51. ______ that they're young and inexperienced, they've done quite a good job.
a. Being
b. Provided
c. Given
d. Now
52. ______ the door than somebody started knocking on it.
a. I had closed no sooner
b. I had no sooner closed
c. No sooner have I closed
d. No sooner I closed
53. The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ______ killed him two years ago.
a. the effects of which
b. the effects of it
c. finally
d. that
54. In my opinion, he's ________ imaginative of all the contemporary poets.
a. quite the most
b. very the most
c. by far the most
d. rather the most
55. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he ______ out of a painting by Xu
Beihong.
a. come
b. has come
c. is coming
d. had come
56. Pumas, which are large, cat-like animals,will not attack human beings if they _______
undisturbed.
a. leave
b. left
c. are left
d. have left
57. When we sold our ranch and moved to town, mother had decided _______ opening a
day nursery.
a. to
b. on
c. in
d. for
58. Their dog was a substitute ______ the children they had never had.
a. as
b. of
c. to
d. for
59. Please drop in whenever you can. I'd like to keep _____ touch.
a. in
b. on
c. to
d. with
60. Everybody knows that the earth is spherical, ______?
a. doesn't he
b. doesn't she
c. don't they
d. doesn't it
Part IV Cloze( 10 points)
In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds __61__ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are __62__ together because, very soon, they will be flying __63__ to much warmer lands, where they will find __64__ the small flying insects on which they __65__. There are no such insects __66__ in Britain during the winter; it is __67__ cold for them.
The swallows settle, fly off, swoop, and __68__ again. this they do many times, for they are making short __69__ flights in order to be fit for the long journey __70__ them.
__71__ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly __72__ for hundreds of miles __73__ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with __74__.
In the spring of the following year they __75__ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the __76__ district which they had left the __77__ autumn. How do these birds find their__78__ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly __79__, but it has something to do __80__ winds and air currents.
61. a. being perched b. perched
c. being perching
d. be perched
62. a. gathering b. assembling
c. waiting
d. forming
63. a. to south b. the south
c. to southwards
d. south
64. a. a great number of b. a great deal of
c. plenty of
d. numerous
65. a. feed b. are fed
c. eat
d. rely
