1、词汇pets1－5级的词汇要求是1000－7500词。学习这些词汇时应掌握大纲词汇表所列词汇的音标，词素分析，词性，英文例句，相关词组和短语以及派生词。 语言记忆规律告诉我们，对语言加工的程度越深记忆就越深刻。 所以学习词汇时要学习每一个单词的方方面面从而加深记忆；一切语言输入必须是有意义的，音必须在词中学，词必须在许多不同的句子语境中去学。因此我们学习的例句不仅能让我们了解单词的用法还可以帮助记忆单词本身。个人兴趣也会影响人的记忆，我们学习的例句应与我们的现实生活紧密联系，这样可以提高学习兴趣，接触活的语言。 2、大纲中规定的考试项目包括听力、语言知识应用、阅读理解、写作和口语等五部分。这五部分内容就是pets书面考试的四种题型和口试。 听力部分要求掌握考试大纲所列的功能意念表和语言技能表，详细了解各种听力能力的标准和培养方法，然后进行相应的练习；考试前做一些与pets考试出题形式和试题结构一致的模拟训练题。平时应利用一切机会多听，包括对教材内容的精听和各种英语广播节目的泛听；了解时事、关注社会热点，扩大知识面等对提高听力能力都有帮助。 总的来说，语言知识运用部分体现在完形填空这种题型上。它是综合考查应试者英语水平的题型。针对此种题型，我们应分别从词汇、语法和语篇层次上学习应对方法，提高对连贯性和一致性等语段特征的掌握和对一定语境下规范的语言成分的掌握。每部分复习完后应做一些相应的练习题。个别级别的本部分还保留有语法填空题，那是我国的英语学习者的拿手好戏。 阅读理解部分全面介绍了大纲规定的阅读能力的构成和培养，包括 （1）理解主旨要义； （2）理解文中具体信息； （3）根据上下文推测生词的词义； （4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申； （5）理解文中的概念性含义； （6）理解文章的结构以及单词之间、段落之间的关系； （7）快速阅读较长的文字材料，获取有关信息； （9）区分观点、论点和论据； 写作在pets考试中被称作语言产出能力的一种，也就是以书面的形式与他人交流的能力。我们从选词造句，连句成段和连段成篇等方面全面学习英语写作基础知识和现实交际所需的各种实用文体的写作。 还应掌握优秀文章的写作技巧，进行适当的写作练习是最终提高写作能力的必由之路。 口语部分，我们应详尽了解各种功能意念在口语表达中的运用，以及pets口试的三个部分，即考生与口试教师的交流、两个考生的相互交流和每个考生的连续表达及两个考生的相互提问的试题形式、考查内容和应试技巧。平时还应有意识地参加一些英语交际活动。在实际工作中验证各种表达方式的交际效果和自己利用外语完成一定任务的能力。 pets是一种新型的考试，我们参加的目的是测试自己的英语应试能力，我们的学习应围绕这一中心，但是我们多年来积累起来的一些教与学的方法和技巧也有它继续存在的合理性，因为目前在短时间内测试语言水平还要靠考试这种形式。 全国英语等级考试复习辅导（二）
2013-2014学年第二学期 华侨大学法学院期末考试试卷 考试科目：法律英语考核类型：A卷考试时间：120 分钟 学号姓名授课教师骆旭旭 (注意：所有的答案（包括选择题）应做在空白答题纸上) Exercise 1: Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(30%) The dominant purpose in starting the public enterprises had been public good and profit motive was secondary; however, of late the scenario has changed. With the liberalisation of markets the public undertakings are in direct competition with the private players and have to have profit motive in mind. If not, there have been criticisms by industry on the unequal treatment meted out to the private players. Here it is important to note the definition of "enterprise" under the Competition Act. It makes no distinction between a private and a public enterprise/undertaking. In fact it even includes a department of the Government which does not perform a "sovereign function". Functionally, the public undertakings have been broadly classified into four heads: ?Financial Institutions, such as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Ltd, Film Finance Corporation Ltd, Unit Trust of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank, etc. ?Promotional and Development Undertakings, such as Rehabilitation Housing Corporation Ltd, National Research Development Corporation Ltd, Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd, etc. ?Commercial and Industrial Undertakings, such as State Trading Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Indian Airlines Corporation, Air India, etc. ?Public Utilities are those undertakings which render certain essential services to the people, like transportation, electricity, communications, energy, etc. The objective of such undertakings is to provide services to the community economically and efficiently and making profit is not the primary aim.