66. a. near b. about c. nearby d. over
67. a. too b. a bit c. very d. much
68. a. fly off b. swoop c. settle d. turn back
69. a. practical b. practicing
c. practice
d. practiced
70. a. in advance b. ahead of
c. in front of
d. in front
71. a. Swarms b. Herds
c. Flocks
d. Schools
72. a. firmly b. stoutly
c. harshly
d. steadily
73. a. until b. before c. when d. as
74. a. in the way b. on the way
c. half the way
d. all the way
75. a. take b. fly c. find d. make
76. a. old b. original
c. familiar
d. identical
77. a. before b. previous
c. above going
d. former
78. a. way b. path c. course d. route
79. a. why b. when c. how d. what
80. a. against b. away c. for d. with
Part V Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled THE V ALUE OF SCIENCE. You should write no less than 150 words.
北京体育大学博士入学考试历 年试题 （包括教育学、训练学、运动生理）
英语 由于北体的往年英语试题拿不到，所以一开始对于考试的题型完全不懂，后来通过多条渠道才了解到（这里感谢体育考博群的不死鸟友情提供）。 现在的英语题型有 词汇题（20 道，10 分）， 完形填空（20 道，10 分）， 阅读理解（6 篇，30 道，30 分）， 英语翻译汉语（20 分）， 汉语翻译英语（15 分）， 作文（15 分）。开始复习词汇时，自己以为考博至少应该是 6 级以上的，所以复习时以 6 级词汇和考研词汇为主，同时也做了一些其它高校的博士英语试题，但是见到题目后才知道我复习的这个思路错了。大部分的词汇都是词组，6 级词汇一个都没有出现，比如第一道是考 hang on ,hang up,等等词汇辨析，题目大意是：一个人在打电话，然后说——，我去拿一下笔和纸。所以基本 20 道都是考这种词组辨析。另外还有考语法，语法这个我当时猜到了，基本要是考语法就是考倒装和虚拟。所以这两部分搞清楚了语法应该可以拿的下来。完形填空就没有什么好讲的了，因为题量大，基本每道题目都是只看一遍，所以完型填空考得什么内容也想不起来了，但是总体感觉完型填空不会很难，不会到那种你自己都看晕的地步。阅读理解虽然有 6 篇，但是并不是每篇篇幅都很长，这次第 5 篇阅读很短，好像我记忆
中只有 8 行，只有 1 段，也算是一篇，所以只要看的顺，应该都来得及，但是所有的题目基本都是只看一遍答案就要出来，阅读文章是也是，一开始的几篇你还有时间回头找内容，到了后面基本就没有时间回头认真找了，我记得后面 20 分钟我做了 3 篇阅读。总体的难度我也不好说，因为一直以来我觉得英语分数是最难估分的，不过感觉就是看完后都可以找得到答案，不会像考研那样最终有两个让你不知道该选那个。很多人都说很简单，反正我没有这种感觉。还有一个很重要的是，北体考试有规定词汇和阅读理解做完后要收上去，然后才开始做英汉互译。词汇，完形填空和阅读规定 1.5 个小时做完。接下来英汉互译和作文 1.5 个小时。英语翻译汉语是翻译一篇文章，今年考得是翻译 NBA 明星克莱德。德雷克斯勒的运动生涯，有 5 段，翻译过程中会穿插着一些专业俗语，比如今年就考到灌篮、急停跳投等等一些篮球术语，除此之外还有一些人名和地名，比如他大学时效力的队伍，和奥拉朱旺还有其他人一起成为三大中锋等等。除了这些术语，其它的还好，不过很多人考出来后都说这部分时间花了很多，我也是，一开始的时候都想好好的翻译，结果这篇翻译下来就花了我40 分钟。还有人花了 1 个小时。所以时间上要把握好。汉语翻译英语是 5 个句子，在句子中也是出现了较多的地名和术语，今年出现了亚特兰大、巴西（郁闷，平常要是看到单词肯定知道，但是看到中文叫我写英文，我傻了）还有出现垒球、获得金牌等等。本人建议要是真打算考博，最好要好好的把体育英语学学，不管什么运动项目都要看看，听说前年考得是排球，再前年考得是骨骼肌的什么运动。 "
中国人民大学博士入学考试考博试题真题 II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages
patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately ____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking < 9 in level lowest its to month, .last points 15> < D. plummeted C. mutated B. soared A.> < computers files destroyed that computer___ a is Melissa> < the around users of thousands frustrated> < disease vires genius < competition> < fabulous edible negligent >
2017年博士研究生招生考试参考书目 考试科目参考书目编著者出版社1001英语无 1002俄语无 1003日语无 1004德语无 2001马克思主义原理（含原著）原著部分参考书目：《共产党宣言》、《德意志意识形态》、《资本论》第1卷 2002运动生理学《运动生理学高级教程》田野高等教育出版社2003年 2003中外文论《中国美学史大纲》叶朗 北京大学出版社1985年 版 《当代文学理论导读》 【英】拉曼·塞 尔登等著；刘象 愚译 北京大学出版社2006年 版 《理论是什么——文学理论反思 研究》 邢建昌人民出版社2011年 2004汉语言文字学（综合卷）《中国语言学史》王力 复旦大学出版社2014年 版 《汉语音韵学》王力中华书局2014年版 《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘商务印书馆1979年版《汉语词汇学史》符淮青 外语教育与研究出版社， 2012年版 2005文史综合《中国文学史》袁行霈高等教育出版社《中国通史》吕思勉华东师大出版社《中国文献学》张舜徽中州书画社
2006中国现当代文学与文论无 2007中国考古学《中国大百科全书·考古卷》夏鼐等 大百科全书出版社 1986 年版 《新中国的考古发现和研究》社科院考古所文物出版社 1984年版《新中国考古五十年》 文物编辑委员 会 文物出版社 1999年版 2008中国古代史无2009中国近现代史无 2010专业综合一（点集拓扑、近世代数、泛函分析）《点集拓扑学》熊金城高等教育出版社，2003 《近世代数》张禾瑞高等教育出版社，1978 《泛函分析讲义》（上册） 张恭庆 林源渠 北京大学出版社，1987 2011专业综合二（概率论、模式识别、泛函分析）《概率论与数理统计教程》 （第二版） 魏宗舒高等教育出版社，2008 《模式识别》（第三版）张学工清华大学出版社，2010 《泛函分析讲义》（上册） 张恭庆 林源渠 北京大学出版社,1987 2012量子力学《量子力学》周世勋高等教育出版社，2005年 2013地理科学导论《地理学：科学地位与社会功能》蔡运龙陈彦光 阙维民等 科学出版社 （2012年第一版） 2014植物学《植物学》马炜梁主编高等教育出版社2015分子生物学《分子生物学》（第三版）朱玉贤编高等教育出版社2016高级生态学《现代生态学》戈峰科学出版社 2017医学分子生物学《医学分子生物学》药立波主编人民卫生出版社（第三版） 2018生物化学《生物化学》（第三版）王镜岩等主编高等教育出版社
同济大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题《病理生理学》 1993 一、肺栓塞引起的血气变化及其机制 二、E DRF在缺氧性肺动脉高压发病中的作用及其机制 三、酸中毒对机体的影响及其机制 四、对以下病理过程下简明精确的定义：1心理衰竭2休克3DIC4应激5发热 五、举两例说明病理变化的两重性以及在一定条件下矛盾主要方面和次要方面的转化。 六、高血压引起心力衰竭的机制。 （任选5题，每题20分） 1994 一、A RDS病人呼吸衰竭的类型及机制 二、I型呼衰与U型呼衰的氧疗有何不同？为什么？ 三、心衰与休克的血流动力学变化有何异同？心肌梗塞的心衰与心源性休克有何不同？ 为什么? 四、酸中毒对心肌收缩功能的影响及机制。代谢性与呼吸性酸中毒哪种影响更大， 五、举例说明： 1、病理变化的生物学意义的两重性 2、药物作用的双向性 3、病理过程中的正反馈与负反馈 4、生理反应与病理反应 六、血管阻力的法定单位和测定与计算方法。 1995 一、P aQ正常的缺氧有那些类型？如何从血气变化去辨别？ 二、呼酸合并代碱时血pH、PaQ，HCQ和PaQ的变化 三、休克时微血管淤血的机制。 四、心肌舒张功能障碍的原因和机制。 五、呼吸衰竭时肺动脉压的变化及机制 六、举例说明为何用"一分为二”的观点去认识疾病。 1996 一、高钾血症的原因有哪些？ 二、贫血病人动脉血和静脉血间氧含量差减少的机制？ 三、应激性溃疡的发病机制？ 四、鉴别肾性与肾前性肾功能衰竭的指标？各指标在两类肾衰中变化不同的机制？ 五、老年人PaQ为何低于年轻人？机制？ 六、肺动脉高压本身对肺功能有何影响？为什么？ 1997 一、H PV的发病机制 七、高渗性脱水与低渗性脱水的病因和病生变化的异同？ 二、A G增高型与AG正常型代酸的原因和发病机制有何不同？ 三、多器官功能衰竭的发病机制？同济医科大学2000年病理生理学（博士）
2017年中山大学考博病理学 一、名词解释 1.cachexia 2.Krukenberg tumor 3.septicemia 4.caseous necrosis 5.anaplasia 6.Barrett’s esophagus 7.nutmeg liver 8.graft vasus host rejection 9.carcinoma in situ 10.Wilms tumor 二、简答题 1.通过风湿病的病理改变解释炎症的过程 2.What is the diagnostic principles of lymphoma? 3.What is thrombosis? Explain its effects to human. 4.Please list the complicated (advanced) lesion of atherosclerosis? 5.列举出小肠的感染性和寄生虫性溃疡的类型及其肉眼观和镜下观的主要不同之处。 三、问答题 1.列举出肝硬化分型并描述其镜下特征和临床表现。 2.What is the metastasis mechanism of malignant tumor? 3.A male, 54 years old, physical test, CT show a 4.5×2.7 occupied lesion on the left upper lung, wi th a obscure boundary， list three diagnosis and describe its pathological manifestation. How to give a final diagnose? 4.What is the application and unsuitable conditions of intraoperative frozen secion. 2016年中山大学考博病理学 1.炎性假瘤 2.原位癌 3.桥本甲状腺炎 4.隐性肺癌 5.碎片状坏死 6.镜影细胞 7.快速冰冻病理检查 8.派杰氏病 二、简答题 1.病毒性脑炎 2.结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺瘤的区别 3.癌前病变，举5例 4.良性胃溃疡与胃溃疡恶变的鉴别 5.免疫组化 6.纤维板层型干细胞 三、问答题 1.膀胱尿路上皮癌的分级