法律专业英语期末作业 题目仲裁答辩状 学院法学院 专业环境与资源保护法 学生姓名张建军 学号 2015221020138 年级 2015级 指导老师黄力华
ANSWER TO COMPLAINT 11 September 2015 Singapore International Arbitration Centre 3St Andrew’s Road Third Level City Hall Singapore 178958 honorable arbitrators: Paulweiss Law firm accepted the commission of the The Respondent - Medi-Machines, S.A, and assigned me as their arbitration agent，I will represent Medi-Machines, According to the Arbitration Rules and the requirements of the arbitral tribunal, I attended today's court proceedings. We put forward the following defense opinions represent the Medi-Machines, SA: Ⅰ. Facts 1. Although the sale was F.O.B., Medi-Machines was to arrange the shipping for the account of Equapack. On 23 July 2002 Mr. Swan telephoned Mr. Drake to inquire as to the progress in shipping the machines. Mr. Drake replied that he would check on it.He answered the inquiry by fax the following day and said that the machines were packed for ocean shipment and would be picked up by the freight forwarder the following Monday and loaded into a container for shipment the same day. The ship would be sailing later that week.
Lesson Three Comparing Civil and Criminal Law I.Discuss the following questions: 1.What are the two objectives of criminal law? 2.What is civil law concerned with? 3.What are the two main branches of civil law? 4.In terms of duties or obligations, what are the differences between contract law and tort law? 5.How many kinds of torts are mentioned in the text? What are they? What are the difference and relationship between them? 6.Are compensatory damages and punitive damages the same in nature? Why or why not? Why are punitive damages seldom awarded? 7.Is it justified to say that a certain person can file a criminal charge against someone else? Why? II.Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false: 1.As for criminal law, there is just one purpose: to prevent antisocial behavior. F 2.Prevention of bad behavior may be more the consequence of civil law than the purpose. T 3.The primary purpose of civil law is the compensation of those injured by someone else’s behavior. T 4. A agreed to lease an apartment from a landlord for one year and A paid the rent for one year shortly after he moved in. Half a year later A moved out for unknown reasons, and then the landlord had the right to sue A for breach of contract. F 5.Negligent tort has occurred when one fails to act reasonably and unintentionally injury someone. T 6.Many intentional torts are also crimes and this is where civil law and criminal law has much in common. T 7.Criminal law is concerned with the immorality of an act while tort law is not. F https://www.doczj.com/doc/a33730574.html,plete the sentences below using the words or phrases given: undesirable; nonconformity; monetary; compensation; liability; restitution; tortfeasor; battery; fraternity; damages 1.The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold. 2.Civil law actually acts to prevent nonconformity to society’s behavior. 3.The court estimated the compensation in money for damages sustained by the plaintiff in the contract. 4.Since A has not breached the contract, he holds no liability for damage. 5.Restitution means the act of making good or compensating for loss, damage, or injury, or a return to or restoration of previous state or position. 6.If one at a party heaves a beer bottle and strikes another present either unintentionally or on purpose, he has committed a tort and he is known as a
第一课Introduction 1. What is the definition of contracts? 2. For a contract to be enforceable, what are the requirements? 3. If someone is sued for breach of contract, what are the possible defenses he 4. Explain the concept of capacity in contract law. 第二课Performance and Non-Performance What problems often arise in the performance stage of a contract? 2. What are the excuses of non-performance? 3. What constitutes a waiver and what are its legal consequences? 4. When is a contractual relationship terminated? 第三课Contract Remedies and Computation of Damages 1. How is expectation interest measured? 2. What is reliance interest? 3. What is restitution interest? In what way is it different from expectation interest? 4. What purpose do nominal damages serve? 5. Under what circumstances are consequential damages awarded? 6. Under what circumstances are punitive damages awarded? 第四课Rights of Third Parties 1. Explain the differences between an intended beneficiary and incidental beneficiary. 2. What is the usual attitude of the court to anti-assignment clauses in the contract? 3. What is a delegation? What makes effective delegation? 4. What duties are delegable? 5. When is the duty of delegating party discharge? 6. What is novation? 第五课Sales Contracts 1. What are the basic obligations of the parties in a sale? 2. What purpose does a documentary exchange serve? 3. What is the nature of a bill of lading? 4. What are the rights of buyer? 第六课The Trial 1.What will the plaintiff’s lawyer say in the opening statement? 2.What is a motion for directed verdict? When can it be made? 3. What is the role of the judge during the examination of the witnesses? 4. What are the contents of jury instruction? 5. What if the jury or the required number of jurors are unable to agree?