山东医科大学2000年病理生理学（博士） 1、染色体畸变及发生机制 2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明 3、消化性溃疡的发病机制 4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响 5、肺动脉高压的分类 6、ET、ON的生理学作用 7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制8、血浆粘度升高的原因 9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系 山东医科大学1998年病理生理学（博士） 1.试述高血压病人的细胞膜改变及功能障碍 2.补体在细胞膜损伤种的作用 3.生长因子的分类及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用 4.Insulin Receptor异常的基因图变型及分子结构 5.何谓高凝状态及生理情况下的高凝状态 6.内皮细胞损伤与动脉粥样硬化的关系 7.肝内胆汁淤积症的发病机制8.消化性溃疡的发病机制 9.G-6-PD缺乏引起溶贫的机制10.休克时细胞流态变化 同济医科大学2004年病理生理学（专基）（博士） 一.名词解释 1.isobaric point 2.anion gap 3.bacterial translocation 4.enterogenous cyanosis 5.isotonic hypoxemia 6.反常性酸性尿 7.细胞凋亡 8.多系统器官衰竭 9.肾素依赖性高血压 10.病理过程 二.问答 1.简述失控的全身炎症反应的类型及其特点 2.从血流动力学角度概括心力衰竭的临床表现 3.试述SARS病人呼吸衰竭的可能机制 同济医科大学2003年病理生理学（专基）（博士） 一.名词解释 1. 呼吸衰竭 2. 肾功能衰竭 3. 多器官功能障碍综合征 4. 病理性凋亡 二、脑死亡的概念?判断脑死亡的标准? 三、AG增高型与AG正常型酸中毒的原因和血氯的变化有何不同? 血氯变化的机制? 四、心肌肥大的原因?心肌肥大影响心功能的机制有哪些? 五、通过哪些实验结果才能确定交感神经在心肌肥大发生中的作 用? 同济医科大学博士入学考试试题心血管专业2004年 公共题： 1、感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则 2、溶血性，阻塞性和肝细胞性黄疸的鉴别诊断（包括临床表现和 实验室检查） 3、失水的分类依据及主要病因 4、慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则 专业题： 名词解释：1.心室重构 2.心房电重构3.胰岛素抵抗4.存活心肌 5.二联律法则 问答：1、急性心肌梗塞的二级预防 2、高血压危象的治疗原则 3、beta受体阻滞剂和ACE阻断剂治疗心力衰竭的要点 4、心源性晕厥的病因 同济医科大学2002年病理生理学（博士） 一，名词解释 1、健康 2、良性应激 3、病理性凋亡 4、细胞信号转导 5、反常性碱性尿 6、多器官功能障碍综合症 二、部分气道阻塞时Pa CO2可以升高、降低或正常。试述何种情 况下出现？机制如何？ 三、休克淤血缺氧期微循环淤血的机制。 四、CRI的尿量、酸碱平衡和血钙变化及其机制。 五、心肌舒张功能障碍的机制。 六、举例说明在疾病中肺和脑的相互作用。 同济医科大学2001年病理生理学（博士） 一、名词解释 1、Heart failure 2、Hypoxemia 3、缺血再灌注 4、低钠血症 5、CO2麻醉 二、问答题 1、代谢性酸中毒对心血管系统和中枢神经系统的影响及机制 2、试述低镁血症对神经和肌肉的影响及机制 3、休克期微循环淤滞的机制 4、慢性肾功能衰竭时低钙血症的机制。 同济医科大学2000年病理生理学（博士） 一、名词解释 1、MSOF 2、ARDS 3、CRF 4、心力衰竭 5、血液性缺氧 二、问答题 1、试述低钾血症时对心肌的影响 2、试述低渗性脱水对机体的影响 3、试述休克时微循环淤滞的机制 4、试述代谢性酸中毒对机体的影响 同济医科大学2000年内科学（博士） 一、名词解释（选5题，每题5分，共25分） 1.Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭 3.脾功能亢进 5.Graves病 2.卓-艾综合征 4.肾病综合征 6.高血压危象 二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。 三、试述PSVT的ECG表现及临床表现。 四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。 五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。 六、试述1985年DM诊断标准。 七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些 同济医科大学1999年内科学（博士） 一、肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分） 二、ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）