Lesson one 1、a cause of action案由 2、social norms 社会标准 3、substantive law实体法 4、procedural law程序法 5、resolve disputes解决纠纷 6、provide for规定 7、be entitled to 有权······ 8、law of contracts合同法 9、private law私法 10、public law公法 11、constitution law宪法 12、administration law行政法 13、criminal law刑法 14、the law of torts 侵权法 15、the civil law system大陆法体系 16、the common law普通法 17、the operation of the judicial processes司法程序的运作 18、the United States Congress美国国会 19、judge-made law判例法 20、judicial decision 司法决定 Lesson two multi-state transactions 多重性 choice of law 法律的选择 substantive rights实体权利 conflicts of law 法律冲突 choice of forum 法院的选择 courts of limited jurisdiction 有限管辖权法院 courts of general jurisdiction 一般管辖权法院 trial courts初审法院 inferior court低级法院 superior court 高级法院 supreme court最高法院 circuit court 巡回法院 district court区法院 appellate court上诉法院 intermediate appellate court中级宪法 at the discretion of 由······自由裁量 court of limited subject matter jurisdiction 有限对事管辖权法院the amount in controversy争议数额 diversity jurisdiction多元管辖 federal question联邦问题
第一单元：LEGAL SYSYTEM 主课文： 1.The common law tradition originated in England. The decisions of the royal courts became the law common to the whole kingdom, the common law. 2.Both law and equity are part of what is called the common law. 3.Louisiana: civil law, the others: common law 4.The expression “civil law”, in Latin jus civilis, literally means the law of the citizens of Rome. Now the civilian jurists refer to what we call private law simply as “the civil law”( persons, property and obligations) 5.In common law countries ,cases are usually considered to be the primary source of law. In civil law countries, cases are not a source of law. 6.Civil law jurists will consider the civil code as an all encompassing document. On the contrary in common law jurisdictions legislation tends to be considered as an exception to the case law. 7.American legal education is very original and in many respects unique. The case method or Socratic method is peculiar to this country. 8.No, only through the postgraduate degree. 9.The case method is important in America, in other countries, the teaching style is magisterial—the professor express the law to his or
Unit 1 Greetings and Introductions 问候与介绍 Dialogues 1 Ann and Joe meet each other for the first time. Ann: How do you do? Joe: How do you do? Ann: My name is Ann. Joe: I am Joe. Ann: Glad to meet you. Joe: Glad to meet you, too. Ann: I’m afraid I must be going now. Joe: See you tomorrow. 2 Ann and her friend Carter meet Mr. Bush at the airport. Ann: Excuse me. Are you Mr. Bush from England? Mr. Bush: Yes, I am. May I have your name? Ann: Sure. My name is Ann Taylor. How do you do? Mr. Bush: How do you do? Ann: May I introduce Mr. Carter to you? Mr. Bush: Yes, please. Ann: Mr. Bush, this is Mr. Carter. Mr. Carter, this is Mr. Bush. He is from England. Carter: Pleased to meet you! Mr. Bush: Pleased to meet you, too! 3 Bill and Susan meet each other. Bill: Good morning, Susan. Susan: Morning, Bill. How are you? Bill: Fine, thank you. And you? Susan: Me too, thank you. How about your sister Lily? Bill: She is fine, but she is very busy. Susan: Please give my best wishes to her. Bill: I will.
样卷 广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院 《英汉笔译》2011-2012学年上学期期末考试试卷（A） 考核方式：开卷 考核对象：国际商务英语学院法律英语系2009级考试时间：120分钟姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________ PART I. LEGAL TERMS (20%, one point for each) 1.outstanding liabilities 2.without prejudice to PART II. Translation Improvement (30%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the following TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. If you believe the whole translation is wrong or inappropriate, you are advised to underline the whole translation. Marks will be given if you have identified and properly marked the error(s). (2 points for each save as specified otherwise) 21.His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译： 22.The new father wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译： PART III. SENTENCES (30%) Directions: Translate the following sentences. Employ the translation skill suggested in the brackets where appropriate. (3 points for each save as specified otherwise) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a33730574.html,mission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. (Amplification) 32.We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. (Conversion) PART IV. PASSAGE (20%) Translate the underlined part of the following passage. 1