博士入学考试试题 1 心外科 2000年上海第二医科大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题 1、纵隔肿瘤分类特点 2、VSD手术适应症，分类，临床表现 3、TAPVC的解剖分型 4、DORV的分类，手术适应症 5、漏斗胸 2001年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题 一名词解释（4分/题） 1 胸出口综合征 2 肺错构溜 3 血气胸 4 法乐四联症5Edstein畸形 二问答题 1试述心肌保护方法的新进展（12分） 2食管癌的临床病理分期和外科治疗的原则（15分） 3急性胸部损伤的综合处理原则（13分） 2002年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题 一名词解释（4分/题） 1LABP2DeBakey(II)3INR4双向Glenn术5Rastellir术6Bentall术 二写出下列名词的正常值（2分/题） 1激活凝血时间2 二尖瓣面积（成人）3 碱剩余4 潮气量 5 全肺阻力 6 尿游离血红蛋白 7 左心射血分数 二问答题（8分/题） 1矫正型大血管转位传导系统的解剖特点？ 2比较法乐氏四联症与右心室双向出口的异同点？ 3冠状搭桥术前危险因素的评估包哪些内容？ 4婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点有哪些？ 2003年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题 一名词解释（5*3） 1急性排斥反应 2DebakeyIII型 3组织工程心脏瓣膜 二问答题 1完全性大动脉错位的手术方式有哪些？（10分） 2气管。主支气管钝性外伤的好发部位及机制（10分） 3冠心病心肌梗死的并发症有哪些？外科治疗的适应症和禁忌症？（10分）三选择题（每题15分，心外学生选第一题，胸外选第二题） 1婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点？ 2肺减容术的手术原理、适应征？ 2005年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题
四川大学2015博士学位研究生入学考试试题 四川大学博士学位2015年研究生入学考试试题 代码:3088科目:微生物学 1，作文题 1。埃博拉疫苗研发策略简介 A:埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒引起的高度传染性和致死性疾病由于埃博拉病毒的风险极高，且缺乏有效的治疗方法，该病毒与马尔堡病毒和拉沙病毒一起被归类为BSL-4病毒，属于最危险的病原微生物。目前，埃博拉病毒疫苗的研发策略为: ①传统疫苗:在传统的埃博拉病毒疫苗研发中，没有具有发展前景的疫苗，包括消防疫苗、减毒活疫苗和传统亚单位疫苗等。灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗通常不能有效刺激机体产生免疫保护，减毒活疫苗也有潜在的致病风险 ②基因工程疫苗:包括基因工程亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、DNA 疫苗、基因缺失活疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗等 (1)DNA疫苗:限于考虑DNA疫苗的安全性和免疫刺激活性的问题，现有的DNA疫苗不能有效地引入宿主细胞，这影响了其免疫效率。因此，目前还没有关于将EBOV疫苗单独应用于非人类灵长类动物的研究报告，但是它可以与其他载体疫苗结合使用以形成长期的免疫保护。(2)病毒样颗粒疫苗:它是一种没有核酸的空壳结构。其余结构与天然病毒相似，具有良好的免疫原性和生物活性。然而，这种疫苗
仍处于实验探索阶段。 (3)病毒载体疫苗:目前，腺病毒载体疫苗vAd3-EBOV和重组水泡性口炎病毒载体疫苗rvsvv△G-EBOV-GP已成为最有前途的病毒载体疫苗目前，这两种疫苗正在进一步应用于临床试验。 2。啤酒酵母表达分泌型重组蛋白的基本过程简介 A:在啤酒酵母中，只有分泌的蛋白质可以被糖基化需要糖基化的重组蛋白必须是分泌蛋白酿酒酵母可以对重组蛋白进行乙酰化修饰、无位点特异性的丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸化修饰、天冬氨酸糖基化和丝氨酸/苏氨酸糖基化修饰酿酒酵母糖基化修饰使用单个甘露糖残基，并且N-糖基化修饰由1，3-和1，6-甘露糖残基组成，其通常形成40-200个甘露糖残基的更大糖链。通过基因修饰，可以阻断N-糖基化过程，使糖链缩短为甘露糖8GlcNAc2核心糖链，糖链末端为1，3-甘露糖，从而明显增强重组蛋白的抗原性通过不超过5个甘露糖残基的聚合形成O-糖基化基本过程如下:(1)构建载体 前导肽:在重组蛋白前加入编码酵母交配型因子a1的前导肽，通过赖氨酸-精氨酸将前导肽与重组蛋白的n端连接(2)当信号肽切割 蛋白并将其分泌到壁膜间隙中时，酵母内蛋白酶识别该切断信号并正确地切断重组蛋白 Ps:外源蛋白表达的一般程序是 ①目的基因的克隆:选择合适的核酸内切酶在表达载体的多克隆位点区域克隆外源基因。如果选择分泌表达载体，外源基因的阅读框架和信号肽的阅读框架应该一致。(2)重组载体的线性化:只有将重组载
中国农业大学生物化学及食品科学博士考试历年真题[食品科学]2009年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 生物技术应用 常见保藏方法原理 功能食品 秸杆利用 三聚氰胺 食品安全法 豆腐 酶制剂筛选 冷杀菌 [食品科学]2008年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 什么是冷却肉？中国为什么不能大面积推广 蔬菜、水果或干果发生褐变的原因，解决方法有哪几种现代食品加工技术有哪些，举例说明他们的作用 生物技术在食品科学中的作用 从发酵的理论解释为什么很多人喜欢无害的微生物食品微生物在食品科学中的作用 什么是HACCP，用乳制品为例加以说明 转基因食品是否安全，说明你的观点和理由 食品科学与哪些学科有联系，发展方向有哪些？ [食品科学]2007年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 转基因食品的安全问题 食品的主要组分及作用 食品科学的内容及应用领域 食品保藏方法的分类及应用
豆腐的工艺流程 [食品科学]2006年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 食品科学的定义、涉及哪些主要内容 食品按来源分哪几类，其主要营养成分怎样，这些成分分别起什么作用。 食品污染有哪些种类，简述各污染源的危害和基本防治方法 简述果脯、香肠的制作工艺流程 你所了解的现代食品加工技术有哪些，基本原理是什么 现代分离提取技术在食品开发中的利用有哪些主要形式，简述超临界萃取基本原理 何谓HACCP，举例说明在食品加工中的应用 何谓功能食品，功能食品的开有发哪些阶段，简要说明各阶段内容 阐述食品科学在我国全面建设小康社会中的地位和意义 我国正在讨论制定的两部有关食品安全的法律是什么，你对我国食品安全现状和何评价和建议 [食品科学]2005年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 食品高新技术，并举例 十一五规划，食品科学应该怎么发展 转基因食品安全的看法 食品添加剂有哪些类型？各有何用途，试举例 食品科学与哪些课程有关 [食品科学]2004年中国农业大学食品科学博士考题 食品能提供的营养成分及其作用 食品添加剂的种类及其作用 食品加工技术及其原理 食品变质的原因 食品安全过程的具体体现
博士研究生入学考试科目参考书 考试科目参考书目 2001生态学《基础生态学》，孙儒泳，高教出版社 《景观生态学》—格局、过程、R度与等级，邬建国，高等教育出版社《森林生态学》，李俊清，高等教育出版社 2002高等木材学《木材科学》，李坚，高等教育出版社2002 Forest Products and Wood Science, An introduction (Third edition).J.G..Haygreen and Bowyer J.L. IOWA State University Press, 1996 2003有机化学《基础有机化学》，邢其毅主编，高等教育出版社2005 2004林木遗传育种《林木遗传育种学》，王明庥主编，中国林业出版社《林木育种学概论》，王明庥、张培杲，中国林业出版社《现代遗传学教程》，贺竹梅，中山大学出版社 《植物分子遗传学》，刘良式，科学出版社 2005森林培育《森林培育学》，沈国舫主编，中国林业出版社2001 《人工造林技术概论》，张建国等著，科学出版社2007 《森林培育的理论与技术》，张建国主编，科学出版社2013 2006森林经理学（含测树学）《森林经理学》，于正中主编，中国林业出版社1993 《森林经理学》，亢新刚，中国林业出版社，2011 《测树学》（第二版），孟宪宇，中国林业出版社1996 2007程序设计与算法语言《程序设计与算法语言—C++程序设计基础》，孔丽英、夏艳、徐勇编著，清华大学出版社2014 《数据结构与算法分析（C++版）》（第3版），[美]Clifford A.Shaffer著，张铭、刘晓丹等译，电子工业出版社2013 2008园林植物学《园林树木学》，陈有民，中国林业出版社 《园林花卉学》，刘燕，中国林业出版社 《中国花卉品种分类学》，陈俊愉，中国林业出版社《植物学》，强胜，高等教育出版社 2009荒漠化防治《水土保持学》，王礼先，中国林业出版社 《中国的荒漠化及其防治》，慈龙骏等著，高等教育出版社 2010经济林学《经济林栽培学》（第3版），谭晓凤主编，中国林业出版社2013年《经济林育种学》，胡芳名、龙光生主编，中国林业出版社1995年《果树栽培学总论》（第4版），张玉星主编，中国农业出版社2011年 3001植物生理学《植物生理与分子生物学》（第四版），陈晓亚等主编，高等教育出版社2012 《植物生理学》（第二版），王忠主编，中国农业出版社2009 《植物生理学》（第二版），武维华，科学出版社2008 3002昆虫学（含普通昆虫、森林昆虫）《普通昆虫学》，彩万志等编著，中国农业大学出版社 《普通昆虫学》，许再福主编，科学出版社 《昆虫学》（上、下册），南开大学等五校合编，高等教育出版社《森林昆虫学》，李成德主编，中国林业出版社 《森林昆虫学通论》，李梦楼主编，中国林业出版社 3003动物学《普通动物学》（脊椎动物部分），刘凌云、郑光美编，高等教育出版社《保护生物学原理》，蒋志刚主编，科学出版社 3004环境经济学《自然资源与环境经济学》，（英）罗杰.珀曼，侯元兆等译，中国经济出版社2002
川大考博英语2014年真题 I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “huma n-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学） 一、选择题（1分X40） A型30道，B型5道，X型5道 二、简答题（5分X4） 1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。 2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。 3、肾性贫血的机制。 4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。 三、论述题（10分X4） 1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。 2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。 3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。 