法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith 行为act 作为ac 不作为omission 合法行为lawful act 违法行为unlawful act 民事权利权利能力civil right 绝对权absolute right 相对权relative right 优先权right of priority 先买权preemption 原权antecedent right 救济权right of relief 支配权right of dominion 请求权right of claim 物上请求权right of claim for real thing 形成权right of formation 撤销权right of claiming cancellation 否认权right of claiming cancellation 解除权right of renouncement 代位权subrogated right 选择权right of choice 承认权right of admission 终止权right of termination 抗辩权right of defense 一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense 永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right 同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right 期待权expectant right 专属权exclusive right 非专属权non-exclusive right 人身权利personal right 人权human right 人格权right of personality 生命健康权right of life and health 姓名权right of name 名称权right of name 肖像权right of portraiture 自由权right of freedom 名誉权right reputation 隐私权right of privacy 私生活秘密权right of privacy 贞操权virginity right 身份权right of status 亲权parental power; parental right 亲属权right of relative 探视权visitation right 配偶权right of spouse 荣誉权right of honor 权利的保护protection of right 公力救济public protection 私力救济self-protection 权利本位standard of right 社会本位standard of society 无责任行为irresponsible right 正当防卫justifiable right;
联系本案小论当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则2014级法律硕士（非法学）3班陈卉 2014281060314 通过对英格兰公司与苏格兰公司关于仲裁争议案例的翻译和学习，以国际私法中当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则为视角，对于选择准据法、管辖地等问题做出一点评论。 一．案例概述 1965年5月10日，一家英格兰公司与一家苏格兰公司之间达成了一项关于对位于苏格兰境内的英格兰公司的工厂进行改装的建设工程承包合同。在履行协议的过程中，双方之间产生了争议，并将其提交仲裁。而后，一方提出了上诉，并申请依照有利于己方的法律在己方所在地进行仲裁。上诉方主张合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是苏格兰法，要求以苏格兰法在苏格兰对该争议进行仲裁，而被上诉方则主张该合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是英格兰法，要求根据1950年的《仲裁法》的第四节在英格兰进行仲裁。随后双方协议由皇家建筑师协会主席任命仲裁员进行仲裁，但之后又就管辖权、仲裁地、仲裁程序、仲裁的适用法等一系列问题产生了分歧。期间双方以及双方的支持者提出了大量支持己方诉求的意见以及判例，但最后的认定适用苏格兰法作为合同准据法，也就是说这是一个苏格兰合同，并在苏格兰进行仲裁。 二．当事人意思自治原则 在民法中，当事人意思自治原则是指当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位个人不得非法干预。意思自治原则是指合同当事人可以自由选择处理合同争议所适用的法律原则，它是确定合同准据法的最普遍的原则。这一原则来源于16世纪法国的理查世。杜摩兰(1500—1566)的意思自治说。他主张契约应适用当事人自己选择的习惯，法院也应推定当事人意欲适用什么习惯于契约的实质要件和效力。当事人意思自治原则也称当事人自主选择的法律，是指当事人双方根据“意思自治原则”合意选择的特定法律。而“意思自治原则”指涉外合同双方当事人有权自主选择某一国的法律作为他们之间合同准据法的准则。该原则最初是由16世纪法国学者杜摩林在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中提出的。他认为，在合同关系中应该适用当事人自主选择的那一习惯法，如果当事人没有明确选择
1调卷令certiorari 2遵循先例：stare decisis 3法系legal family 4大陆法civil law 管辖权jurisdiction 地区法院District court 巡回法院circuit court 治安法庭Justice court 社会主义法socialist law 众议院House of representative 行使exercise 1司法审查judicial review 起诉资格standing 事实上的损害injury in fact 行政协定executive decision共同决议common decision 分权separation of powers 制衡checks and balances 成熟原则ripeness 招标bids 宪法constitution 1刑法criminal law 轻微违法misdemeanor 报税单bill of entry 主观上的过错mental fault 非预谋杀人manslaughter 抢劫robbery 加重的aggravate 绑架kidnapping 盗劫larceny 伪证罪perjury 1the county is the subdivision 2the doctrine ---the maxim 3the federal entity4the enforcement of a claim5statutes or codes 6tradition custom,and precedent 7commom people ,versus legislation 8stare decisis , Latin9legal relationships /legal concept 10judicial branch /judicial dictatorships 1in the precess of a court ascertaining2than to statutory interpretation 3dose not have the ''prolixity"/dose not provide a ready solution 4congress though its "power of the purse" /power as commander -in- chief 5c hecks and balances provided for in the constitution 6and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 7has no standing to challenge 8the policy of elimination of racial discrimination In places of accommodation/and ending the badges of servitude 1it is punishable by sanctions 2Most crimes or identified in statutes 3punished through imposition penalities 4violation of a misdemeanor 5which were committed before that /enactment of the law 6grand a criminal prosecution7as well as its substantive law 8crimes classified as felonies include murder9 authorized federal jurisdiction 10one can be held criminally liable 1 it is to tell the defendant that 2In US jurisprudence, however 3the right to trial by grand jury/protection against government tyranny 4 The prosecution at trial has the duty 5against arbitrary imposition of the capital punishment 6in an entirely different punishment/prosecution and conviction 7 privilege against self-incrimination8a common assumption abou t the nature of criminality 9"unreasonable" government searches and seizures is stated 10criminal procedure is "adversarial" 1 single issue of law 2dismissed or a defense was lost 3state a claim generally 4adequately represent the interests 5"fairness hearing" 6(the "plaintiff")to file suit in 7violatio n criminal law 8applying substantive law to real disputes 9 on part is entitled to judgment 10common law remedy/ equitable remedies