4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。 09病生 1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？ 2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？ 3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？ 4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？ 5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？ 6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？ 8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？ 9. DIC引起休克的机制？ 10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？ 08病生 1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？ 2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？ 3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？ 4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点? 5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？ 6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？ 7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制? 8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制? 9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？ 10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mmol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,B UN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？ 南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world's only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk”his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard”. Stokoe's idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,”Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it's brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）
武汉大学2008年思想政治教育专业的博士考试试题 马克思主义思想政治教育原著宣读 1、论述正确处理人民内部矛盾。（30分） 2、论述“灌输”理论（30分） 3、马克思主义人的本质理论是什么？如何促进人的社会化？（40分） 思想政治教育原理与方法 1、如何推进当代中国马克思主义大众化。（30分） 2、心理疏导的思想政治教育价值的实现。（30分） 3、国家文化软实力的科学内涵和提升的措施。（40分） 2004年中国人民大学思政专业考博真题 《马克思主义学说史》 1.试论述马克思主义跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”的思想及其现实意义。 2.试论恩格斯《反杜林论》中对马克思主义理论的系统阐述。 《社会主义理论与实践》 1.试论中国特色社会主义理论的发展观 2.为什么说在当代中国，爱国主义与社会主义本质上是统一的 2005年中国人民大学思想政治教育专业博士研究生入学考试真题 《马克思主义学说史》 1.试论《德意志意识形态》在马克思主义发展史上的地位 2.试论列宁关于共产主义道德的基本思想 3.试述马克思主义中国化的历史进程及基本经验 《社会主义理论与实践》 1.改革开放以来，中国共产党是如何认识社会主义的 2.试论加强党的执政能力建设与构建和谐社会的相互关系 2006年中国人民大学思想政治教育专业博士研究生入学考试真题 《马克思主义学说史》 1.试述马克思主义工农联盟理论，并结合当前我国实际谈谈这一理论的现实意义 2.试述马克思主义关于从资本主义向社会主义过渡的理论与实践 《科学社会主义理论与实践》 1.试述中国特色社会主义理论对科学社会主义理论的新发展 2.联系中国特色社会主义的理论和实践，评析现实社会主义国家都犯了“原罪”，及还在 不具备发展社会主义建设的社会中进行社会主义建设。（沙夫：《处在十字路口的共产主义运动》的观点。 2007年中国人民大学思政专业考博真题: 《马克思主义学说史》 1．试述列宁的社会主义一国胜利论及其在马克思主义发展史上的地位和意义. 2．试论构建社会和谐理论的马克思主义思想渊源. 《社会主义理论与实践》 1．试论社会主义核心价值体系的科学内涵和重要意义 2．试论社会主义在20世纪发展的历史贡献及在新世纪面临的挑战 2008年中国人民大学思政专业考博真题 《马克思主义学说史》 1.在评述马克思主义史上对待马克思主义的各种态度的基础上，阐述坚持和发展马克思主 义理论对于马克思主义中国化的意义。